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159-512: The spring campaign's commander-in-chief was General Artúr Görgey , whose army (47 500 men, 198 cannons) defeated the numerically, technologically and tactically superior (55 000 soldiers and 214 cannons and rockets) imperial armies led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and after his dismissal, Ludwig von Welden , in a series of victories. The Hungarians won the battles of Hatvan (2 April), Tápióbicske (4 April), Isaszeg (6 April), Vác (10 April), Nagysalló (19 April), on 26 April relieved

318-486: A humid continental climate ( Köppen ), with hot and moderately wet summers and long harsh winters. In recent decades, winters have been exceptionally arid . The summer precipitation maxima often takes the form of heavy rain and thunderstorms , especially in the mountainous regions. The main Alpine ridge in the north is a meteorological divide with pronounced windward and leeward sides where foehn occurs regularly. Due to

477-460: A small minority in the area. Carinthia's main industries are tourism , electronics , engineering , forestry , and agriculture . The etymology of the name "Carinthia", similar to Carnia or Carniola , has not been conclusively established. The Ravenna Cosmography (about AD 700) referred to a Slavic "Carantani" tribe as the eastern neighbours of the Bavarians . In his History of

636-498: A "Provisional National Council for German-Austria ". Before the meeting, the delegates agreed that German-Austria should not include "Yugoslav areas of settlement", which referred to Lower Styria and the two Slovene-speaking Carinthian valleys south of the Karawanken range, Seeland (Slovenian: Jezersko) and Mießtal ( Meža Valley). On 12 Nov. 1918, when the Act concerning the foundation of

795-519: A French chemist named Saint-Évre wrote an article in which he announced the discovery of the undecylic acid. At first, Görgei was disappointed that with this announcement his work would be pointless, but then he noticed that the French chemist was wrong in thinking that the undecylic acid was an original, undiscovered acid rather than a mixture of lauric and decanoic acids, which he demonstrated in his study. Görgei's results were published by Redtenbacher under

954-567: A Hungarian campaign to chase Windisch-Grätz and his troops out of Hungary. On 16–17 March, the Hungarian troops crossed the Tisza river; but, due to some unfounded rumors, Vetter decided to retreat to the starting position. During these events, Görgei was the only military commander who achieved notable success, by advancing from the north through Tokaj , Gyöngyös , Miskolc , and Mezőkövesd , by which he succeeded in diverting Windisch-Grätz's attention from

1113-510: A Russian invasion. All the military and political advice seemed in favor of taking Buda first, rather than moving towards Vienna. According to Hungarian Historian Róbert Hermann, the capture of Buda after three weeks of siege (the only siege of the Hungarian Freedom War that ended in the taking of a fortress by assault; the remaining fortresses and castles were taken, by one or the other side, only after negotiations and then surrender)

1272-400: A frontal attack of the enemy, the breaking of the weak Hungarian front line, cutting of his supply lines, and the occupation of Debrecen, the temporary Hungarian capital. Görgei later wrote in his memoirs that he knew that he could take these risks against such a weak commander as Windisch-Grätz. According to József Bánlaky and Tamás Csikány, Görgei failed to follow up his successes by taking

1431-408: A general battle plan, intervening only when needed, as he did at Tápióbicske and Isaszeg, where he turned, by his presence and decisiveness, the tide of battle in his favor. He took great risks at the start of both phases of his spring campaign because he left only a few troops in front of the enemy, while sending the bulk of his army to make encircling maneuvers, which, if discovered, could have led to

1590-444: A hard life. Records from the school show that his conduct was very good, he had no errors, his natural talents were exceptional, and his fervency and diligence were constant, being very severe with himself but also with the others. Despite this, in his letters he wrote that he despised the life of a soldier because he had to obey officers whom he did not respect and that he dreamed about a free and active life that he could not find in

1749-415: A major tourist attraction. The capital city is Klagenfurt . The next important town is Villach , both strongly linked economically. Other major towns include Althofen , Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal , Bleiburg , Feldkirchen , Ferlach , Friesach , Gmünd , Hermagor , Radenthein , Sankt Andrä , Sankt Veit an der Glan , Spittal an der Drau , Straßburg , Völkermarkt , Wolfsberg . Carinthia has

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1908-478: A narrow strip of land in the west, Croatia, and a few land pockets and forts. In the battle of Isaszeg, Görgei had been close to encircling and completely destroying Windisch-Grätz's main Austrian army, which could have brought about a decisive end to the war; but the refusal of one of his army corps commanders, András Gáspár , to attack from the north, made possible the enemy escape. Görgei shared some responsibility for

2067-471: A north–south direction. With 9,536 km (3,682 sq mi), it is the fifth-largest Austrian state by area. Most of the larger Carinthian towns and lakes are situated within the Klagenfurt Basin in the southeast, an inner Alpine sedimentary basin covering about one-fifth of the area. These Lower Carinthian lands differ from the mountainous Upper Carinthian region in the northwest, stretching up to

2226-571: A pagan uprising in 772, the forces of Odilo's son Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria again subdued the Carantanian lands. In 788, Duke Tassilo III was finally deposed by the Frankish king Charlemagne , and his territories were incorporated into the Carolingian Empire . By the 843 Treaty of Verdun , the former Carantanian lands fell to the kingdom of East Francia ruled by Charlemagne's grandson Louis

2385-585: A permanent population, and intensive arable farming, as well as trading with salt and Mediterranean products, was common already during the periods of the Urnfield and Hallstatt culture . Hallstatt grave fields were discovered near Dellach (Gurina), Rosegg (Frög), and on the Gracarca mountain southeast of Lake Klopein . About 300 BC, several Illyrian and Celtic tribes joined in the Kingdom of Noricum , centered on

2544-508: A place to live in Visegrád, where Görgei lived the last decades of his life. After Görgei's return and for the rest of his life, Hungarian public opinion was hostile, because of some false accusations. Kossuth's Letter from Vidin , written in the aftermath of Görgei's surrender, instilled a long-lasting hatred of Görgei amongst the Hungarians, many of whom came to believe that he was a traitor. In

2703-760: A radical new beginning. Important sites were and are the Carinthian Art Association, the Hildebrand Gallery, the Nötscher-Kreis-Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art Carinthia, which opened in 2003. Two high-profile "art scandals" were the frescoes by Giselbert Hoke in Klagenfurt main station in 1950 and the redesign of the meeting room in the country house in 1998 by Anton Kolig's grandson, Cornelius Kolig. A fountain designed by Kiki Kogelnik stands near

2862-598: A student of chemistry at the University of Prague . He loved chemistry, writing this to his friend, Gusztáv Röszler, who had recommended him to professor Josef Redtenbacher , a great chemist at that time: [Y]our recommendation to Redtenbacher made me very happy. I am gaining life as never before. The science of chemistry itself, but also the leading of it by such a great professor as Redtenbacher, totally conquered me. Görgei's work in chemistry from this period are worthy of note: he conducted research into coconut oil, discovering

3021-708: A touristic infrastructure such as the Grossglockner High Alpine Road and Klagenfurt Airport as well as the opening up of the Alps through the Austrian Alpine Club in the 1920s. It was, however, hard hit by the Great Depression around 1930, which pushed the political system in Austria more and more towards extremism . This phenomenon culminated at first in the years of Austrofascism and then in 1938 in

3180-759: A traditional type of fair . The most famous is Villacher Kirchtag in Villach , which was first held in 1936 and is very popular among locals and tourists. The museums in Carinthia include the Carinthian State Museum with its locations in Klagenfurt, the Maria Saal open-air museum , the Magdalensberg Archaeological Park , and the Teurnia Roman Museum . One of the most important city museums

