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National Highway 1D (India, old numbering)

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47-517: National Highway 1D ( NH 1D ), also known as Srinagar–Leh Highway , was a National Highway in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that connected Srinagar to Leh in Ladakh . The Srinagar-Leh Highway was declared as National Highway in 2006. It is now part of National Highway 1 that extends west to Uri . The old Central Asian trade route Srinagar–Leh–Yarkand was also known as the Treaty Road , after

94-510: A kardar (administrator) for Kargil and Drass, and appears to have built a fort at Kargil for this purpose. Alexander Cunningham described the "newl fort" at Kargil as a square of about sixty yards on the left bank of the Suru River, immediately above its junction with Wakha Rong. It was able to defend the bridge over the Suru River and completely command the Kashmir–Ladakh road. In 1838,

141-604: A baseline of 12.1 km/day in 2014 rising to 28.3 km/day (143%). The speed of highway construction reached 37 km per day in 2020-21, a record for fastest highway construction in India. National Highway of India in 2014, 91287km. National Highway of India in 2023, 146145km. As at end-March and length in kms. Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. State-wise length of National Highways Note: Yearly data for 2018 and 2020 are not available. National Highways Authority of India has enough funds to increase

188-458: A bright or wholesome expanse. Modern newspapers are said to spell the name as Wylie : dkar `khyil , THL : kar khyil . It can also be interpreted as a bright or wholesome mountainous amphitheatre. This phrase occurs often in Tibetan literature. The Kargil basin does give the feel of an expanse surrounded by low-pitched mountains, with the low Khurbathang plateau at the southeastern corner. This

235-454: A commercial treaty signed in 1870 between Maharaja Ranbir Singh and Thomas Douglas Forsyth . In 2010, old NH1A (Uri–Srinagar) and old NH1D (Srinagar–Leh) have been combined to make up the newly numbered National Highway 1 . For most part, NH 1D transited through extremely treacherous terrain and followed the historic trade route along the Indus River , thus giving modern travelers

282-530: A glimpse of villages which are historically and culturally important. The road generally remained open for traffic from early June to mid-November. The total length of NH 1 was 422 km (262 mi). The two highest passes on NH 1D include Zoji La at 3,528 m (11,575 ft) on the High Himalayas and Fotu La at 4,108 m (13,478 ft) on the Ladakh Range . Despite its lower elevation, Zoji La

329-531: A network of limited access roads owned by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . National highways have flyover access or some controlled-access , where entrance and exit is through the side of the flyover. At each highway intersection, flyovers are provided to bypass the traffic on the city, town, or village. These highways are designed for speeds of 100 km/h. Some national highways have interchanges in between, but do not have total controlled-access throughout

376-477: A specialised agency in high altitude areas and border areas. Apart from highways, NHIDCL is constructing logictic hubs and transport related infrastructure e.g. multimodal transport hubs such as bus ports, container depots, automated multilevel car parking etc. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways adopted a new systematic numbering of National Highways in April 2010. It is a systematic numbering scheme based on

423-638: A treaty was signed with British Raj , whereby the Jammu and Kashmir state undertook to maintain the road up to the Central Asian border (possibly the Karakoram Pass ), allocating annual funds for the purpose. The road came to be known as the "Treaty Road" During the 1950s, tensions rose in Ladakh region. China secretly built a military road spanning some 1,200 km (750 mi) from Xinjiang to western Tibet, which

470-584: Is a fully owned company of Government of India under Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and was created to develop, maintain and manage the national highways, strategic roads and other infrastructure of India. It was dedicated to the task of promoting regional connectivity in parts of the country which share international boundaries. It is responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways in hilly terrain of North-East part of India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh and Uttarakhand. It works as

517-526: Is an upgrading/widening of existing four lane highways into six lane highways which are not controlled access highways. Kargil town Kargil / ˈ k ɑːr ɡ ɪ l / or Kargyil is a city in Indian-administered Ladakh in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the joint capital of Ladakh, an Indian-administered union territory . It is also the headquarters of the Kargil district . It

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564-428: Is being expanded to six or more lanes. Some sections of the network are toll roads . Only a few highways are built with concrete. Bypasses have been constructed around larger towns and cities to provide uninterrupted passage for highway traffic. Some existing roads have been reclassified as national highways. The National Highways Act, 1956 provided for public i.e. state investment in the building and maintenance of

