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68-477: The spoon consists of a bowl and a handle . A handle in the shape of a slender stick is frequently called a stem . The stem can end in a sharp point or be crowned with a knop , a decorative knob. The knop-top spoons with a variety of knop shapes described by colorful terms like "acorn", "writhen-end" (spiral ornament on a ball), "maidenhead" (a bust), "diamond point," "apostle" were particularly popular in England in

136-444: A cultivar group based on the variety Pisum sativum var. macrocarpum Ser. named in 1825. It was described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the original publication. The scientific name Pisum sativum var. saccharatum Ser. is often misused for snow peas. The variety under this name was described as having sub-leathery and compressed- terete pods and a French name of petit pois . The description

204-399: A diamond ; at the end of the 16th century, the baluster and seal ending becomes common, the bowl being fig -shaped. During The Restoration , the handle becomes broad and flat, the bowl is broad and oval and the termination is cut into the shape known as the hind 's foot. In the first quarter of the 18th century, the bowl becomes narrow and elliptical , with a tongue or rat's tail down

272-401: A linisher , and the bowl is formed between two dies and bent. To make a spoon the traditional way by way of hand forging , a bar of silver is marked up to the correct proportions for the bowl and handle. It is then heated until red hot and held in tongs , and using the hammer and anvil , beaten into shape. The tip of the bar is pointed to form the tip of the bowl, then hammered to form

340-432: A " baptismal spoon " to a child; well-to-do families were able to afford spoons made of precious metals . Spoons can be used as a musical instrument . To spoon-feed oneself or another can simply mean to feed by means of a spoon. Metaphorically, however, it often means to present something to a person or group so thoroughly or wholeheartedly as to preclude the need for independent thought, initiative or self-reliance on

408-669: A cool-season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10 °C (50 °F), with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13 to 18 °C (55 to 64 °F). They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates , but do grow well in cooler, high-altitude, tropical areas. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting. Peas have both low-growing and vining cultivars. The vining cultivars grow thin tendrils from leaves that coil around any available support and can climb to be 1 to 2 metres (3 to 7 ft) high. A traditional approach to supporting climbing peas

476-577: A few hours of harvest. In India , fresh peas are used in various dishes such as aloo matar (curried potatoes with peas) or mattar paneer ( paneer cheese with peas), though they can be substituted with frozen peas as well. Peas are also eaten raw, as they are sweet when fresh off the bush. Green peas known as hasiru batani in Kannada are used to make curry and gasi. Split peas are also used to make dal , particularly in Guyana , and Trinidad , where there

544-431: A filament, or "thread". Hot syrup is said to "pearl" when it forms such a long thread without breaking when dropped from a spoon. Used for stirring, a spoon is passed through a substance with a continued circular movement for the purpose of mixing, blending, dissolving, cooling, or preventing sticking of the ingredients. Mixed drinks may be " muddled " by working a spoon to crush and mix ingredients such as mint and sugar on

612-470: A greater range of ergonomic issues. Pea Pea ( pisum in Latin) is a pulse , vegetable or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species. Carl Linnaeus gave the species the scientific name Pisum sativum in 1753 (meaning cultivated pea). Some sources now treat it as Lathyrus oleraceus ; however the need and justification for

680-411: A hot greased griddle. A spoon is similarly useful in processing jelly , sugar and syrup . A test sample of jelly taken from a boiling mass may be allowed to slip from a spoon in a sheet, in a step called "sheeting". At the "crack" stage, syrup from boiling sugar may be dripped from a spoon, causing it to break with a snap when chilled. When boiled to 240 °F. and poured from a spoon, sugar forms

748-524: A niece of Cardinal Mazarin . Little dishes of peas were then presented to the King, the Queen, Cardinal Mazarin and Monsieur, the king's brother. Immediately established and grown for earliness warmed with manure and protected under glass , they were still a luxurious delicacy in 1696, when Mme de Maintenon and Mme de Sevigné each reported that they were "a fashion, a fury". The world’s first sweet tasting pea

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816-522: A number of pathogens , including insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi. In particular, virus disease of peas has worldwide economic importance. Additionally, insects such as the pea leaf weevil ( Sitona lineatus ) can damage peas and other pod fruits. The pea leaf weevil is native to Europe , but has spread to other places such as Alberta, Canada . They are about 3.5 millimetres (0.14 in)—5.5 millimetres (0.22 in) long and are distinguishable by three light-coloured stripes running length-wise down

884-529: A sharp point, and may have also been used as cutlery . The spoons of the Greeks and Romans were chiefly made of bronze and silver and the handle usually takes the form of a spike or pointed stem. There are many examples in the British Museum from which the forms of the various types can be ascertained, the chief points of difference being found in the junction of the bowl with the handle. The ancient Greeks called

