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63-646: Little is known about the Standschütze Hellriegel Model 1915. The only source of information about the Hellriegel is several photographs stored in the photo archive of the Austrian National Library under the name “Maschinengewehr des Standschützen Hellriegel” (literally "Machine gun from reservist Hellriegel"). The photographs are dated October 1915 and they show the weapon being tested at a firing range. Its name and magazine size indicate that it

126-623: A 165 millimeters (6.5 in) long with a 95 millimeters (3.7 in) 4-groove rifled barrel. Unloaded weight is 610 g (22 oz), and the detachable box magazine holds seven rounds. The pistol incorporated design features of Frommer's earlier sidearm designs, including the M1901 and M1904, both of which were inspired by the Roth–Theodorovic pistol . A predecessor to the M1911, the Frommer Stop

189-400: A central mount with a tripod. The machine-pistols were mounted upside-down, and the magazine catches were enlarged for easier unloading. The triggers were removed, and the guns were operated by a set of rods connecting to the spade grips of the mount, which directly engaged the sears. The barrels were lengthened and the cocking mechanisms were redesigned as protruding arms, which were engaged by

252-605: A collection of materials related to planned languages. The Department of the Library which collects, digitizes and works to promote publications on women and gender studies is known as Ariadne . Founded in 1992, the department digitized its materials in 2000 and works to improve the visibility of women's contributions to society and in the history of Austria. The library has archived websites since 2009. Its themed collections are women's and gender studies, media, and politics; event collections include sites reflecting on 100 years since

315-560: A consequence, new works were added systematically, and other libraries were incorporated. Caspar von Nydbruck , imperial counselor who was for a time in charge of the library, was a crypto-Protestant who provided much assistance to the Lutheran polemicist Matthias Flacius , who composed the major anti-Catholic history known as The Magdeburg Centuries . Flacius and his Lutheran associates took care to find and quote original sources to prove what they considered as "the grave corrupting errors" of

378-535: A fanatical National Socialist, Paul Heigl , the National Library was an active participant on a grand scale in the systematic robbing in the first place of Jewish citizens, but also of other victims of the Nazi regime. Despite considerable restitutions in the post-war years major portions of the looted collections remained in the Library. So the earliest possible restitution of those holdings to their legitimate possessors

441-607: A set of hinged retracting levers. This submachine gun was designed to be used as a light machine gun like the Villar Perosa. Although it was tested by the Austro-Hungarian Army, it was not successful and was only made in small numbers. The Frommer machine-pistol was succeeded later in 1917 by the more successful Steyr Arms Sturmpistole, (not to be confused with the German World War II flare and grenade launcher,)

504-592: A weapon in the first-person shooter Battlefield 1 by DICE and EA , albeit rather fictionalized. Austrian National Library The Austrian National Library ( German : Österreichische Nationalbibliothek ) is the largest library in Austria , with more than 12 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Neue Burg Wing of the Hofburg in center of Vienna . Since 2005, some of

567-768: Is a Hungarian semi-automatic pistol which was manufactured by small arms firm Fegyver- és Gépgyár (FÉG) in Budapest . It was designed by Rudolf Frommer and adopted by the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1912 as the Pisztoly 12M. The pistol was manufactured in various forms from 1912 to 1945 and was also used by the Ottoman Army and the Royal Hungarian Army , seeing action in World War I and World War II . Its design features

630-525: Is also likely that if the shooter fires at a different direction abruptly, this would cause a failure to feed due to the gun's peculiar flexible chute feed system. It is not known whether the tests of the Standschütze Hellriegel machine gun were successful, however, due to its many design peculiarities and complex engineering, it is very likely that the weapon tests were unsuccessful and the results were unsatisfactory. Another aspect of failure may be

693-416: Is also possible that it was created in the rear through someone else's own initiative. The Standschütze Hellriegel did not pass the prototype and testing stage and was forgotten. It is likely that only one weapon was produced and it was scrapped or disassembled. According to army tradition, weapons are usually named in honour of their creator, the creator of this weapon was a man by the name of Hellriegel, who

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756-583: Is for the Austrian National Library not only a duty under law, but also a moral question. With the Federal Law on Restitution of Art Objects in 1998, the basis, long since necessary, was created. In December 2003, after careful examination of all relevant holdings, the Austrian National Library completed its report on provenance according to the Law on Restitution of Art Objects of 1998, and handed it over to

