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30-398: Standing at attention is a military standing posture, as is stand at ease , but these terms are also used in military-style organisations and in some professions which involve standing, such as modeling . At ease refers to the classic military position of standing with legs slightly apart, not in as formal or regimented a pose as standing at attention. In modeling, model at ease refers to

60-541: A longer period than adults, but deteriorate rapidly and severely once they are unable to compensate ( decompensate ). Consequently, any possibility of internal bleeding in children should be treated aggressively. Signs of external bleeding should be assessed, noting that individuals can bleed internally without external blood loss or otherwise apparent signs. There should be considered possible mechanisms of injury that may have caused internal bleeding, such as ruptured or bruised internal organs. If trained to do so and if

90-445: A motif repeated at varying levels of magnification. The levels are related by a ratio called the fractal dimension. It is believed that the fractal pattern offers a range of fine and gross control tuning. Fractal dimension is altered in some motor dysfunctions. In other words, the body cannot compensate well enough for imbalances. Although standing per se is not dangerous, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition

120-418: A number of other systems exist with as many as 6 stages. The 4 stages are sometimes known as the "Tennis" staging of hypovolemic shock, as the stages of blood loss (under 15% of volume, 15–30% of volume, 30–40% of volume and above 40% of volume) mimic the scores in a game of tennis : 15, 15–30, 30–40 and 40. It is basically the same as used in classifying bleeding by blood loss. The signs and symptoms of

150-470: A point where it "blows off" clots that have formed. Fluid replacement is beneficial in hypovolemia of stage 2, and is necessary in stage 3 and 4. See also the discussion of shock and the importance of treating reversible shock while it can still be countered. The following interventions are carried out: Vasopressors (such as dopamine and noradrenaline ) should generally be avoided, as they may result in further tissue ischemia and don't correct

180-402: Is orthostatic hypotension , and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and low back pain . Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by unusually low blood pressure when the patient is standing up. It can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, blurred or dimmed vision and fainting, because the brain does not get sufficient blood supply. This, in turn, is caused by gravity, pulling

210-571: Is a military posture which involves the following general postures: The above stance position is common in most military organizations throughout the world. It may also be adopted by paramilitary organizations, law enforcement, and other organizations requiring a loosely military structure such as Scouts , cadet programs, or police units, or even the Salvation Army . It is also used in common in civilian marching bands , fife and drum corps and drum and bugle corps . To stand at attention

240-421: Is accepted as more than an approximation. Analysis of postural sway shows much more variation than is seen in a physical pendulum or even a pair of coupled pendulums. Furthermore, quiet standing involves activity in all joints, not just the ankles or hips. In the past, the variation was attributed to random effects. A more recent interpretation is that sway has a fractal structure. A fractal pattern consists of

270-513: Is also a means of saluting when a junior rank meets an officer or superior but he (the junior) is not wearing a cover. In the United Kingdom , New Zealand Defence Force and Australian Defence Force , feet are at a 45-degree angle with heels together. In the Canadian forces , feet are at a 30-degree angle with heels together. Standing at attention is also a critical component of any audience when

300-403: Is instead down and the neck vertical. This military -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hypovolemia Hypovolemia , also known as volume depletion or volume contraction , is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume . Hypovolemia refers to

330-442: Is insufficient to prevent a forward fall. Also, human sway is too complicated to be adequately explained by spring action. According to current theory, the nervous system continually and unconsciously monitors our direction and velocity. The vertical body axis alternates between tilting forward and backward. Before each tilt reaches the tipover point, the nervous system counters with a signal to reverse direction. Sway also occurs in

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360-467: The carotid sinuses and aortic arch ) sense the reduction of circulating fluid and send signals to the brain to increase sympathetic response ( see also: baroreflex ). This sympathetic response is to release epinephrine and norepinephrine , which results in peripheral vasoconstriction (reducing size of blood vessels) in order to conserve the circulating fluids for organs vital to survival (i.e. brain and heart). Peripheral vasoconstriction accounts for

390-481: The coagulation cascade , called orthostatic hypercoagulability . Overall, it causes an increase in transcapillary hydrostatic pressure . As a result, approximately 12% of blood plasma volume crosses into the extravascular compartment . This plasma shift causes an increase in the concentration of coagulation factors and other proteins of coagulation, in turn causing hypercoagulability . Characterized by fast (12–18 Hz) rhythmic muscle contractions that occur in

420-486: The Canadian national anthem (O Canada) is being played. It is considered very disrespectful to not stand at attention while O Canada is being played. In Russia and countries of Soviet influence, on the command of attention ( Russian : Смирно; Smer-nah ), the soldiers of any sized unit snap their heads to the front, with their chin up and looking straight ahead. In the three armies of Spain this order must be given after

450-417: The aling up. When the drill gives the order, the soldiers, who must be in the aling up posture, snap their heads to the left and, after the executive order «¡Mar!» or «¡Ar!» they lower the arm that would have been extended to keep the distance with the soldier in front, keeping both arms at sides of the torso. When soldiers are in uniform, the fists must be clenched, covering the gap between the index finger with

480-483: The blood into the lower part of the body. Normally, the body compensates, but in the presence of other factors, e.g. hypovolemia , diseases and medications, this response may not be sufficient. There are medications to treat hypotension. In addition, there are many lifestyle advisories. Many of them, however, are specific for a certain cause of orthostatic hypotension, e.g. maintaining a proper fluid intake in dehydration. Prolonged still standing significantly activates