611-405: Is in sharp contrast to the deep gorges that give access to the valley. The people of Kargil however relate the name to Khar (fort) and rkil (centre) and interpret it as a central place among many forts. Radhika Gupta has opined that it is a fitting description for a place that is equidistant from Srinagar , Leh and Skardu . Kargil is located at the confluence of multiple river valleys:

658-599: Is located 205 km (127 mi) from Srinagar , facing Gilgit-Baltistan across the LOC . Like other areas in the Himalayas , Kargil has a temperate climate. Summers are hot with cool nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F). The total population of Kargil town increased almost tenfold from 1,681 persons in 1961 to 16,338 persons in 2011. The level of urbanisation concomitantly increased from 3.7% to 11.6%. In

705-637: Is located at a key junction of routes between Kashmir, Ladakh and Baltistan. Scholar Janet Rizvi states that the Indus Valley between Marol and Dah is a narrow gorge and was not easily traversable in the pre-modern period. So the normal trade route between Baltistan and Leh also ran via Kargil, using the Suru valley and Wakha Rong. After the Partition of India and the First Kashmir War , Baltistan came under

752-500: Is more snow-bound than Fotu La. Dras , located some 170 km (110 mi) from Srinagar at elevation of 3,249 m (10,659 ft), is the first major village east of the Zoji La pass. The village is inhabited by a population of mixed Kashmiri and Dard origins, having a reputation of being the second coldest permanent inhabited spot in the world after Siberia , with temperatures dropping to −45 °C (−49 °F). After Dras,

799-486: Is proposed which will connect Srinagar and Leh via Kargil. The nearest major railway station to Kargil is Jammu Tawi railway station located at a distance of 472 kilometres. An Indian national highway ( NH 1 ) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil. The all-weather Skardu–Kargil Road once linked Kargil to Skardu , a city in Gilgit-Baltistan . Since the 1948 Kashmir War, the road has been closed. Whilst

846-613: Is the largest circulated bi-lingual newspaper in the Union Territory that publishes once in a week. Kargil Airport is a non-operational airport located 8 kilometres from the town. The airport is included in UDAN scheme and is proposed to be operational in the near future. The nearest operational airport is the Srinagar International Airport . There is no rail connectivity to Kargil yet. The Srinagar–Kargil–Leh railway line

893-622: Is the second-largest city in Ladakh after Leh . Kargil is located 204 kilometres (127 mi) east of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir , and 234 kilometres (145 mi) to the west of Leh. It is on the bank of the Suru River near its confluence with the Wakha Rong river, the latter providing the most accessible route to Leh. The Ladakh Chronicles spell the name of Kargil as Wylie : dkar skyil , THL : kar kyil . The word can be interpreted as meaning

940-533: The Government of India with a target of constructing 83,677 km (51,994 mi) of new highways, was started in 2018. Phase I of the Bharatmala project involves the construction of 34,800 km of highways (including the remaining projects under NHDP) at an estimated cost of ₹ 5.35 lakh crore (US$ 64 billion) by 2021–22. The average speed of NH construction has also seen a significant increase, from

987-401: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways. NHAI often uses a public–private partnership model for highway maintenance, and toll-collection. NHIDCL uses Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) model to build, develop and maintain strategic roads in international borders of

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1034-604: The National Highway Development Project (NHDP). As of March 2022 India has approximately 35,000 km of four laned National highways. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) are the nodal agencies responsible for building, upgrading, and maintaining most of the National Highways network. It operates under

1081-577: The National Highways Development Project (NHDP), in which the main north–south and east–west corridors and highways connecting the four metropolitan cities ( Delhi , Mumbai , Chennai and Kolkata ) have been fully paved and widened into four-lane highways. Some of the busier National Highway sectors in India were also converted to four- or six-lane limited-access highways. National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited started functioning as of 18 July 2014. It

1128-633: The Suru River valley to the north and south, the Wakha Rong valley to the southeast leading to Leh , and the Sod Valley to the east leading to the Indus Valley near Batalik . In addition, at a short distance to the north, the Dras River valley branches off from the Suru valley leading to the Zoji La pass and Kashmir . Further north along the Suru valley, one reaches the Indus valley, leading to Skardu . Thus, Kargil