952-407: A traditional dish. In North America, a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup . Pea soup is eaten in many other parts of the world, including northern Europe , parts of middle Europe , Russia , Iran , Iraq and India . In Chinese cuisine , the tender new growth [leaves and stem] dou miao ( 豆苗 ; dòu miáo ) are commonly used in stir-fries. Much like picking the leaves for tea,

1020-524: A vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. These are the basis of pease porridge and pea soup , staples of medieval cuisine ; in Europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of early modern cuisine . A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow, or infrequently purple pod-shaped vegetable , widely grown as

1088-411: Is blanching . The peas are boiled for a few minutes to remove any enzymes that may shorten their shelf life. They are then cooled and removed from the water. The final step is the actual freezing to produce the final product. This step may vary considerably; some companies freeze their peas by air blast freezing, where the vegetables are put through a tunnel at high speeds and frozen by cold air. Finally,

1156-643: Is a significant population of Indians . Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. In Japan , China , Taiwan and some Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand , the Philippines and Malaysia , peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks . In the Philippines, peas, while still in their pods, are a common ingredient in viands and pansit . In the UK, dried yellow or green split peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"),

1224-476: Is abbreviated coch or cochl , from Latin : cochlearium , a small Roman spoon. "Teaspoonful" is often used in a similar way to describe the dosage for over the counter medicines . Dessert spoonful and tablespoonful may also be found in drink and food recipes. A teaspoon holds about 5 ml and a tablespoon about 15 ml. The souvenir spoon generally exists solely as a decorative object commemorating an event, place, or special date. For machine-made spoons,

1292-608: Is inconsistent with the appearance of snow peas, and therefore botanists have replaced this name with Pisum sativum var. macrocarpum. The field pea is a type of pea sometimes called P. sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch. It is also known as dun (grey-brown) pea, Kapucijner pea, or Austrian winter pea, and is one of the oldest domesticated crops, cultivated for at least 7,000 years. Field peas are now grown in many countries for both human consumption and stockfeed. There are several cultivars and colors including blue, dun (brown), maple and white. This pea should not be confused with

1360-466: Is relatively shallow and small, but well nodulated. The field pea is a cool-season legume crop that is grown on over 25 million acres worldwide. It has been an important grain legume crop for millennia, seeds showing domesticated characteristics dating from at least 7000 years ago have been found in archaeological sites around what is now Turkey . Field peas or "dry peas" are marketed as a dry, shelled product for either human or livestock food, unlike

1428-674: Is restricted to the Mediterranean Basin and the Near East. The earliest archaeological finds of peas date from the late Neolithic era of current Syria, Anatolia, Israel, Iraq, Jordan and Greece. In Egypt, early finds date from c.  4800 –4400 BC in the Nile delta area, and from c. 3800–3600 BC in Upper Egypt. The pea was also present in Georgia in the 5th millennium BC. Farther east,

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1496-451: Is then converted to another form, ammonium ( NH + 4 ), usable by (some) plants by the following reaction: The root nodules of peas and other legumes are sources of nitrogen that they can use to make amino acids , constituents of proteins. Hence, legumes are good sources of plant protein . When a pea plant dies in the field, for example following the harvest , all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into amino acids inside

1564-418: Is to thrust branches pruned from trees or other woody plants upright into the soil, providing a lattice for the peas to climb. Branches used in this fashion are called pea sticks or sometimes pea brush . Metal fences, twine , or netting supported by a frame are used for the same purpose. In dense plantings, peas give each other some measure of mutual support. Pea plants can self-pollinate . The wild pea

1632-406: Is used as a compound form for example Sturt's desert pea . Peas are annual plants , with a life cycle of one year. They are a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams (0.004–0.013 oz). The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as

1700-562: The Middle Ages , field peas are constantly mentioned, as they were the staple that kept famine at bay, as Charles the Good , count of Flanders , noted explicitly in 1124. Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of Early Modern Europe . In England, the distinction between field peas and garden peas dates from the early 17th century: John Gerard and John Parkinson both mention garden peas. Sugar peas , which

1768-495: The Neolithic dawn of agriculture improved their yield. In the early 3rd century BC, Theophrastus mentions peas among the legumes that are sown late in the winter because of their tenderness. In the first century AD, Columella mentions them in De re rustica , when Roman legionaries still gathered wild peas from the sandy soils of Numidia and Judea to supplement their rations. In