3339-479: Is Landeshauptmann ("State Captain"), his two deputies, and further four Landesräte ministers. The members of the cabinet used to form an all-party government elected under a system of proportional representation based on the number of representatives of the political parties in the Landtag in a system known as Proporz , however this system was abolished in Carinthia in 2017. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of

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3498-427: Is a unicameral legislature . Its 36 members are elected from party lists according to the principle of proportional representation and serve five-year terms, with elections held every five years. Austrian nationals over the age of 16 residing in Carinthia are eligible to vote. The Landtag has a threshold of 5%. The most recent election, the 2023 Carinthian state election , was held on 5 March 2023. The SPÖ ,

3657-534: Is how it had been given at his birth. For example, Sándor Pethő's bibliographical book Görgey Artúr (Budapest, 1930), or Artúr's younger brother István Görgey's Görgey Arthur ifjusága és fejlődése a forradalomig [The youth of Artúr Görgey, and his development until the revolution] (Budapest, 1916) and Görgey Arthur a száműzetésben 1849–1867 [Artúr Görgey in exile, 1849–1867] (Budapest, 1918). But, recent historiography spells it Görgei (Róbert Hermann's and Tamás Csikány's works, for example). In Hungarian surnames ,

3816-600: Is one of the most important literary awards in the German-speaking world. In the early 20th century, the Nötsch circle was active with the painters Sebastian Isepp, Franz Wiegele, Anton Kolig, and Anton Mahringer with its European orientation. The painter Herbert Boeckl was only loosely associated with the circle. An art-political controversy was the dispute over the Kolig frescoes in the Klagenfurt country house from 1931, which ended in

3975-568: Is the City Museum of Villach , which documents, among other things, the life story of its temporary citizen Paracelsus . Carinthia has produced several internationally renowned writers in recent decades. In the early 20th century, Robert Musil , Josef Friedrich Perkonig, Dolores Viesèr, and Gerhart Ellert gained some notoriety. After the Second World War, the poets Ingeborg Bachmann , Michael Guttenbrunner, and Christine Lavant first came to

4134-520: Is the southernmost and least densely populated Austrian state , in the Eastern Alps , and is noted for its mountains and lakes. The main language is German . Its regional dialects belong to the Southern Bavarian group. Carinthian Slovene dialects , forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by

4293-787: Is why this article also uses this form. Görgei was born as Johannes Arthur Woldemár Görgey at Toporc in Upper Hungary (today Toporec , Slovakia ) on 30 January 1818 to an impoverished Hungarian noble family of Zipser German descent who immigrated to the Szepes (today Spiš ) region during the reign of King Géza II of Hungary (1141–1162). During the Reformation , they converted to Protestantism. The family name refers to their origin from Görgő village ( Hungarian : görgői , lit. "of Görgő"), today Spišský Hrhov in Slovakia . In 1832, Görgei enrolled in

4452-746: The Adriatic Sea almost to the Danube . In 1040, the March of Carniola was separated from it, and c. 1180 Styria, the Carinthian March, became a duchy in its own right. After the death of Duke Henry VI of Gorizia-Tyrol in 1335, Carinthia passed to the Habsburg brothers Albrecht II. and Otto IV , and was ruled by this dynasty until 1918. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Carinthia

4611-567: The Alpine crest . The Carinthian lands are confined by mountain ranges: the Carnic Alps and the Karawanks form the border to Italy ( Friuli-Venezia Giulia ) and Slovenia ( Carinthia Statistical Region , Savinja Statistical Region and Upper Carniola Statistical Region ). The High Tauern mountain range with Mt Grossglockner , 3,797 m (12,457 ft), separates it from the state of Salzburg in

4770-632: The Carinthian Plebiscite was held in Zone ;A, with almost 60% of the population voting to remain in Austria, which means that about 40% of the Slovene-speaking population must have voted against a division of Carinthia. Given the close supervision of the referendum by foreign observers, as well as the Yugoslav occupation of the area until four weeks before the referendum, irregularities alleged by

4929-492: The Carinthian Slovenes , is concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of the state. Its size cannot be determined precisely because the representatives of the ethnic group reject a count. Recommendations for a boycott of the 2001 census, which asked for the language used in everyday communication, reduced the count of Slovene speakers to 12,554 people, 2.38% of a total population of 527,333. Major sights include

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5088-662: The Carnic Alps and allied with the Roman commander Stilicho , who as a result was deposed and executed for high treason (August 408). From 472 Ostrogoth and Alemannic forces campaigned in Noricum, which became a province of Odoacer 's Kingdom of Italy in 476 and of the Ostrogothic Kingdom from 493. On the death of King Theoderic the Great in 526, the Italian kingdom finally collapsed and

5247-652: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army , he was the leader of the victorious Spring Campaign and liberated almost all of Western Hungary from Austrian occupation. In recognition of his military successes, he was awarded by the Hungarian Government and was appointed Minister of War. In the last days of the revolution, he was appointed the " dictator " of Hungary . On 13 August 1849, when he realised that he would not be able to fight newly arrived and superior Austrian and Russian armies, he surrendered his troops to

5406-476: The Magyar Kémiai Folyóirat [Hungarian Chemistry Magazine]. Görgei's skills and achievements in chemistry were praised by Vojtěch Šafařík and Károly Than . Redtenbacher wanted to hire Görgei as a chemist at the university of Lemberg , but in the end Görgei retreated to the family domains at Toporc, because his uncle Ferenc had died and his widow had asked him to come home and help the family. After

5565-694: The Paleolithic era. Archaeological findings of stone artifacts in a stalactite cave near Griffen are older than 30,000 years; larger settlements in the Lavanttal , Maria Saal and Villach regions are documented from about 3000 BC. Remains of a prehistoric stilt house settlement were discovered at Lake Keutschach , today part of the Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps World Heritage Site. Skeleton finds from about 2000 BC (near Friesach ) denote

5724-460: The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany ( Anschluss ). At the same time the Nazi Party took power everywhere in Carinthia, which became, together with East Tyrol , a Reichsgau , and Nazi leaders such as Franz Kutschera , Hubert Klausner , and Friedrich Rainer held the office of Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter . During World War II , Slovene Partisan resistance was active in

5883-522: The sapper school at Tulln , profiting from a tuition-free place offered by a foundation. Because his family was poor, this was a great opportunity for him; but initially, he did not want to be a soldier. During this period, he wrote to his father that he would rather be a philosopher or scientist than a soldier. He spent almost thirteen years in this school, receiving a military education. He decided not to accept money from his family, and ate very little, and wore poor clothes in an effort to train himself for

6042-482: The "y" instead of an "i" (used today), usually appears as the last letter of the names of nobles (as a locative adverb suffix: for example, 'Debreceni', meaning "from Debrecen"), because their names appeared in writing earlier than the names of people of common origin, so the nobiliary surnames retained the archaic spelling of the period when they were first written down. The surnames of the common people, which appeared later, after Hungarian spelling changed, had an "i" as

6201-454: The 14 April declaration. The Russians intervened in the struggle and made common cause with the Austrians, in mid-June 1849 the allies advanced into Hungary from all sides. Görgei found himself before a greatly superior enemy. The reinforcements that Kossuth had promised did not came, because on 7 June General Perczel, the commander of the southern Hungarian army, had suffered a heavy defeat in

6360-429: The 20th   century, this characterization was challenged by modern research. As a result, Görgei is less often considered treasonous, and his reputation as one of the most talented and successful Hungarian generals of the 19th   century has been restored, being now regarded as one of Hungary's greatest historical heroes. The earlier books and articles about Artúr Görgei usually gave his surname as Görgey , which