1175-625: The 16th or 17th century. It was the capital of "Lower Purig", which included the Sod Valley itself, the lower portion of Wakha Rong and, the Kargil bowl. By the 18th or 19h century, its dynasty established a branch at Pashkum ( Wylie : pas kyum ) to the southeast of Kargil in the Wakha Rong valley. During Zorawar Singh's invasion of Ladakh in 1834, the Dogras attacked both Sod Pasari and Pashkum and destroyed their forts. Afterwards, Zorawar Singh stationed

1222-499: The 17th and 18th centuries, the road was only a track, impassable even with ponies. Goods, mainly pashmina wool , were carried by porters from Yarkand and Tibet for the Kashmir shawl industry. In the 19th century, under the Dogra rule after Zorawar Singh annexed Ladakh, the route was improved, allowing pony caravans to pass. In 1870, under Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir ,

1269-565: The Kargil and Leh tehsils on the Indian side, and the Skardu tehsil on the Pakistan side. The two Indian tehsils were later promoted to districts and Ladakh was named a division, on a par with the Jammu and Kashmir divisions in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . Pakistan renamed the Skardu tehsil as Baltistan and divided it into further districts. At the end of Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 ,

1316-679: The control of Pakistan. The Line of Control with Pakistan-administered Kashmir is roughly 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to the north of Kargil. A key height called Peak 13620, which overlooks the Kargil town and the Srinagar–Leh Highway , remained in Pakistani control at the end of the First Kashmir War. During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 , Indian forces pushed the Line of Control north of

1363-656: The country. In India, National Highways are at-grade roads , whereas Expressways are controlled-access highways where entrance and exit is controlled by the use ramps that are incorporated into the design of the expressway . National Highways follows standards set by Indian Roads Congress and Bureau of Indian Standards . India has 161,350 km (100,260 mi) of national highways as of March 2022 compared to 1,01,011 km in FY 2013–14. In July 2023, Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari said total length of

1410-402: The form of a serai , a rest-house, and post and telegraph offices. The small wooden shops and large emporiums of Kargil's small bazaar offered matches, kerosine oil, several varieties of sugar and tea, cotton cloth from Bombay and Manchester, and cheap glass and tinsel ornaments. The First Kashmir War (1947–48) concluded with a ceasefire line that divided the Ladakh wazarat , putting roughly

1457-568: The highways. The National Highways Authority of India was established by the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988 . Section 16(1) of the Act states that the function of NHAI is to develop, maintain, and manage the National Highways and any other highways vested in, or entrusted to, it by the Government of India. In 1998 India launched a massive program of highway upgrades, called

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1504-480: The highways. The highways are constructed and managed by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD), the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL), and the public works departments (PWD) of state governments. Currently, the longest national highway in India is National Highway 44 at 4,112 km (2,555 mi). India started four laning of major national highways with

1551-412: The national highways in the country increased by about 59% in the last nine years. National highways constituted 2.7% of India's total road network, but carried about 40% of road traffic, as of 2013. In 2016, the government vowed to double the highway length from 1,01,011 to 2,00,000 km. The majority of existing highways are now four-lane roads (two lanes in each direction), though much of this

1598-458: The orientation and the geographic location of the highway. The new system indicates the direction of National Highways whether they are east–west (odd numbers) or north–south (even numbers). It also indicates the geographical region where they are with even numbers increasing from east to west starting from NH2 and odd numbers increasing from north to south starting from NH1. Bharatmala , a centrally-sponsored and funded road and highways project of

1645-767: The pace of road building. At the listing ceremony of the National Highways Infra Trust's (NHAI InVITs) non-convertible debentures, the National Highway Infra Trust issued and listed Non-Convertible Debentures or NCDs worth Rs 1,500 crore on the Bombay Stock Exchange, with a long-dated maturity of 25 years. NHAI collected tolls worth Rs 34,742 crore on national highways in FY22. Additionally NHAI toll revenue will to soar to Rs 1.40 lakh crores in next three years. Brownfield National Highway Projects

1692-610: The people of the region are said to have revolted against the Dogras, killing the kardar . The entire region was beset with rebellions, reportedly instigated by the Sikh governor of Kashmir. In 1840 Zorawar Singh launched a second expedition to Ladakh, deposed the Gyalpo , and annexed Ladakh to the Sikh Empire. He also decided to invade Baltistan. On the way to Baltistan, he made a detour to Sod, routed