1836-547: The cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) which is sometimes called the "field pea" in warmer climates. It is a climbing annual legume with weak, viny, and relatively succulent stems. Vines often are 4 to 5 feet (120 to 150 cm) long, but when grown alone, field pea's weak stems prevent it from growing more than 1.5 to 2 feet (45 to 60 cm) tall. Leaves have two leaflets and a tendril. Flowers are white, pink, or purple. Pods carry seeds that are large (4,000 seeds/lb), nearly spherical, and white, gray, green, or brown. The root system

1904-413: The thorax . The weevil larvae feed on the root nodules of pea plants, which are essential to the plants' supply of nitrogen , and thus diminish leaf and stem growth. Adult weevils feed on the leaves and create a notched, "c-shaped" appearance on the outside of the leaves. The pea moth can be a serious pest producing caterpillars the resemble small white maggots in the pea-pods. The caterpillars eat

1972-642: The 14th to 17th centuries. The name spoon came from Old English spon , 'chip'. Preserved examples of various forms of spoons used by the ancient Egyptians include those composed of ivory , flint , slate and wood, many of them carved with religious symbols . During the Neolithic Ozieri civilization in Sardinia , ceramic ladles and spoons were already in use. In Shang dynasty China, spoons were made of bone. Early bronze spoons in China were designed with

2040-498: The 18th century. On the table, an ornamental utensil called a nef , shaped like a ship, might hold a napkin, knife and spoon. Spoons are mentioned in the Bible ( KJV ): God in the Book of Exodus tells Moses to make for Tabernacle , among other things, spoons of gold. The expression "born with a silver spoon in his mouth" (born into privilege) formed due to the mediaeval custom of gifting

2108-554: The English and later British sovereign ; this 12th-century object is the oldest surviving item in the British royal regalia. The sets of Apostle Spoons , popular as christening presents in Tudor times , the handles of which terminate in heads or busts of the apostles, are a special form to which antiquarian interest attaches. The earlier English spoon-handles terminate in an acorn , plain knob or

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2176-829: The English during this time, which became known as "garden" or "English" peas. The popularity of green peas spread to North America . Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate. With the invention of canning, peas were one of the first vegetables to be canned. Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies , salads and casseroles . Pod peas ( snow peas and snap peas ) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine . Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly, are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within

2244-583: The French called mange-tout , because they were eaten pods and all, were introduced to France from the market gardens of Holland in the time of Henri IV , through the French ambassador. Green peas were introduced from Genoa to the court of Louis XIV of France in January 1660, with some staged fanfare. A hamper of them was presented before the King. They were shelled by the Savoyan comte de Soissons , who had married

2312-578: The Mediterranean coastal regions. In this condition, the toxic reaction to eating most, if not all, beans is hemolytic anemia , and in severe cases, the released circulating free hemoglobin causes acute kidney injury . Peas, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their root systems . These bacteria have the special ability to fix nitrogen from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen ( N 2 ) into ammonia ( NH 3 ). The chemical reaction is: Ammonia

2380-637: The United States. In modern times peas are usually boiled or steamed , which breaks down the cell walls and makes them taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable . Along with broad beans and lentils , these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the Middle Ages . By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. New cultivars of peas were developed by

2448-428: The appearance of the offspring, and the non-dominant, or recessive , trait appeared only when it was inherited from both parents. He did further experiments that showed each trait is separately inherited. Unwittingly, Mendel had solved a major problem with Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution : how new traits were preserved and not blended back into the population, a question Darwin himself did not answer. Mendel's work

2516-464: The back, and the handle is turned up at the end. The modern form, with the tip of the bowl narrower than the base and the rounded end of the handle turned down, came into use about 1760. Spoons are used primarily for eating liquid or semi-liquid foods, such as soup , stew or ice cream , and very small or powdery solid items which cannot be easily lifted with a fork , such as rice , sugar , cereals and green peas . In Southeast Asia , spoons are

2584-413: The basic shape is cut out from a sheet of sterling silver , nickel silver alloy or stainless steel . The bowl is cross rolled between two pressurized rollers to produce a thinner section. The handle section is also rolled to produce the width required for the top end. The blank is then cropped to the required shape, and two dies are used to apply the pattern to the blank. The flash is then removed using

2652-416: The bottom of a glass or mixer. Spoons are employed for mixing certain kinds of powder into water to make a sweet or nutritious drink. A spoon may also be employed to toss ingredients by mixing them lightly until they are well coated with a dressing. For storage, spoons and knives were sometimes placed in paired knife boxes , which were often ornate wooden containers with sloping tops, used especially during