6519-542: The 22nd), scored a draw (at Turcsek 17 January 1849), and won two ( Igló on 2 February 1849, and Branyiszkó on the 5th). Kossuth, who did not want to give the supreme command to Görgei, conferred it on the Polish general Henryk Dembiński . Many officers from Görgei's Army of the Upper Danube ( György Kmety , Lajos Aulich ) were astonished at Kossuth's decision and sought to protest, but Görgei ordered them to accept it. One of

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6678-428: The 28th—but these were mostly due to the inattention of his brigade commanders. Görgei understood that with his inferior troops he could not stop the main Austrian army; and if he risked battle, he would have suffered a decisive defeat, which would have ended Hungary's bid for independence. In the war council held on 2 January 1849, Görgei convinced the other commanders that there was no other choice than to retreat from

6837-419: The 5th   Hungarian battalion, from Győr, to train newly enlisted men. Shortly after that, a former companion-in-arms, Lieutenant Imre Ivánka, Prime Minister Lajos Batthyány 's secretary, recommended him to Batthyány to work in the ministry. Görgei worked with Ivánka on a plan to organize the voluntary mobile national guards into four camps and was named captain of the national guard camp at Szolnok . Görgei

6996-478: The Austrian average, where close to a quarter of the population has a migration background. The majority of Carinthia's population is today German-speaking. In the south of the province (mainly in the districts of Villach-Land Klagenfurt-Land and Völkermarkt ) live Carinthian Slovenes where they speak Slovene and are recognized as an autochthonous ethnic minority. The discussion about ethnic group rights (e.g. bilingual place-name signs) can be very emotional and

7155-603: The Austrians to Klagenfurt, in Carinthia , and was kept under surveillance until 1867, when amnesty issued as a result of the Hungarian-Austrian Compromise and the founding of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. He then was able to return to Hungary. Over several years of hardships in different parts of Hungary, Görgei unsuccessfully tried to find a suitable job; and his brother, István Görgey, provided him with

7314-466: The Battle of Káty, from an Austro-Croatian army, reinforced with Serbian rebels, led by Josip Jelačić. Perczel could not send the reinforcements because he needed them there. A second problem was that many of his experienced generals, who had proved their talent in the spring campaign, were no longer available: ( János Damjanich had broken his leg, Lajos Aulich was ill, and András Gáspár had resigned from

7473-688: The Carinthian printing and publishing company. Slovenian literature is primarily promoted by the Carinthian publishers Mohorjeva/Hermagoras, Drava, and the Wieser-Verlag founded by Lojze Wieser. The most important literary event in Carinthia is the Days of German-language Literature in Klagenfurt, during which the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize is awarded, which has been held annually since 1977 and particularly supports younger authors. The Ingeborg Bachmann Prize

7632-576: The Danube, the Chain Bridge , which disrupted the Hungarian supply lines and threatened the Hungarian troops and supply carriages, causing the Hungarians to make a long detour, which caused weeks of delay, and prevented their use of the Danube as a transport route. Besides that, he had to deploy a considerable portion of his force in order to monitor the Austrian troops in Buda, thus weakening any attack westward. Also,

7791-574: The Declaration of the Hungarian Independence, whose chief proponent was Kossuth. The latter refrained from naming Görgei as commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army, naming weak commanders, such as Henryk Dembiński or Lázár Mészáros, instead, thus weakening the army. After his surrender to the Russian army, he was not executed, like many of his generals, due to Russian intercession, but was taken by

7950-659: The East Roman Byzantine empire under Justinian I temporarily conquered the Noricum region in the course of the Gothic War of 535 to 554. From 591 onwards, the Frankish king Theudebert I tried to break into the former Noricum region, and Bavarian settlers entered the area from the Puster Valley in the west. They were however repulsed by Slavic tribes, who, beset by Avar horsemen moved into present-day Carinthia from

8109-706: The Extent, the Borders and the Relations of the State Territories of 22 Nov. 1918 then clearly stated in article 1: "...the duchies of Styria and Carinthia with the exclusion of the homogenous Yugoslav areas of settlement". Apart from one Social-Democrat, Florian Gröger, all the other delegates from Carinthia—Hans Hofer, Jakob Lutschounig, Josef Nagele, Alois Pirker, Leopold Pongratz, Otto Steinwender, Viktor Waldner—were members of German national parties and organizations. After

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8268-596: The German . The ritual of installation of the Carantanian dukes at the Prince's Stone near Karnburg in Slovenian was preserved until 1414, when Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia. The March of Carinthia arose in 889 from the territory bequeathed by Louis's son Carloman , king of Bavaria from 865 to 880, to his natural son Arnulf of Carinthia . Arnulf had already assumed

8427-417: The Habsburg emperor under the name Ferdinand I of Austria , dismissed the Batthyány Government and authorized the Ban of Croatia , Josip Jelačić . On 11 September 1848, when the troops of Jelačić crossed the Dráva river to enter Hungary, Görgei's national guards were ordered to come from Szolnok to Csepel Island to keep an eye on the movements of Croatian supplies. Here, Görgei organized the villagers from

8586-682: The Hungarian Honvéd army, training them for future battles. He debated with Kossuth about how to organize an effective defense of the border, and was forced to accept Kossuth's idea of aligning his units along the border, although he thought that grouping them further back would be a better choice. When, in the middle of December, the Austrian troops under Windisch-Grätz advanced across the Lajta river (the border between Austria and Hungary), Görgei slowly retreated, thus angering Kossuth, who thought that he should fight for every inch of Hungarian territory. Görgei understood that if he would have followed Kossuth's wishes, he would certainly have been crushed by

8745-403: The Hungarian armies: Vác (10 April), Nagysalló (19 April), and Komárom (26 April). The plan was similar to the first part: this time the IInd corps led by General Lajos Aulich, and two brigades led by colonels György Kmety and Lajos Asbóth demonstrated , diverting the attention of Windisch-Grätz from the Ist, IIId, and VIIth corps' pincer maneuver from the northwest, in order to relieve

8904-593: The Hungarian army for political reasons. ) Görgei was forced to put in their place other officers, who were capable soldiers, but were not experienced as army corps leaders, many of them lacking the capacity to act independently when needed. A third problem was that he could not adequately fulfill the duties of being both supreme commander and head of the war ministry at the same time, being forced to move frequently between Pest and his general staff office near Tata . Nevertheless, Görgei decided to attack Haynau's forces, hoping to break them and advance towards Vienna before

9063-478: The Hungarian army. The minimal objective of the Hungarians was to force the Austrians to retreat from the Danube–Tisza Interfluve . During these operations, due to the faults of some of Görgei's corps commanders (György Klapka and András Gáspár ), as well to Windisch-Grätz cautiousness, the latter managed to escape the trap of being surrounded; but nevertheless, because of his defeats at Hatvan (2 April), Tápióbicske (4 April), and Isaszeg (6 April), Windisch-Grätz

9222-448: The Hungarian border to Pest, can be seen as only partly successful; but this campaign was his first as commander of such a large, the main army of Hungary, being responsible for retreating before the numerically and technologically superior enemy forces without suffering a decisive defeat, having subordinates and the majority of his soldiers who were equally inexperienced. Although, strategically his decisions were not faultless, tactically he

9381-405: The Hungarian capitals. In spite of remonstrations from Kossuth, who wanted him to accept a decisive battle before the Hungarian capitals, Görgei maintained his resolve and retreated to Vác , letting Buda and Pest fall into the hands of the enemy, who entered the cities on 5 January 1849. The Hungarian Committee of National Defense, which temporarily functioned as the executive power in Hungary after

9540-416: The Hungarian plains. According to the military historian Róbert Hermann, the one-and-a-half months of Görgei's campaign to the east through northern Hungary was a strategic success, because Görgei prevented Windisch-Grätz from attacking with all his forces towards Debrecen, where the Hungarian government had taken refuge, thus putting an end to the Hungarian revolution, and because he provided enough time for

9699-454: The Hungarian struggle for independence. After the Battle of Pákozd of 29 September 1848—in which the Hungarian troops, led by János Móga, defeated the troops of Jelačić, saving the Hungarian capitals—Görgei's 2,500 troops, reinforced by 16,500 peasant militia from Tolna county , observed the movements of the Croatian reinforcements, led by Roth and Philipovich, blocked their retreat, and eventually forced them to surrender. Görgei's superior

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9858-430: The Hungarian troops to cross the Austrian border, decided to personally encourage the Hungarian army. In a war council, the old commanders, led by Móga, declared that an assault on the Austrian border would bring with it a Hungarian defeat, pointing at the numerical superiority of the enemy. Kossuth argued, "Our cause is linked with Vienna – separated from it, nobody will give us any importance." He warned that

10017-546: The Hungarians, creating an even greater numerical superiority. Despite this Görgei agreed to follow the government's plan, in order to avoid an open conflict with them. So, he promised to lead his troops to southern Hungary, starting 3 July, hoping that until that day all the scattered units of his army would be able to gather and join his army. Carinthia Carinthia ( German : Kärnten [ˈkɛʁntn̩] ; Slovene : Koroška [kɔˈɾóːʃka] ; Italian : Carinzia [kaˈrintsja] )

10176-399: The Karawanken main ridge as a natural border to keep the Klagenfurt basin intact but, in agreement with item no. 10 of Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , suggested a referendum in the disputed area. An armistice was agreed upon on 14 January and by 7 May 1919 the Yugoslav forces had left the state, but Slovene troops under Rudolf Maister returned to occupying Klagenfurt on 6 June. Upon

10335-490: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ): These areas are today part of Slovene Carinthia . The Canale Valley ( German : Kanaltal , Italian : Val Canale ) as far south as Pontebba , at that time an ethnically mixed German–Slovene area, with the border town of Tarvisio ( German : Tarvis , Slovene : Trbiž ) and its holy place of pilgrimage of Maria Luschari ( Slovene : Svete Višarje ) (172 square miles or 445 km ),

10494-462: The Lombards , the 8th-century chronicler Paul the Deacon mentions "Slavs in Carnuntum , which is erroneously called Carantanum" ( Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum ) for the year 663. "Carantani" may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre- Indo-European root * karra 'rock'. (cf. Friulian : carantàn ), or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from * karantos 'friend, ally'. Likewise,

10653-402: The Ottoman Empire. The ministry council accepted Görgei's plan, but unfortunately because of his required presence at the council, Görgei was unable to concentrate his troops against Haynau's army, freshly deployed from the northern to the southern banks of the Danube, when they attacked Győr on 28 June. Görgei arrived only at the end of the battle, when it was too late to rescue the situation for

10812-406: The Red Army in 1945. The Allied occupation was terminated in 1955 by the Austrian State Treaty , which restored Austria's sovereignty. The relations between the German- and the Slovene-speaking Carinthians remained somewhat problematic. Divergent views over the implementation of minority protection rights guaranteed by Article 7 of the Austrian State Treaty have created numerous tensions between

10971-481: The Russians at Világos , thus ending the revolution. Görgei's difficult relationship with Lajos Kossuth , the foremost politician and president-governor of revolutionary Hungary, impacted the course of the war of independence, Görgei's military career, and his post-revolutionary life until his death. During his campaigns in the winter and summer of 1848–1849. Görgei clashed with Kossuth over their differing opinions on military operations and because Görgei disapproved of

11130-612: The Slovene name * korǫtanъ may have been adopted from the Latin * carantanum . The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko ) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic * carantia . Carinthia is known as Koruška/ Корушка in Croatian and Serbian, Korutany in Czech, Kärnten in German, Karintia in Hungarian, Carinzia in Italian, Carintia in Spanish, Karyntia in Polish, Korutánsko in Slovak, and Koroška in Slovene. The state stretches about 180 km (110 mi) from east to west, and 70 km (43 mi) in

11289-420: The State of German-Austria was formally passed by the Provisional National Assembly in Vienna this was worded by the State Chancellor, Karl Renner , "...to encounter the prejudices of the world as though we wanted to annex alien national property" The day before, on 11 Nov. 1918 the Provisional Diet of Carinthia had formally declared Carinthia's accession to the State of German-Austria. The Federal Act concerning

11448-571: The VII corps arriving at the battlefield only after the battle ended). The Hungarian officers revolted against the Polish commander and demanded his dismissal and that a Hungarian general be put in his place. Among the generals whom the Hungarian officers would accept as the supreme commander, Görgei was the most popular; and in an officers meeting held in Tiszafüred , in the presence of the government's chief commissary Bertalan Szemere , they elected Görgei as

11607-409: The army himself; but when the corps commanders— György Klapka , Lajos Aulich, János Damjanich —declared that Görgei was the ablest commander for that job, he had to accept it. Thus, Görgei became acting head only a few days before the start of the spring campaign. The plan of the spring campaign had to take into account the fact that the enemy troops were numerically superior to the Hungarians. So, it

11766-523: The army. Following graduation, he served in the Nádor Hussar regiment, undertaking the role of adjutant . By 1837, he had reached the rank of lieutenant and entered the Hungarian Noble Guard at Vienna , where he combined military service with a course of study at the university. In 1845, on his father's death, Görgei happily left the army, feeling that the military life did not suit him, to be

11925-461: The besieged fortress of Komárom , force the Austrians to retreat from the capitals, and eventually to encircle them. This maneuver resulted in success, except for the encirclement of the enemy troops, which escaped, retreating from all Hungary, except for a strip of land near the Austrian border. These Hungarian successes were achieved despite the changing of the Austrian high command (Alfred Zu Windisch-Grätz, Josip Jelačić, and Ludwig von Welden ) and

12084-422: The bulk of his army around Buda and Pest, to prevent Görgei turning to the west and attacking Vienna, thus preventing the Austrians from attacking the provisional capital of Debrecen, and providing time for the Hungarian troops east of Tisza to reorganize. He also sent needed money and ore supplies from mining towns such as Körmöcbánya , Selmecbánya , and Besztercebánya to Debrecen. Another of Görgei's goals

12243-502: The capital Noreia , possibly located in the Zollfeld basin near the later Roman city of Virunum . Known for the production of salt and iron, the Kingdom maintained intensive trade relations with Etruscan peoples and over the centuries extended the borders of its realm up to the Danube in the north. The Roman Empire incorporated Noricum in 15 BC. Besides the administrative seat of Virunum,

12402-474: The cities of Klagenfurt and Villach and medieval towns like Friesach or Gmünd . Carinthia features numerous monasteries and churches such as the Romanesque Gurk Cathedral or Maria Saal in the Zollfeld plain , the abbeys of St. Paul's , Ossiach , Millstatt , and Viktring as well as castles and palaces like large-scale Hochosterwitz , Griffen , or Porcia . Scenic highlights are

12561-571: The cities of Teurnia , Santicum (Villach) and Iuenna ( Globasnitz ) arose as centres of Roman culture. The Noricum province remained strategically important as a mining area for iron, gold, and lead and as an agricultural region. In the reign of the Emperor Diocletian (245–313) Noricum split into two provinces: Noricum ripense ("Noricum along the river", the northern part southward from the Danube), and Noricum mediterraneum ("landlocked Noricum",