1739-434: The present day Kargil district, at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively. They were headed by civil officers called Thanadars . It would appear that the growth of Kargil as an administrative centre and town owes to this establishment. During the reign of Pratap Singh , a wazarat (district) was established for all the frontier regions (including Gilgit), and Kargil was made a tehsil of this wazarat. Sometime later, Gilgit

1786-610: The rebels there and, "annexed" the whole of Purig. He appointed kardars for Drass and Suru. After Zorawar Singh's death in Tibet , there was another rebellion in Ladakh and Purig. But Dogras sent fresh forces under Wazir Lakhpat, who beat back the Tibetans and reestablished status quo ante . On his return, the new Wazir garrisoned the Kargil fort and took all the Rajas of the region as prisoners. In 1854, there were three ilaqas (subdistrics) in

1833-412: The ridgeline, ensuring Kargil's security. A key village called Hunderman came under Indian control as a result of this push. Despite its central location, Kargil does not appear to have had any large settlement in the medieval period. Instead there were two strong forts in its close vicinity. The Sod Valley to the east had a fort called Sod Pasari ( Wylie : sod pa sa ri , now known as Pasar Khar ) by

1880-440: The ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) elevation, with a few as high as 5,485 metres (18,000 ft). After several months of fighting and diplomatic activity, the Pakistani forces were forced to withdraw to their side of the Line of Control. Kargil has an average elevation of 2,676 metres (8,780 feet), and is situated along the banks of the Suru River (Indus) . The town of Kargil

1927-678: The road follows the Dras River valley up to Kargil and then takes Wakha Rong valley till Fotu La. After that, it follows branch valleys of the Indus River valley which meet Indus near Khalatse . The government runs a checkpost at Khalatse. Heavy snowfall on the highest passes can block traffic, cutting Leh from Srinagar for some six months each year. During springtime, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) plows snow and repairs damages caused by landslides. Zoji La pass received reportedly some 18 m (59 ft) of snowfall in 2008. In

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1974-490: The same period, the population of the entire Kargil district was tripled from 45,064 to 140,802. As per the Census India 2011, the town has population of 16,338, of which 10,082 are males and 6,256 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 1,569 which is 9.6% of total population. The gender ratio is around 621 compared to 889 which is average of the former erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir state. The literacy rate of

2021-492: The town is 75.53%, out of which 85.57% are male literate and 59.35% are females literate. Islam is the largest religion in Kargil City, followed by over 92% of people. Budhism is the second-largest religion with 7.8% adherents. Other 0.003% of the population follow Sikhism respectively. Religion in Kargil City (2011) All India Radio 's channel AIR Kargil AM 684 is broadcast from a radio station at Kargil. Greater Ladakh

2068-616: The two nations signed the Simla Agreement , converting the former ceasefire line with some adjustments into a Line of Control , and promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary. In 1999 the area saw infiltration by Pakistani forces, leading to the Kargil War . Fighting occurred along a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking the Srinagar–Leh Road, then the only road to Ladakh The military outposts on

2115-586: Was discovered by Indian in 1957 and confirmed by Chinese maps showing the road in 1958. The political situation eroded, culminating in 1962 in the Sino-Indian War . The road on the Chinese side gave PLA an advantage as a reliable supply line, giving the Indian Army impetus to build a road for supply and mobilisation of their own troops. The building started from Sringar in 1962, reaching Kargil in two years. This

2162-425: Was separated, and Kargil, Skardu and Leh were jointly established as the Ladakh wazarat . The district headquarters shifted between the three locations each year. In historical times, both Leh and Kargil were part of the trade route between South Asia and Central Asia as posts and halting places until the mid-20th century. During the colonial period , the significance of this trade route in Kargil town manifested in

2209-557: Was the basis of modern Srinagar-Leh Highway. Building the road was hazardous task, given the challenging geographical location, and maintaining the road is still an unenviable task. Restrictions on civilian traffic were lifted in 1974. This highway was used as mobilisation route by the Indian Army during Pakistani occupation of Kargil in 1999, known as Operation Vijay . National Highway (India) The national highways in India are

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