2720-453: The bowl. If a heel is to be added, a section down the centre is left thicker. The edges of the bowl and the tip of the spoon are left thicker as this is where most of the thickness is needed. The handle is then started and hammered out to length going from thick at the neck and gradually tapering down in thickness giving a balanced feel. During this process, the piece becomes very hard and has to be annealed several times, then worked again until

2788-480: The change is disputed. Each pod contains several seeds (peas), which can have green or yellow cotyledons when mature. Botanically, pea pods are fruit , since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ), the cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ), the seeds from several species of Lathyrus and

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2856-457: The dominant trait. Then he allowed the F 1 generation to self pollinate and observed their offspring, the Filial-2 (abbreviated F 2 ) generation. The F 2 plants had the dominant trait in approximately a 3:1 ratio. He studied later generations of self pollinated plants, and performed crosses to determine the nature of the pollen and egg cells. Mendel reasoned that each parent had a 'vote' in

2924-496: The farmers pick the tips off of the pea plant. In Greece , Tunisia , Turkey , Cyprus , and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with lamb and potatoes. In Hungary and Serbia , pea soup is often served with dumplings and spiced with hot paprika . In the United Kingdom , dried, rehydrated and mashed marrowfat peas , or cooked green split peas, known as mushy peas , are popular, originally in

2992-408: The final shape is achieved. The bowl is filed to shape, often using a metal template. The bowl is then formed using a tin cake and spoon stake. The molten tin is poured around the spoon stake and left to harden. The handle is then bent down to 45 degrees, and the spoon is hammered into the tin using the spoon stake and a heavy hammer, to form the bowl. The bend in the handle is then adjusted to match

3060-665: The finds are younger. Peas were present in Afghanistan c. 2000 BC, in Harappan civilization around modern-day Pakistan and western- and northwestern India in 2250–1750 BC. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, this legume crop appears in the Ganges Basin and southern India. In early times, peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds. From plants growing wild in the Mediterranean Basin, constant selection since

3128-465: The garden pea, which is marketed as a fresh or canned vegetable. The major producing countries of field peas are Russia and China , followed by Canada , Europe , Australia and the United States . Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States raise over 4.5 million acres (18,000 km²) and are major exporters of peas. In 2002, there were approximately 300,000 acres (1,200 km²) of field peas grown in

3196-469: The hand-focused motions described: Another category of hand-operated device requires grasping (but not pulling) and rotating the hand and either the lower arm or the whole arm, about their axis. When the grip required is a fist grip, as with a door handle that has an arm rather than a knob to twist, the term "handle" unambiguously applies. Another clear case is a rarer device seen on mechanically complicated doors like those of airliners, where (instead of

3264-509: The inventories of the royal and other households point to their special value and rarity. The earliest English reference appears to be in a will of 1259. In the wardrobe accounts of Edward I for the year 1300 some gold and silver spoons marked with the fleur-de-lis , the Paris mark, are mentioned. One of the most interesting medieval spoons is the Coronation Spoon used in the anointing of

3332-400: The more tender the peas are, the more likely that they will be used in the final product. The peas must be put through the process of freezing shortly after being picked so that they do not spoil too soon. Once the peas have been selected, they are placed in ice water and allowed to cool. After, they are sprayed with water to remove any residual dirt or dust that may remain on them. The next step

3400-437: The north of England, but now ubiquitously, and especially as an accompaniment to fish and chips or meat pies , particularly in fish and chip shops . Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes added to soften the peas. In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the pea to be Britain's seventh favourite culinary vegetable. Processed peas are mature peas which have been dried, soaked and then heat treated (processed) to prevent spoilage—in

3468-416: The other spoons in the set so that it sits correctly on the table. The bowl is then filed level, a process called striking off. The surfaces are filed, first with a rough file to remove the fire stain from the surface, then with a smooth file. It is then buffed to remove any file marks and fire stain from inside the bowl and is polished to the desired finish. Both the spork and the sporf are derived from

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3536-412: The outside of car doors. The inside controls for opening car doors from inside are usually pull handles, although their function of permitting the door to be pushed open is accomplished by an internal unlatching linkage. Pull handles are also a frequent host of common door handle bacteria such as e-coli , fungal or other viral infections. Two kinds of pull handles may involve motion in addition to

3604-412: The part of the recipient; or to present information in a slanted version, with the intent to preclude questioning or revision. Someone who accepts passively what has been offered in this way is said to have been spoon-fed. A spoonful is the amount of material a spoon contains or can contain. Itis used as a standard unit of measure for volume in cooking , where it normally signifies a teaspoonful . It

3672-439: The peas are packaged and shipped out for retail sale. In the mid-19th century, Austrian monk Gregor Mendel 's observations of pea pods led to the principles of Mendelian genetics , the foundation of modern genetics . He ended up growing and examining about 28,000 pea plants in the course of his experiments. Mendel chose peas for his experiments because he could grow them easily, pure-bred strains were readily available, and

3740-516: The primary utensil used for eating; forks are used to push foods such as rice onto the spoon as well as their western usage for piercing the food. Spoons are also widely used in cooking and serving. In baking, batter is usually thin enough to pour or drop from a spoon; a mixture of such consistency is sometimes called "drop batter". Rolled dough dropped from a spoon to a cookie sheet can be made into rock cakes and other cookies , while johnnycake may be prepared by dropping spoonfuls of cornmeal onto

3808-485: The remaining plant parts, is released back into the soil . In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate ( NO − 3 ), that is available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops. Pea grading involves sorting peas by size, in which the smallest peas are graded as the highest quality for their tenderness. Brines may be used, in which peas are floated, from which their density can be determined. A variety of diseases affect peas through

3876-570: The same manner as pasteurizing . Cooked peas are sometimes sold dried and coated with wasabi , salt , or other spices. In North America pea milk is produced and sold as an alternative to cow milk for a variety of reasons. In East Asia, pea sprouts or shoots ( 豆苗 ; 완두순 ) were once dedicated cuisine when the plant was less highly available. Today, when the plant can be easily grown, fresh pea shoots are available in supermarkets or may be grown at home. In order to freeze and preserve peas, they must first be grown, picked, and shelled. Usually,

3944-971: The singular form by dropping the -s , giving the term pea . This process is known as back-formation . Raw green peas are 79% water, 14% carbohydrates , 5% protein , and contain negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 ounces), raw green peas supply 339 kilojoules (81 kilocalories) of food energy , and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of vitamin C (48% DV), vitamin K , thiamine , and manganese , with several B vitamins and dietary minerals in moderate amounts (11–16% DV) (table). The pea karyotype consists of seven chromosomes , five of which are acrocentric and two submetacentric . Despite its scientific popularity, its relatively large genome size (4.45 Gb ) made it challenging to sequence compared to other legumes such as Medicago truncatula and soybeans . The International Pea Genome Sequencing Consortium

4012-454: The spoon mystron (μύστρον), and they also used pieces of bread scooped out in the shape of a spoon, which they called, mystile (μυστίλη). In the early Muslim world , spoons were used for eating soup. Medieval spoons meant for domestic use were commonly made of cow horn or wood , but brass , pewter , and latten spoons appear to have been common in about the 15th century. The full descriptions and entries relating to silver spoons in

4080-500: The spoon: they combine the bowl of the spoon with the tines of the fork and with both tines and the cutting edge of the knife , respectively. Handle A handle is a part of, or attachment to, an object that allows it to be grasped and manipulated by hand . The design of each type of handle involves substantial ergonomic issues, even where these are dealt with intuitively or by following tradition. Handles for tools are an important part of their function, enabling

4148-407: The structure of the flowers protect them from cross-pollination, and cross pollination was easy. Mendel cross-bred tall and dwarf pea plants, green and yellow peas , purple and white flowers, wrinkled and smooth peas, and a few other traits. He then observed the resulting offspring. In each of these cases, one trait is dominant and all the offspring, or Filial-1 (abbreviated F 1 ) generation, showed

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4216-503: The top 10. The term pea originates from the Latin word pisum , which is the latinisation of the Greek πίσον ( pison ), neuter variant form of πίσος ( pisos ) 'pea'. It was adopted into English as the noun pease (plural peasen ), as in pease pudding . However, by analogy with other plurals ending in -s , speakers began construing pease as a plural and constructing

4284-641: The user to exploit the tools to maximum effect. Package handles allow for convenient carrying of packages. The three nearly universal requirements of are: Other requirements may apply to specific handles: One major category of handles are pull handles, where one or more hands grip the handle or handles, and exert force to shorten the distance between the hands and their corresponding shoulders. The three criteria stated above are universal for pull handles. Many pull handles are for lifting, mostly on objects to be carried. Horizontal pull handles are widespread, including drawer pulls , handles on latchless doors and

4352-600: The vines support is recommended, but not required. Extra dwarf are suitable for container growing, reaching only about 25 cm. Tall varieties grow to about 2m with support required. Some peas lack the tough membrane inside the pod wall and have tender edible pods. There are two main types: The name sugar pea can include both types or be synonymous with either snow peas or snap peas in different dictionaries. Likewise mangetout ( / ˈ m ɒ̃ ʒ ˌ t uː / ; from French : pois mange-tout , 'eat-all pea'). