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29-467: The fortress is located on the northeastern slopes of Majevica mountain in the village of Gornji Srebrenik , about 5 km away from the city centre. It is built on a steep, almost inaccessible rock, with a deep trench dug underneath, with the only entrance being a small bridge. No current historical sources identify the exact year of its construction or who its constructor was. Earliest records date back to edicts of Stephen II to Ragusa from 1333. It

58-488: A National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina , under number.05.2-2-246/04-2. Vasić, Milan (2005). Islamizacija na Balkanskom Poluostrvu (in Serbian). Banja Luka: Narodna I Univerzitetska Biblioteka Republike Srpske. ISBN   99938-0-583-1 . Majevica Majevica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Мајевица , pronounced [mâjɛv̞it͡sa] ) is a low mountain range in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

87-723: A federal unit with a Croatian majority. It remains the permanent aspiration of the Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina." In 2010–14 the Federation's Government was formed by SDP without the consent of major Croat political parties, leading to a political crisis. In parallel to EU-facilitated talks on the Sejdic-Finci issue at State level, in February 2013 the US embassy supported an expert working group which presented its 188 recommendations to

116-627: A new formula for the composition of the House of People, based on the minimal representation formula (one deputy per each constituent people per each canton) and on the 2013 census . In 2022, the High Representative imposed amendments to the federal Constitution and the Election Law, implementing the Ljubic verdict. The changes also reconstructed the original balance of power between Croats and Bosniaks in

145-544: Is situated between Semberija , Posavina , and Tuzla Canton . Its highest peak is Stolice, some 16 kilometres east of Tuzla , in the far southeastern part of the range. Most of the range is located in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and part of it is in Republika Srpska . It is mostly forested. The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and is still populated today, with cities and towns located along

174-410: Is supposed to ensure that the interests of Croats, Serbs and national minorities are fairly represented during government creation and in the legislative process. The Federation is also divided into ten highly autonomous cantons. They each have their own governments, assemblies and exclusive and shared competencies. In 2010, the Federation's Constitutional Court ruled that two Federation's ministries –

203-642: The Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , later merged in the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The capital and largest city is Sarajevo with 275,524 inhabitants. The basis for the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was laid down by the Washington Agreement of March 1994. Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and

232-513: The Battle of Mohács and up to Treaty of Karlowitz , due to expansion of Ottoman borders, the fortress saw very little military activity. Because of that, it was either completely abandoned or left with only a small garrison. The Srebrenik Castle belonged to the Smoluća Nahija, the prince was Vlatko, son of Vladimir. He had 8 sons of which 3 converted to Islam. Vlachs of this principality belonged to

261-552: The Brčko District was formed as an autonomous district within Bosnia and Herzegovina and it was created from part of the territory of both Bosnian entities. Brčko District is now a condominium that belongs to both entities. In 2001–2002, the Office of the High Representative (OHR) imposed amendments to the Federation's Constitution and its electoral law, in compliance with the decisions of

290-483: The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the political equality of the three constituent peoples (U-5/98). This triggered the grievances of Bosnian Croats , who claimed they were deprived of their rights to representation as Bosniaks had come to control the majority in the upper house as well. Dissatisfied Croat politicians set up a separate Croatian National Assembly , held a referendum parallel to

319-574: The Croatian Defence Council forces was to be divided into ten autonomous cantons along the lines of the Vance-Owen plan . The cantonal system was selected to prevent dominance of one ethnic group over another. However, much of the territory Croats and Bosniaks claimed for their Federation was at that point still controlled by the Bosnian Serbs. The Washington Agreement was implemented during

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348-521: The Dayton Agreement of 1995 that ended the four-year war, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was defined as one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina , comprising 51% of country's area, alongside Republika Srpska . Cantons and federal structure were built rather slowly after the war. Separatist Croat Herzeg-Bosnia institutions existed and functioned parallel to Federation ones up until 1996–97, when they were phased out. On 8 March 2000,

377-528: The International Crisis Group warned that "disputes among and between Bosniak and Croat leaders and a dysfunctional administrative system have paralyzed decision-making, put the entity on the verge of bankruptcy and triggered social unrest". In January 2017, Croatian National Assembly stated that "if Bosnia and Herzegovina wants to become self-sustainable, then it is necessary to have an administrative-territorial reorganization, which would include

406-769: The FBIH House of Representatives in 2013, aiming to address the costly and complex governance structures with overlapping competences between the Federation, the Cantons and the municipalities as currently entailed in the Federation Constitution. The initiative was finally not adopted by the Parliament. Following an appeal by HDZ BiH Božo Ljubić , in December 2016 the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina abolished

435-561: The Federation are dominated by three large parties, the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the multi-ethnic Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH). Entity-level institutions include: Since Bosniaks compose roughly 70.4% of the Federation's population, Croats 22.4% and Serbs just around 2%, the Parliament's House of Peoples (with equal representation for all three nationalities)

464-470: The Federation, as envisioned in Washington Agreement. In 2023, the High Representative suspended the federal Constitution for one day in order to impose a new government. This created a huge scandal and political crisis. Some see this as an act of "treason". The Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) that distinguishes Bosnia and Herzegovina's two entities runs along the frontlines as they existed at

493-462: The Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Culture and Sports – are unconstitutional since education and culture are an exclusive competence of the cantons. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises ten cantons ( Bosnian : kantoni , Croatian : županije ): The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises 51% of the land area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is home to 62.85% of

522-508: The Ottoman army had to retreat and Matthias Corvinus managed to seize back Srebrenik. In order to further improve defense against future Ottoman attacks, Matthias created Banate of Srebrenik in 1464 and granted it to Nicholas of Ilok who later became the titular king of Bosnia. It is not known when the Ottomans recaptured it, but sometime between 1510 and 1519 is the most likely date. Ever since

551-445: The base of the range such as Srebrenik , Lopare , Čelić , Kalesija , and the regional center of Tuzla . Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two entities composing Bosnia and Herzegovina , the other being Republika Srpska . The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of ten autonomous cantons with their own governments and legislatures. The Federation

580-420: The constituent peoples. A significant portion of Brčko District was also part of the Federation; however, when the district was created, it became shared territory of both entities, but it was not placed under control of either of the two, and is hence under direct jurisdiction of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Currently the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has 79 municipalities. The government and politics of

609-470: The elections and proclaimed their self-rule in Croat-majority areas in the Federation. Their attempts ended shortly after a crackdown by SFOR and legal proceedings. Dissatisfied with the representation of Croats in the Federation, Croat political parties insist on creating a Croat-majority federal unit instead of several cantons. SDA and other Bosniak parties strongly oppose this. In September 2010,

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638-676: The electoral formula for the indirect election of the Federation House of People, stating that it did not guarantee the legitimate representation of constituent peoples. Notably, the ruling did not concur with an amicus curiae opinion of the Venice Commission on the same matter. Lacking legislative amendments to revise the Election Law, in Summer 2018 the Central Election Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina provisionally enacted

667-835: The end of the Bosnian War , with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo), as defined by the Dayton Agreement. The total length of the IEBL is approximately 1,080 km. The IEBL is an administrative demarcation and not controlled by the military or police and there is free movement across it. Five of the cantons (Una-Sana, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Bosnian Podrinje and Sarajevo) are Bosniak-majority cantons, three (Posavina, West Herzegovina and Canton 10) are Croat-majority cantons, and two (Central Bosnia and Herzegovina-Neretva) are 'ethnically mixed', meaning there are special legislative procedures for protection of

696-471: The settlements of Gnojica, Miričina, Kruševica, Gornja Smoluća, Puračić, Gornja Lukavica, Srednja Smoluća, Donja Smoluća, Devetak, Dobošnica and Čitluk. In the entire principality there was 153 Christian households with 214 tabis, and 63 Muslim households with 68 tabis In the 18th century, with Ottoman borders shrinking, it regained its strategic importance. Austrian spies reported it as an old fortress without providing any detailed descriptions. At this time, it

725-577: The spring of 1994, by convoking a Constitutional Assembly, which on 24 June adopted and proclaimed the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1995, Bosniak forces and Bosnian Croat forces of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina defeated forces of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia , and this territory was added to the federation ( Una-Sana Canton ). Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–1999) – OHR.int By

754-501: Was already in dire need of reparations. Some reparations were carried out as early as 1756, but their circumstances and results remain unreported. It finally ceased its use as a garrison in 1835 when the last soldier left it and was mostly abandoned ever after. The mosque, built by the Ottomans in early 16th century, was still maintained in the following years. On 2 November 2004, the KONS of Bosnia and Herzegovina designated Srebrenik Fortress

783-483: Was created by the 1994 Washington Agreement , which ended the Croat–Bosniak War within the Bosnian War , and established a constituent assembly that continued its work until October 1996. The Federation has a capital , government , president, parliament, customs and police departments and two postal systems. It occupies about half of the land of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 1996 until 2005 it had its own army,

812-459: Was located on, at the time, important military roads which made it an important strategic stronghold. Already in 1363, king Louis I of Hungary sent an army to Bosnia, led by his palatine Nicholas Kont , which suffered significant losses under Srebrenik. In 1393 it was captured by Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxembourg and within the next decades it changed rulers several times, with Hungarians recapturing it in 1405, 1408 and 1410 respectively. It

841-468: Was then granted as a gift to Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević , but remained in use by the Hungarians as a garrison. King Thomas of Bosnia managed to recapture it by 1433, but already in 1452 it was seized by Đurađ Branković , nephew of Stefan Lazarević, who gave it to Hungarians. By 1462 the entire župa Usora was under Ottoman control, including Srebrenik. Due to failures in logistics and an epidemic,

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