12720-460: The command; Görgei refused. In the end, Móga remained the commander during the Battle of Schwechat , where the Austrian troops of Windisch-Grätz and Jelačić routed the Hungarian army, which was composed mainly of inexperienced national guards and peasants. Görgei led the advance guard and achieved some success, but the lack of experience of the soldiers and the commanders made all his actions useless, and

12879-413: The commander-in-chief, with their decision ratified by Szemere. When Kossuth heard about this, he was angered and rushed to the military camp, thinking that Görgei was its organizer and declaring that he would order Görgei executed for this revolt. But when he arrived at Tiszafüred and saw that the majority of the officers supported Görgei, Kossuth was forced to accept the situation. However, he declared that

13038-550: The concentration of the Hungarian forces behind the Tisza river, clearing the Szepes region of enemy troops, and thus securing with this the whole territory between Szeged and the Galician border as a Hungarian hinterland from which a future counterattack could be launched. During his retreat, he fought five notable battles, of which he lost two (Szélakna on 21 January 1849, and Hodrusbánya on

13197-421: The crossing of the main Hungarian forces at Cibakháza , forcing the Austrian commander to take a defensive position, and thus ceding the initiative to the Hungarians before the start of their Spring Campaign. At the end of March 1849, Görgei was named as acting commander by Kossuth because Vetter had fallen ill. Before this, Kossuth again hesitated, trying to find somebody else, even thinking of taking command of

13356-641: The deeply disappointed Yugoslav supporters would not have substantially altered the overall decision. Yet, after the plebiscite, the SHS-State again made attempts to occupy the area, but owing to demarches by the United Kingdom, France, and Italy it removed its troops from Austria so that, by 22 November 1920, the State Diet of Carinthia was at last able to exercise its sovereignty over the entire state. Originally an agrarian country, Carinthia made efforts to establish

13515-568: The defeat of Jelačić's army, the people of Vienna revolted , forcing the emperor to flee to Olmütz . The Hungarian troops led by János Móga, who had defeated Jelačić at Pákozd, advanced to the Hungarian–Austrian border; and many people thought that it should come to the aid of the revolutionaries in the imperial capital, which was at that time defended only by the troops of Jelačić. The Hungarian officers, many of whom were foreign and unsure of what to do, said that they would agree to this only if

13674-514: The defeat of the revolution, in 1851, Görgei received an award and 40 Hungarian pengős , as an honorarium, from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for his achievements in chemistry during the two and a half years he worked in this field. In March 1848, during the early days of the Hungarian revolution, Görgei was in Vienna and Prague, preparing to marry Adéle Aubouin, a French- Huguenot girl, who

13833-479: The district of Klagenfurt-Land south of lake Wörthersee , and the south-eastern part of the present district of Villach-Land ), while Zone B included the City of Klagenfurt, Velden am Wörthersee and the immediately surrounding rural areas where German speakers formed a vast majority. If the population in Zone A had decided for Yugoslavia, another referendum in Zone B would have followed. On 10 October 1920,

13992-468: The district south of the Alpine crest ). Teurnia became the administrative seat of the latter, as well as an Early Christian episcopal see . As the Roman Empire declined in the 5th century AD, the Noricum region was exposed to recurring campaigns of Germanic tribes, whereupon the population retired to hilltop settlements. In 408 Visigoth troops under King Alaric I entered Noricum from Italy across

14151-478: The diversified terrain , numerous distinct microclimates exist. Nevertheless, the average amount of sunshine hours is the highest of all states in Austria. In autumn and winter, temperature inversion often dominates the climate, characterized by air stillness, a dense fog covering the frosty valleys and trapping pollution to form smog , while mild sunny weather is recorded higher up in the foothills and mountains. The settlement history of Carinthia dates back to

14310-547: The east. About 600 the Slavic principality of Carantania arose, stretching along the valleys of the Drava , Mur and Sava rivers. The remaining Celto-Roman population was largely assimilated, jointly challenging Avar and Frankish advance. The name Carontani was first mentioned about 700; the lands of Carantanum were documented by the chronicler Paul the Deacon (d. 799). The principality

14469-689: The end of the World War ;I , however, Carinthia became a contested region. On 5 November 1918, the first armed militia units led by the Slovene volunteer Franjo Malgaj invaded Carinthia and were then joined by Slovene troops under Rudolf Maister . With the subsequent assistance of the regular Yugoslav army, they occupied southern Carinthia claiming the area for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ( Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca , or SHS) also known as Yugoslavia . The provisional state government of Carinthia had fled to Spittal an der Drau and given

14628-537: The enlistment period of the Hungarian national guards would expire soon; and if they did not engage the Austrians, they would go home without any fighting. He also said that if only one of the Hungarian commanders would say that he would attack, showing a plan by which success could be achieved, he would make that person the commander. At that moment Görgei stood up and said, "We have no other choice than to advance because if we do not advance, we will lose more than losing three battles." Hearing that, Kossuth wanted to give him

14787-402: The failure to make the best of this opportunity because, wrongly thinking that Gáspár had already begun to attack, he did not urge his general on. Also playing an important role in the liberation of the country were the troops of Józef Bem , who liberated Transylvania , and Mór Perczel, who liberated much of southern Hungary, except for Croatia . However, Görgei was the commander who achieved

14946-551: The final decision about who would be the commander would be announced after he presented the facts to the Parliament. In Debrecen, Kossuth and his political supporters ignored the wishes of the Hungarian generals to name Görgei and designated Antal Vetter as commander-in-chief. On 8 March, by way of consolation, Görgei was decorated with the Second Class Military Order of Merit. In the middle of March, Vetter planned

15105-414: The first decisions of the new commander was to order many of the Hungarian units, under the lead of Görgei and Klapka, to retreat, enabling the Austrian troops of General Franz Schlik to escape from their encirclement. On 25–27 February 1849, Dembiński, after making mistake after mistake, lost the Battle of Kápolna (in which Görgei's VII corps could not participate; because of Dembiński's poor deployment,

15264-634: The forces of the British Army . Once again at the end of World War II, Yugoslav troops occupied parts of Carinthia, including the capital city of Klagenfurt, but were soon forced to withdraw by the British forces with the consent of the Soviet Union . Carinthia, East Tyrol, and Styria then formed the UK occupation zone of Allied-administered Austria . The area was witness to the turnover of German-allied Cossacks to

15423-447: The fore. They were followed by Peter Handke , Gert Jonke, Josef Winkler, and Peter Turrini . Among other things, they took a very critical look at their homeland, like Josef Winkler in his trilogy "Das wilde Kärnten". Other important representatives of Carinthian literature include Janko Messner, Janko Ferk, Lydia Mischkulnig , Werner Kofler, Antonio Fian, and Florjan Lipus. The most important publishers are Johannes Heyn, Carinthia, and

15582-409: The foreign or wavering officers and soldiers to remain with the army, halting its dissolution, and to defend Hungary with all determination. After the proclamation, Görgei chose to retreat eastward, through the northern Gömör-Szepes Ore and Tátra mountain ranges, and to conduct operations on his own initiative, forcing the Austrian commander Windisch-Grätz to send troops in pursuit as well as keep

15741-455: The fortress and move with the bulk of his troops to southern Hungary, to the confluence of the rivers Maros and Tisza. Görgei thought this new plan completely wrong: that the region which they wanted to concentrate the troops was completely racked by the war, that the most important fortress of the region, Temesvár was in the hands of the enemy, and that this retreat would provide enough time for Haynau and Paskevich to unite their forces against