510-429: The body that are suggested to control this, e.g. a spring action in muscles , higher control from the nervous system or core muscles. Humans begin to stand between 8 and 12 months of age. Traditionally, such correction was explained by the spring action of the muscles, a local mechanism taking place without the intervention of the central nervous system . Recent studies, however, show that this spring action by itself

540-780: The cold extremities (hands and feet), increased heart rate, increased cardiac output (and associated chest pain). Eventually, there will be less perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in decreased urine output. Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate , low blood pressure , and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead , lips and nail beds . The patient may feel dizzy, faint, nauseated, or very thirsty. These signs are also characteristic of most types of shock . In children, compensation can result in an artificially high blood pressure despite hypovolemia (a decrease in blood volume). Children typically are able to compensate (maintain blood pressure despite hypovolemia) for

570-412: The consequences of decreased circulating volume and a subsequent reduction in the amount of blood reaching the tissues of the body. In order to properly perform their functions, tissues require the oxygen transported in the blood. A decrease in circulating volume can lead to a decrease in bloodflow to the brain, resulting in headache and dizziness. Baroreceptors in the body (primarily those located in

600-598: The effect of this loss of blood pressure on stroke volume by increasing venous return. The use of intravenous fluids (IVs) may help compensate for lost fluid volume, but IV fluids cannot carry oxygen the way blood does—however, researchers are developing blood substitutes that can. Infusing colloid or crystalloid IV fluids also dilutes clotting factors in the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding. Current best practice allow permissive hypotension in patients with hypovolemic shock, both avoid overly diluting clotting factors and avoid artificially raising blood pressure to

630-487: The ground. Standing posture relies on dynamic rather than static balance. The human center of mass is in front of the ankle, and unlike in tetrapods , the base of support is narrow, consisting of only two feet. A static pose would cause humans to fall forward onto the face. In addition, there are constant external perturbations, such as breezes, and internal perturbations that come from respiration. Erect posture requires adjustment and correction. There are many mechanisms in

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660-484: The hip, and there is a slight winding and unwinding of the lower back. An analogy would be a ball that volleys back and forth between two players without touching the ground. The muscle exertion required to maintain an aligned standing posture is crucial but minimal. Electromyography has detected slight activity in the muscles of the calves, hips and lower back. The core muscles play a role in maintaining stability. The core muscles are deep muscle layers that lie close to

690-456: The legs and trunk immediately after standing. No other clinical signs or symptoms are present and the shaking ceases when the patient sits or is lifted off the ground. The high frequency of the tremor often creates a rippling effect on the leg muscles while standing. Standing per se does not pose any harm. In the long term, however, complications may arise. Standing at attention The position of at attention , or standing at attention ,

720-849: The loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration . Hypovolemia is caused by a variety of events, but these can be simplified into two categories: those that are associated with kidney function and those that are not. The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases. Immediately or shortly after mild fluid loss (from blood donation , diarrhea , vomiting , bleeding from trauma, etc.), one may experience headache , fatigue , weakness , dizziness , or thirst . Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock . Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate , low blood pressure , pale or cold skin , and altered mental status . When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore

750-562: The lost volume . Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume. Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache, fatigue, weakness, thirst, and dizziness. The more severe signs and symptoms are often associated with hypovolemic shock. These include oliguria , cyanosis , abdominal and chest pain, hypotension , tachycardia , cold hands and feet, and progressively altering mental status. The causes of hypovolemia can be characterized into two categories: The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia are primarily due to

780-439: The major stages of hypovolemic shock include: The most important step in treatment of hypovolemic shock is to identify and control the source of bleeding. Medical personnel should immediately supply emergency oxygen to increase efficiency of the patient's remaining blood supply. This intervention can be life-saving. Also, the respiratory pump is especially important during hypovolemia as spontaneous breathing may help reduce

810-413: The model standing with one leg straight, with the majority of the weight on it, and the other leg tucked over and slightly around. There may be a time when a person is standing, where they lose control due to an external force or lack of energy , where they accelerate to the ground due to gravity . This is known as " falling " and may result in injuries around the part of the body that made contact with

840-597: The situation permits, there should be conducted a secondary survey and checked the chest and abdomen for pain, deformity, guarding, discoloration or swelling. Bleeding into the abdominal cavity can cause the classical bruising patterns of Grey Turner's sign (bruising along the sides) or Cullen's sign (around the navel). In a hospital, physicians respond to a case of hypovolemic shock by conducting these examinations: Untreated hypovolemia can lead to shock (see also: hypovolemic shock ). Most sources state that there are 4 stages of hypovolemia and subsequent shock; however,

870-399: The spine and provide structural support. The transverse abdominals wrap around the spine and function as a compression corset. The multifidi are intersegmental muscles. Dysfunction in the core muscles has been implicated in back pain. Some investigators have replaced the ankle inverted pendulum analogy with a model of double linked pendulums involving both hip and ankle sway. Neither model

900-457: The thumbs, keeping the knuckles against the legs. If the soldiers are in civilian or sports clothing, the arms are held the same, but the hands are held open and must slap the leg when the executive order is given. In the United States military, the feet are at a 45-degree angle with heels together and the fingers are curled in a loose fist. Contrary to the norm of the chin being up, the chin

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