819-533: Is located in-between Josephsplatz to the north and the Burggarten to the south. The books in the monastery of the Conventual Franciscans (Minoritenkloster) were stored here. The wing was begun in 1721 by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and finished after his death in 1723 by his son Joseph Emanuel . The sculptures on the wing are by Lorenzo Mattielli . The hall is divided, after the original list of

882-465: Is possible that the metal buckle on the belt was used for marching fire while shooting from the hip. A similar device was later used for the Browning Automatic Rifle , a "cup" that supported the stock of the automatic rifle when held on the hip. The Standschütze Hellriegel did not have a bipod mount or any other support, which would be problematic for sustained fire. Presumably, the shooter

945-551: The Commission for Provenance . The essential findings are lists of illegal acquisitions during the Nazi period which are still in the possession of the Austrian National Library. Since then the Austrian National Library has taken pains to find the legitimate owners or inheritors, so as to give back the objects as quickly as possible. Since December of 2003 a total of 32,937 objects have been restored to their lawful owners." Renamed again into

1008-764: The First Austrian Republic , elections and the pandemic . Collection lists may be researched on the dedicated website and access to archived copies is possible on the premises of the library in Heldenplatz, and also the Administrative Library of the Austrian Federal Chancellery , Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek , University Library of Graz , Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Salzburg and Wienbibliothek im Rathaus . Frommer Stop The Frommer Stop

1071-645: The 16th century and it has existed since 1905. After the First World War, the collection of the Habsburgs was taken over, designated as the Habsburg "Family Estate Library" (Familien-Fideikommiss-Bibliothek). The map collection includes the Globe Museum , containing over 380 globes, some dating back to the 16th century. It is the world's only public globe museum, and has been in existence since 1956. The principal part of

1134-468: The Austrian National Library after 1945, small parts were returned again, but the majority remained in the collections. The attention of the collection activity was directed again in small steps toward Central and Eastern Europe. In 1966, large parts of the collections were moved from the building at Josefsplatz to the premises of the Neue Burg wing at Heldenplatz , where new reading halls were set up. Due to

1197-471: The Catholic Church. In his position at one of the major libraries of Europe, von Nydbruck was in a position to greatly facilitate their work. On 26 August 1624, delivery of copies was regulated by order of Ferdinand II . The Imperial Library also increased by purchases. In particular, the library of Philipp Eduard Fugger led to a major expansion. The library currently has about 17,000 sheets of one of

1260-565: The Dutch East India Company (VOC). It was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003. During the 19th century, the papyrus collection became an important part of the library. The collection goes back to a private collection of Austrian Archduke Rainer , who gave the collection to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on 18 August 1899. The papyrus collection contains about 180,000 objects from

1323-554: The Globe Museum's inventory consists of globes which existed before 1850. There is also technical literature in the collection, plus similar instruments, such as armillary spheres . The map collection also includes the 17th century Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem, a 50-volume set that consists of more than 2,400 maps, prints, and drawings. Considered the most beautiful and most remarkable atlas ever composed, it includes four volumes of manuscript maps and topographical drawings originally made for

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1386-561: The Hungarian collection moved to Budapest , however, after reconciliation with Hungary. During the March revolution of 1848 , the Imperial Library was in extreme danger, when after the bombardment of Vienna caused the burning of the Hofburg , in which the Imperial Library was located. An important addition to the Imperial Library is the papyrus collection, which goes back to the acquisitions of

1449-504: The Viennese of antique dealer Theodor Graf . After the proclamation of the Republic of Austria, the Imperial Library was renamed in 1920 as the Austrian National Library. The collection politics of intermediate wartime concentrated on "the national literature of those German trunks, which came now under foreign-national rule." The director at that time of the library was Josef Donabaum . Under

1512-404: The books, into two opposite "war" and "peace" sides, which is reflected also in the wall frescoes , from Daniel Gran . The fresco in the central dome represents a kind Apotheosis of Emperor Charles VI, whose image is held by Hercules and Apollo . Around the image of the emperor, several types of allegorical figures meet in a complicated theme, which symbolize the virtues of the Habsburgs and

1575-408: The box magazine of a Thompson submachine gun . As can be seen from the surviving photographs, the operation of the submachine gun required two men, a shooter and a magazine carrier. The magazine carrier wears a backpack that could contain five drum magazines, two box magazines and a kit for cleaning the weapon. The shooter wears a shoulder belt, which may have been used to carry the submachine gun. It

1638-678: The collection of Incunabula is one of the five largest collections of historical block printing of the world. As an independent collection, it has existed since 1995 and ranks thereby among the youngest of the library. The collection covers approximately 8,000 incunabula (the fourth largest in existence worldwide), block printings from 1501 to 1850 (e.g. the Fugger newspapers), and bibliophile as well as rare and valuable printings without temporal restriction. The SIAWD collection has also been supplemented with Chinese and Japanese printings. The Department of Planned Languages and Esperanto Museum incorporates

1701-546: The collection with numerous scientific works. Gottfried van Swieten also successfully introduced the card index. This facilitated the continuous updating of the inventory. After the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Napoleon and the Austrian Empire proclaimed in its place, the library was again reorganized. Under custodian Paul Strattmann , the library received a program for the first time which described its order;

1764-799: The collections have been relocated within the Baroque structure of the Palais Mollard-Clary . Founded by the Habsburgs , the library was originally called the Imperial Court Library ( German : Kaiserliche Hofbibliothek ); the change to the current name occurred in 1920, following the end of the Habsburg Monarchy and the proclamation of the Austrian Republic. The library complex includes four museums, as well as multiple special collections and archives. The institution has its origin in

1827-599: The cost of production, which due to the selected materials (such as leather) and manufacturing complexity, would be high. Additionally, the Austro-Hungarian army at that time did not have the resources for such an ambitious and unproven design. All this led the Standschützen Hellriegel Model 1915 to never advance past the prototype stage, becoming a forgotten weapon in history with nearly no surviving documentation. The Standschütze Hellriegel M1915 appears as

1890-423: The document of the golden bull. Through his marriage with Mary of Burgundy , Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459–1519) came into possession of important books from Burgundy and north France, and brought these to Wiener Neustadt . With a value at that time estimated at 100,000 guldens , these books represented about an eighth of Mary's dowry . Also Maximilian's second wife, Bianca Maria Sforza , brought into

1953-458: The first periodic printing elements, the Fugger newspapers, from the Fugger library. In 1722, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor authorised the construction of a permanent home for the library in the Hofburg palace, after the plans of Leopold I . The wing was begun by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and started accommodating the library in the 18th century. The most valuable addition at that time

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2016-501: The gun appears to be a modified version of the Mannlicher M1895 rifle stock, with a deeper cut thumb-groove. Details about the internal operation of the firearm are not known. It appears to be blowback-operated , judging by its two coil springs which protruded behind the gun's cylindrical receiver. An iron sight was mounted on top of the receiver, with the rear sight appearing to be adjustable for range. According to rough estimates,

2079-407: The gun is the connection of the submachine gun and drum magazine through a flexible chute. As can be seen from an existing photograph, when firing from a prone position, the shooter must hold the entire weight of the submachine gun, ensuring that the submachine gun is above the drum magazine, which must remain in an upright position. Not only does it appear to be relatively unergonomic in design, but it

2142-430: The heirs. It is estimated that nearly 25,000 works fall into this category. On 1 January 2002 the library gained the full legal capacity to dismiss staff. This brought the full control to the mechanism in budget and personnel questions. The library has a certain part of its budget funded by the state; additional funds must be raised by sponsorships, reproduction services, and the loaning from the premises. Organizationally,

2205-572: The imperial library of the Middle Ages . During the Medieval period , the Austrian Duke Albert III (1349–1395) moved the books of the Viennese vaults into a library. Albert also arranged for important works from Latin to be translated into German . In the Hofburg, the treasure of Archduke Albert III had been kept in sacristies inside the south tower of the imperial chapel. The Archduke

2268-533: The law for the medium, four copies, and by other printing elements, two obligation copies each, must be delivered to the National Library by periodic printing elements appearing in Austria. In addition, the library collects all works of Austrian authors appearing abroad, as well as such works which concern Austrians or the Austrian spirit and culture. Further publications from the foreign country are taken up with emphasis on

2331-544: The library gained a three-way viewpoint: The collection politics of the Imperial Library separated at the beginning the 19th century appreciably due to the requirements of the representation and its attention to scientific works. The multinational condition of the Austrian Empire brought with itself that, not only German-language books were collected, but also books of the Slavic and Hungarian linguistic area. Substantial parts of

2394-578: The library has more than seven million objects, of which approximately three million are printed. Dating from the 4th century CE to the present, this collection includes antique, medieval and modern manuscripts from almost every literate culture. Notable items in the collection include the Vienna Dioscurides , which was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 1997 in recognition of its world significance and outstanding universal value. The map collection includes maps back to

2457-559: The library in the Neue Burg wing of the Hofburg Palace, has around 200 objects from the collection on display. Since 1826, the music collection contains numerous scores and first-printings of works of well-known composers, such as Anton Bruckner or Richard Strauss . Numerous recordings such as records or CDs are kept as well. Among the music collection are also many handwritten notes of composers. Containing old and valuable printings,

2520-410: The library uses a central management and has three chief departments (personnel and accounting, inventory structure and treatment, as well as use and information), plus the individual collections. The head of the library reports to a board of trustees on a quarterly basis. The Prunksaal (English: State Hall ) is the central structure of the old imperial library and part of the Hofburg palace. The wing

2583-424: The line of the general manager, Paul Heigl, during the Nazi period ( NS-zeit ), hundreds of thousands of writings were accommodated here or the library served for majority the worthless, but seized works as transit camps into German libraries. "The historical heritage of the Austrian National Library is not free of injustice and guilt. That is true in a particular manner of the period of National Socialism. Led by

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2646-631: The lives of the four Evangelists , four coats of arms show the House of Austria, Tirol , Styria , and Carinthia , the lands which Archduke Albrecht III had ruled at the time. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415–1493), had the goal of consolidating the art treasures among the Habsburg possessions. Among other things, he brought some valuable books into the Vienna, among them the Prager Wenzelsbibel and

2709-563: The magazine has led many people to assume that the gun was belt-fed, however, this is not the case with the rounds being unconnected from one another and are propelled along the drum and feed chute by a spring. The design is very similar to the German TM 08 snail magazine, which was used in the Luger P08 pistol and MP-18 submachine gun. Apparently the gun could also use a box magazine with a capacity of around 20-30 rounds, which looks very similar to

2772-580: The marriage books from Italian workshops as part of her dowry. At that time the books of the library were kept partially in Wiener Neustadt, partially in Vienna, and partially in Innsbruck . After the death of Maximilian, the books were sent to the palace at Innsbruck . In addition to the valuable books from the public treasury, the Bibliotheca Regia , which collected and categorized scientific works,

2835-600: The name Pisztoly 19M and saw service during World War II. The last variant of the Frommer Stop, the Pisztoly 39M, was produced in 9mm Kurz , though it was never adopted as a service pistol by any nation. Beginning in 1916, the Austro-Hungarians made several attempts to replicate the Italian Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun . In 1917, FÉG converted two Frommer Stop pistols into automatic machine pistols with 25-round magazines and fitted them side-by-side to

2898-464: The period between that of the 15th century BCE to the 16th Century CE. Besides papyri the collection includes papers, records on clay tablets , inscribed wood and wax trays, stone tablets, leathers, textiles and bones, as well as gold, silver and bronze articles with inscriptions. The papyrus collection is the largest such collection worldwide, and was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2001. The Papyrus Museum, located in

2961-476: The range of the Geisteswissenschaften . Tasks and services of the national library cover the development of the existence and their supply in the form of local-loan, remote-loan, and search services as well as Auskunfts, information and reproduction services. The legally given general order for education is obeyed also by co-operation with universities, schools and adult education mechanisms. Altogether,

3024-412: The rate of fire of the gun could be about 550-650 rounds per minute. Although during actual combat the actual sustained fire rate would most likely be much lower. Hellriegel's submachine gun may have fired the 9×23mm Steyr cartridge, which was the service pistol ammunition for most branches of the Austro-Hungarian military during World War I. Alternatively it may have been chambered for .32 ACP , which

3087-543: The rising space requirement in 1992, the library opened up to approximately 4 million works. Wider ranges for reading halls were furnished at the same time, so that three levels are currently at the disposal of visitors (two floors of the main reading hall and the magazine reading hall). For an extensive amount of time, the library used a card-catalog index. Since 1995, an electronic system has been in place, which went online in 1998. As of 2001, books confiscated from Jewish Austrians during World War II have been slowly returned to

3150-580: The side of the Entente , and its subsequent declaration of war on Austria-Hungary - its former ally in the Triple Alliance - which forced the Austro-Hungarian Empire to wage war on three fronts. It is possible that the idea of the weapon came from the frontlines, possibly from a senior officer, and the production of the prototype was carried out in a field workshop or in a small warehouse. However, it

3213-429: The trace of a tear can be seen) was restored by Franz Anton Maulbertsch . Also during her reign, the wing was extended on both ends, connecting the central Prunksaal with the Hofburg and St. Augustine's Church , forming Josefsplatz (Joseph Square). One of the major tasks of the Austrian National Library is the collection and archiving of all publications appearing in Austria (including electronic media). Depending on

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3276-462: The wealth of their domains. Located in the hall are marble statues of emperors with the statue of emperor Charles VI in its centre, created by the sculptors Peter Strudel and Paul Strudel . The four large globes are by Vincenzo Coronelli . During the reign of empress Maria Theresia , cracks started appearing in the dome, in which Court architect Nikolaus Pacassi soon strengthened the dome with an iron ring. The memorial fresco of Gran (in which

3339-516: Was Dr. Richard von Hellriegel, the medical officer of Standschützen-Bataillon Kitzbühel . Other soldiers bearing the Hellriegel surname are served in the Kaiserjäger but none of them can be definitively linked to this weapon. It is possible that this was the first-ever conventional submachine gun design to be tested, by this point, the Italians already had the 'Villar Perosa' submachine gun, though it

3402-599: Was a connoisseur of art; he supported the University of Vienna , and he founded a royal workshop for illustrating manuscripts. The oldest book on record at the library, the 1368 golden Holy Gospels , was owned by Albert III; in 1368, Johannes of Troppau , priest at Landskron and canon in Brno, transcribed the four Gospels of the Bible in gold letters with detailed illustrations in the school of Burgundian book art. On scenes depicting

3465-466: Was a fully automatic firearm. The gun had a water-cooled barrel. The cooling-jacket around the barrel bears similarities to that of the Schwarzlose machine gun , and had two openings, one to fill it with water and the other to release excess steam. It was covered with leather so it could be handled even after sustained firing. A bent tube was fixed under the barrel, which was used as a foregrip. The stock of

3528-466: Was an automatic firearm , and its designer was someone named Hellriegel from the Austrian militia unit Standschützen , tasked with the defence of Tyrol and Vorarlberg regions of western Austria, the former bordered "neutral" Italy. It was most likely a prototype and therefore explains its "unfinished" look and design. The development of this weapon coincided with the Italian entry into World War I on

3591-483: Was chambered in a proprietary 7.65mm cartridge which had a crimp in the shell casing at the base of the bullet . This round achieved a velocity of 920 feet per second (280 m/s) from the gun. After creating the pistol's first design, Frommer redesigned it with a more conventional layout and patented it in 1912. The new variant was produced from 1919 to 1939, and was adopted by the Royal Hungarian Army under

3654-628: Was designed to be fired from a mount. The Hellriegel is certainly the first known submachine gun to have been designed with a buttstock, and therefore intended to be fired from the shoulder. The military theory behind the Standschütze Hellriegel's creation was likely similar to that of early light machine guns such as the Chauchat and Browning Automatic Rifle ; A light machine gun that could be carried by troops, used in infantry assaults, and capable of suppressive fire . Hellriegel's submachine gun

3717-430: Was developed in Vienna during the 16th century. Besides books, that library also contained globes and atlases . Over time the library expanded thanks to donations from the personal libraries of individual scholars. The first head librarian, Hugo Blotius , was appointed in 1575 by Emperor Maximilian II . His most important task was drawing up the inventory of the library, which had grown to approximately 9,000 books. As

3780-442: Was possibly an officer or someone more junior in rank. The man in the photographs who was testing the weapon holds the rank of Feldwebel . Waffenmeister I. Klasse (literally "Field usher. Weapon master 1st class"), a rank for non-commissioned officers responsible for an artillery or weapon arsenal. It is possible that the man photographed is Hellriegel himself, although unlikely. The only known Standschütze volunteer of that name

3843-434: Was supposed to fire exclusively from the hip or from the shoulder, which would reduce the accuracy of the gun. Additionally, at the end of the barrel, there was no muzzle device used to suppress muzzle flash, which could temporarily blind the shooter during firing, further reducing the accuracy of the gun. However, this problem was likely alleviated through the use of pistol-calibre ammunition. Another potential disadvantage of

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3906-479: Was the extensive collection of Prince Eugene of Savoy , whose 15,000 volumes included valuable books from France and Italy. The State Hall of the library housed about 200,000 books at this point. During the reorganization there was for the first time criticism regarding the fact that the library served mainly as representation rather than the search for knowledge. Doctor Gerard van Swieten , physician to Maria Theresia , and his son Gottfried van Swieten supplemented

3969-554: Was used in the Hungarian Frommer Stop pistol. However, the cartridges shown in the photographs also resemble the 8mm Roth–Steyr cartridge used by the Repetierpistole M.1907 . Hellriegel's submachine gun could be fed from a drum magazine with a capacity of approximately 100-160 rounds. The magazine was not actually connected to the gun itself as the cartridges travelled through a flexible chute. The unusual appearance of

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