15900-588: The fortress of Komárom from a long Austrian siege, then on 21 May 1849 liberated the Castle of Buda , concluding the Spring Campaign. On the other theaters of operations, the Hungarians also scored victories against the enemies of the revolution. In Transylvania, the Hungarian army led by Józef Bem , after the victory against the Austro-Russian forces in the Battle of Nagyszeben from 11 March, liberated most of

16059-448: The government for the recent defeats and the evacuation of the capitals, but also declared that he, along with his army, would not put down their weapons and that he would fight with all his energy and power against the imperials to defend the Hungarian revolution and the April laws . This proclamation was seen at once by Kossuth as a revolt against his authority, but it convinced the majority of

16218-623: The greatest success by defeating the main Austrian army—which constituted the most experienced, and best-equipped forces of the Austrian Empire, and had Austria's best as its commanders—forcing them to retreat from the most developed central and western parts of the country, including the capitals. Görgei achieved his successes with a numerically and technologically inferior army (47,500 Hungarian soldiers, having 198   cannons, vs 55,000 Austrian soldiers with 214   cannons and rockets), which lacked heavy cavalry (relying almost completely on

16377-442: The harsh winter, marching in the mountains, several times Görgei and his troops escaped encirclement by the Austrian troops (at one point escaping by opening a formerly closed mine tunnel and passing through it to the other side of a mountain). Then, on 5 February 1849, they broke through the mountain pass of Branyiszkó , defeated General Deym in the Battle of Branyiszkó , and united with the Hungarian troops led by György Klapka on

16536-452: The imperial army's imminent attack. While he waited for the attack, which ultimately came on 14 December 1848, Görgei reorganized his army, sending home the national guards and the peasant militias—who had been the first to flee from the Schwechat battlefield and were deemed ineffective in fighting against the well trained, professional imperial army—and increased the number of the battalions of

16695-433: The initial attempt to break through was unsuccessful, causing the Hungarian infantry heavy casualties. During the spring campaign, Görgei's tactical outlook changed drastically, from being an extremely cautious commander who planned for slow, calculated movements, to a general full of energy, quick in action and ready to take risks if necessary to achieve his goals. Görgei understood that the main cause of Dembiński's failure

16854-670: The intervention of the Allied Supreme Council in Paris, they retreated from the city but remained in the disputed part of Carinthia until 13 September 1920. In the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919, the two smaller Slovene-speaking Carinthian valleys south of the Karawanken range, Jezersko and the Meža Valley, together with the town of Dravograd —together 128 square miles or 331 km (127.80 sq mi)—were attached to

17013-418: The last letter. Being of noble birth, initially, Görgei had a "y" at the end of his surname; but during the 1848–49 revolution, a period of an anti-nobiliary reaction, many Hungarians from noble families changed the last letter of their surnames from "y" to "i". For example, the renowned novelist Mór Jókay became Mór Jókai . Görgei similarly changed his name, because of his progressive liberal views. Even after

17172-445: The light Hussar cavalry), and having relatively very few soldiers fighting in the other types of units common in the armies of that period ( chasseurs , grenadiers , lancer cavalry, dragoons , cuirassiers ), and with constant shortages of weapons and ammunition. Several times these shortages caused the Hungarian infantry to not engage in long shooting duels with the Austrians, but to employ bayonet charges , which were repeated if

17331-405: The main Russian forces arrived. This plan was maybe the only rational way to end—if not with full success, but with at least a compromise—this war against overwhelmingly superior enemy forces. The place for the Hungarian concentration, the fortress of Komárom (one of the strongest fortresses of the empire), was the best choice, if they wanted to have a chance of success, and avoid having to retreat to

17490-414: The main Russian troops led by Paskevich arrived from the north. Despite an initial victory in the Battle of Csorna on 13 June, his troops were not so successful afterwards. In the next battle, fought at Zsigárd on 16 June 1849, while he was in the capital to participate in the meeting of the ministry council, his troops were defeated; his presence on the battlefield could have brought a better result. In

17649-695: The main bathing lakes Wörthersee , Millstätter See , Ossiacher See and Faaker See as well as a variety of smaller lakes and ponds. In winter Carinthia offers ski resorts such as the Nassfeld near Hermagor, Gerlitzen mountain, Bad Kleinkirchheim , Flattach , and Heiligenblut at Austria's highest mountain, the Grossglockner as well as the Hohe Tauern and Nock Mountains national parks for all kind of alpine sports and mountaineering . One of many customs that still subsists all over Carinthia are Kirchtage,

17808-414: The much superior imperial army (he had 28,000 inexperienced soldiers against Windisch-Grätz's 55,000 imperial troops). On 30 December 1848, at Kossuth's urging and before Görgei arrived, Mór Perczel engaged and was heavily defeated by imperial troops led by Josip Jelačić in the Battle of Mór , thus leaving Görgei alone in a hopeless struggle against a vastly superior Austrian army. Görgei's retreat from

17967-538: The next battle, at Pered , fought at 20–21 June, he was present; but, despite all his efforts, the intervention on Haynau's behalf of a Russian division of more than 12,000 soldiers led by Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutyin decided the fate of this engagement. On 26 June Görgei was again in the capital at a ministry council, and tried to convince Kossuth to concentrate all the Hungarian troops, except those from Transylvania and southern Hungary, around Komárom, to decisively strike against Haynau's troops, before

18126-644: The northwest. To the northeast and east beyond the Pack Saddle mountain pass is the state of Styria . The main river of Carinthia is the Drava ( Drau ), it makes up a continuous valley with East Tyrol , Tyrol to the west. Tributaries are the Gurk , the Glan , the Lavant , and the Gail rivers. Carinthia's lakes including Wörther See , Millstätter See , Lake Ossiach , and Lake Faak are

18285-413: The offensive against the Austrian frontier, contenting himself with besieging Buda , the Hungarian capital, taking the castle of Buda on 21 May 1849 instead of attacking Vienna and using that strategic opportunity, which the Hungarian victories from the spring campaign created, to win the war. Some of the representatives of the new generation of Hungarian historians, such as Róbert Hermann, believe that

18444-548: The ongoing fighting between local volunteers and invaders on 5 December decided to declare armed resistance. The resistance encountered by the Yugoslav forces especially north of the Drava River around the town of Völkermarkt with its violent fighting alarmed the victorious Allies at the Paris Peace Conference . An Allied Commission headed by U.S. Lt.Col. Sherman Miles inspected the situation in situ and recommended

18603-566: The overwhelmed Hungarian forces (17,000 Hungarians against 70,000 Austro-Russian soldiers); but he managed nevertheless to successfully cover their retreat towards Komárom, by personally leading hussar charges against the advancing enemy forces. After learning about the defeat at Győr , and the advance of the main Russian forces led by Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich from the north, the Hungarian government—following Kossuth's lead in another ministry council, held this time without Görgei—abandoned Görgei's plan of concentration and ordered him to abandon

18762-411: The panic of the volunteers, who started to flee, decided the battle's outcome. Görgei successfully protected the retreating Hungarians, preventing a complete rout. On 9 October, after the battle of Schwechat, Görgei was named colonel. On 1 November, Görgei, only 32, was named general and appointed commander of the army of the Upper Danube, being charged with protecting Hungary's western frontier against

18921-491: The party of the incumbent governor Peter Kaiser , won a plurality of the vote at 38.9%, giving them a plurality of seats. This makes Carinthia one of only 3 regions of Austria not to have an ÖVP-led government (alongside Vienna and Burgenland ), although the ÖVP is the junior coalition member in Kaiser's government. The legislature also elects the state government, composed of a minister-president or Governor, whose ancient title

19080-513: The people of Vienna asked them to do it; but the Viennese revolutionaries were reluctant to officially ask for Hungarian aid. In the meantime, the Austrian commander Windisch-Grätz , having crushed the revolution in Prague, came with his army to Vienna to crush the revolution there, with an overwhelming numerical superiority (80,000 Austrian soldiers against 27,000 Hungarians). Kossuth, waiting in vain for

19239-402: The popular uprising led by Gáspár Noszlopy also led to the liberation of this region from imperial occupation. During the Spring Campaign, the Hungarians liberated much of their country from Habsburg rule. The Habsburg armies and their allies, besides the fortresses and mountains mentioned above, remained only in the westernmost territory strip of Hungary, Croatia and the fortress of Arad . Also

19398-513: The portfolio of minister of war, while retaining the command of the troops in the field. Meanwhile, at the parliament in Debrecen , Kossuth formally proposed the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty , which the parliament accepted, declaring the total independence of Hungary on 14 April 1849. Although he did not oppose it when Kossuth divulged his plan at Gödöllő after the battle of Isaszeg, Görgei

19557-646: The position of leadership necessary to start talks with the Habsburgs; but the Peace Party refused to help him, fearing a military dictatorship. So, he abandoned this plan. However, Görgei was wrong when he thought that the Hungarian Declaration of Independence had caused the Russian intervention when it came, because the Austrians had asked for, and the Czar agreed to, Russia's sending troops to Hungary before learning of

19716-598: The presence in it of decanoic acid and lauric acid . He started his research in the spring of 1847 in Prague but finished the experiments at home in Toporc, sending the results to the Imperial and Royal Academy of Vienna on 21 May 1848. His method for the separation of the fatty acids homologs was not the traditional way of using fractional distillation , but instead using the solubility of barium salts. His research can be summarized as follows: Just before Görgei started his study,

19875-461: The presence in southern Hungary of the 15,000-strong Austrian troops led by Josip Jelačić, which might come north by surprise to help the garrison of Buda, threatened to cut Hungary in two; and only the liberation of Buda could diminish this danger. Kossuth also urged Görgei to take the capital; he hoped that such a success would convince the European powers to recognize Hungary's independence, and prevent

20034-607: The price of Bavarian overlordship. The Carantanian principality became part of the Bavarian stem duchy , while the area was Christianised for the second time by missionaries from the Salzburg diocese . Bishop Vergilius had Prince Boruth's son Cacatius and his nephew Cheitmar brought up in the Christian faith. In 767, at their request, the bishop sent Modestus to Carantania as a vicar and had churches built at Teurnia and Maria Saal . Upon

20193-592: The provinces territory (excepting the fortresses of Gyulafehérvár , Déva , with imperial garrison and the Erdélyi-középhegység mountains, held by the Romanian insurgents). In southern Hungary the Hungarians led by Mór Perczel and Józef Bem defeated the Serbian insurgents and Austrian troops, liberating the provinces of Bácska and Bánság , except the fortress of Temesvár and Titel . In southern Transdanubia ,

20352-445: The reasons for his actions, Perczel accepted his plans and ostensibly pardoned, but continued to resent, him. On 7 October 1848, thanks to Görgei's plans, Roth's and Philipovich's Croatian troops were forced to surrender at Ozora , the Hungarians taking almost 9,000 prisoners, together with their weapons and ammunition, including 12 guns; this being the most successful pincer maneuver of the Hungarian freedom war. On 6 October, after

20511-519: The region to observe and capture the envoys and supply carriages sent from Croatia to Jelačić and back. On 29 September, the Croatian ban sent the wealthy pro-Habsburg Hungarian noble, Count Ödön Zichy , to inform the commanders of the Croatian reserve troops, led by Major General Karl Roth and Major General Nicolaus Philippovich von   Philippsberg, about his decision to attack the Hungarian capitals of Buda and Pest . Görgei's troops captured Zichy, who

20670-616: The removal of the frescoes in 1938. In terms of architecture, Gustav Gugitz, the builder of the State Museum, should be mentioned, while the Wörthersee architecture with the villas and hotels is primarily characterized by Viennese architects. Switbert Lobisser is known for his woodcuts. Werner Berg made woodcuts and paintings, especially of his adoptive home in Bleiburg. After 1945, Maria Lassnig , Hans Staudacher, and Hans Bischoffshausen initiated

20829-580: The resignation of the Batthyány government on 2 October 1848, retreated to Debrecen . This retreat had a negative effect on the officers of foreign origin in the Hungarian army, who left in great numbers, which threatened to cause the army's total dissolution. On 5 January 1849, in Vác, irritated by these events and blaming his defeats on the government's interference, Görgei issued the Proclamation of Vác, which blamed

20988-663: The result of the victories of the Spring Campaign was the Hungarian Declaration of Independence on 14 April 1849, resulting in total Hungarian independence for some months before the Russian intervention brought the defeat of the Hungarian revolution and war of independence in the Summer Campaign . Art%C3%BAr G%C3%B6rgey Artúr Görgei de Görgő et Toporc (born Arthur Görgey ; Hungarian : görgői és toporci Görgei Artúr , German : Arthur Görgey von Görgő und Toporc ; 30 January 1818 – 21 May 1916)

21147-399: The revolution made him change his noble surname from Görgey to Görgei. He first met Kossuth on 30 August 1848, when he proposed building a factory to produce percussion caps and primers, for which the politician promised to obtain funds. In August 1848, the danger of an imperial attack against Hungary grew day by day. Finally, at the beginning of September, King Ferdinand   V of Hungary,

21306-627: The revolution was suppressed, he kept using Görgei instead of Görgey; and although in some works which appeared after his death, and translations to Hungarian of his works—such as Mein Leben und Wirken in Ungarn in den Jahren 1848 und 1849 [My life and work in Hungary in 1848 and 1849], translated by his younger brother István Görgey in 1911, when the Görgey form is used—Görgei was the preferred form until his death, which

21465-503: The rights of Slovenes in Carinthia are still not fully implemented. The historical population is given in the following chart: The state is divided into eight rural and two urban districts ( Bezirke ), the latter being the statutory cities ( Statutarstädte ) of Klagenfurt and Villach. There are 132 municipalities , of which 17 are incorporated as towns and 40 are of the lesser market towns ( Marktgemeinden ) status. The state assembly Kärntner Landtag , ("Carinthian State Diet"),

21624-462: The sending of reinforcement troops under Ludwig von Wohlgemuth from the Austrian hereditary provinces to Hungary. The spring campaign led by Artúr Görgei, combined with the successes of the Hungarian armies in the other fronts, forced the armies of the Austrian Empire and its allies, which at the beginning of March had controlled three-quarters of Hungary, to evacuate almost all of Hungary, except for

21783-417: The siege of Buda was not a mistake by Görgei because at that point he had not enough troops to attack towards Vienna because the Austrians had concentrated around Pozsony a fresh army that was two times the size of Görgei's, and also far better equipped. To achieve a victory with his tired troops, who had almost completely run out of ammunition, would have been virtually impossible. Görgei hoped that, while he

21942-545: The southern areas of the region, reaching around 3,000 armed men. The cities of Klagenfurt and Villach suffered from air raids , but the Allied forces did not reach Carinthia before May 8, 1945 . Toward the end of the war, Gauleiter Rainer tried to implement a Nazi plan for Carinthia to become part of the projected Nazi national redoubt, the Alpenfestung ; these efforts failed and the forces under Rainer's control surrendered to

22101-572: The state was 20.9 billion € in 2018, accounting for 5.4% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €33,000 or 110% of the EU27 average in the same year. German is the official language. The people are predominantly German-speaking with a unique (and easily recognizable) Southern Austro-Bavarian dialect typical of which is that all short German vowels before double consonants have been lengthened ("Carinthian vowel stretching"). A Slovene -speaking minority, known as

22260-594: The title of a Carinthian duke in 880 and followed his uncle Charles the Fat as King of East Francia in 887. The Duchy of Carinthia was finally split from the vast Bavarian duchy in 976 by Emperor Otto II , having come out victorious from his quarrels with Duke Henry II the Wrangler . Carinthia, therefore, was the first newly created duchy of the Holy Roman Empire and for a short while comprised lands stretching from

22419-767: The title: Über die festen, flüchtigen, fetten Säuren des Cocusnussöles [About the solid, volatile, fatty acids of coconut oil] (Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien [Meeting reports of the mathematical and scientific department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna]. 1848. 3.H. p.   208–227); by Justus von Liebig in Heidelberg ( Annalen der Chemie und Pharmazie . 1848. 66. Bd. 3.H. p.   290–314); and again, more than 50 years later, by Lajos Ilosvay in 1907 in

22578-510: The two groups in the past fifty years. The largest part of Carinthia's population settles in the Klagenfurt Basin between Villach and Klagenfurt . In 2008, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia was 9.3% of the total population, about half the Austrian figure of 17.5%. By 2020, the proportion of the population with a migration background in Carinthia had risen to 14.5%, yet this figure remains lower than

22737-412: Was General Mór Perczel , a nobleman with almost no military experience, who lacked Görgei's knowledge of the theory and practice of warfare. Seeing that some of Perczel's orders were wrong and could allow for the escape of the enemy, Görgei gave contradictory orders to his troops. Perczel became angry and wanted to put Görgei in front of a firing squad; but when the latter explained to the officers' council

22896-515: Was a Hungarian military leader renowned for being one of the greatest generals of the Hungarian Revolutionary Army . In his youth, Görgei was a talented chemist, with his work in the field of chemistry being recognized by many renowned Hungarian and European chemists. However, now he is more widely known for his role in the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 . As the most successful general and greatest military genius of

23055-495: Was again centered on the historic Zollfeld valley, where the Prince's Stone bears witness to the ritual of the investiture of the Carantanian rulers exclusively in Slovene. While the Carantanian rulers initially joined the tribal union of Samo's Empire , Prince Boruth turned to Duke Odilo of Bavaria in around 743 to ask for support against the Avar invaders. Aid was granted, however at

23214-533: Was against dethronement because he thought that this would provoke the Austrians into asking for Russian intervention. He thought that declining to demand dethronement and using the significant military successes he had achieved as arguments in an eventual negotiation with the Austrians might convince them to recognize Hungary's autonomy under the rule of the House of Habsburg, and the April Laws of 1848. He believed that this

23373-490: Was ceded to Italy and included in the Province of Udine . According to the same treaty, a referendum was to be held in southern Carinthia as suggested by the Allied Commission, which was to determine whether the area claimed by the SHS-State was to remain part of Austria or go to Yugoslavia. Much of southern Carinthia was divided into two zones. Zone A was formed out of predominantly Slovene-inhabited zones (approximately corresponding to today's District of Völkermarkt ,

23532-470: Was charged with treason for his pro-Austrian activities, court-martialed , and hanged. This bold act of Görgei impressed Kossuth, who saw in him a great future leader of the Hungarian armed forces, promoting the 30-year-old major to the rank of general. Later, when a conflict between the two arose, Kossuth tried to prevent Görgei from becoming the leader of the main Hungarian forces because he saw him as his greatest opponent; this conflict caused difficulties in

23691-407: Was conducting the siege of Buda, new Hungarian troops would be conscripted, the Hungarian generals who were operating in southern Hungary would send him reinforcements, the issue of lack of ammunition would be resolved; and that then he would have a chance to defeat the Austrian troops. He also knew that the castle of Buda had a 5,000-strong Austrian garrison that controlled the only stone bridge across

23850-410: Was decided to defeat them in detail . The plan was that the VIIth Hungarian Corps would feint to divert the attention of the Austrian commanders, while the other three Hungarian army corps (the Ist, the IInd, and the IIIrd) would advance from the south, getting around the enemy, and fall on their rear, forcing them to retreat over the Danube, leaving the Hungarian capitals (Pest and Buda) in the hands of

24009-406: Was forced to retreat from the interfluve, taking refuge in the Hungarian capitals. In two of these battles (Tápióbicske and Isaszeg), the intervention of Görgei on the battlefield, who spoke personally to the hesitant Klapka, ordering him to hold his position and to counterattack, decided the battle for the Hungarians. The second part of the spring campaign resulted in three important successes for

24168-433: Was incorporated in the Austrian Empire 's Kingdom of Illyria which succeeded Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces , but recovered its previous status in 1849 and in 1867 became one of the Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary . In late 1918, the breakup of the Habsburg monarchy was imminent, and on 21 October 1918 the members of the Reichsrat for the German-speaking territories of Austria met in Vienna to constitute

24327-426: Was later assigned to go to Istanbul and Smyrna (today İzmir ) to buy weapons for the newly conscripted Hungarian troops; but soon it became clear that their merchants were not trustworthy. Instead, Görgei was sent to the state factory at Wiener Neustadt to buy percussion caps and to Prague to buy primers from the Sellier & Bellot factory; he accomplished this mission successfully. The egalitarian ideals of

24486-422: Was mostly successful. The maximal goal of defending the border and repulsing the enemy was impossible to achieve, even if Perczel's troops would have joined him at Győr. He managed to accomplish the minimal goal, that of saving his troops from destruction at the hands of the superior forces of Windisch-Grätz. He suffered only two defeats that can be deemed important—at Nagyszombat on 16 December, and at Bábolna on

24645-447: Was one of the greatest Hungarian military successes of the war. Görgei was not in sympathy with the new regime, and he had refused the First Class Military Order of Merit for the taking of Buda, and also Kossuth's offer of a field-marshal's baton, saying that he did not deserve these and did not approve of the greed of many soldiers and officers for rank and decorations, wanting to set an example for his subordinates. However, he accepted

24804-422: Was the lady companion of a maiden relative of Redtenbacher. Görgei married her in the Lutheran church in Prague. After he finished his research in chemistry at his home at Toporc, he went to Pest, hearing about the 17 May 1848 call of the Hungarian government for decommissioned officers to join the newly established Hungarian army. He was conscripted into the revolutionary honvéd (army) at the rank of captain, with

24963-449: Was the latter's extreme cautiousness, which prevented him from concentrating his troops before the Battle of Kápolna. Fearful of being encircled, Dembiński had deployed his units so far from each other that they could not support each other when attacked. Görgei started the spring campaign as a mature commander, who let his corps commanders (János Damjanich, Lajos Aulich, György Klapka, András Gáspár) make independent decisions while following

25122-429: Was the only choice to convince the Habsburgs not to ask Russia's help against Hungary, which he thought would cause destruction and national tragedy. Preventing Russian intervention is why Görgei attempted to initiate secret talks with the Hungarian Peace Party (who were in favor of a compromise with the Austrians), to help him stage a coup d'état to overthrow Kossuth and the Hungarian government led by Szemere, to achieve

25281-411: Was to relieve the border fortress of Lipótvár from an enemy siege and to take the defenders and the provisions from this fort to Debrecen; but he saw that this would be too risky, due to the danger of encirclement by the enemy. So, he renounced this plan, and Lipótvár was forced to surrender to the Austrians on 2 February 1849. Despite this, he succeeded in accomplishing other goals mentioned earlier. In

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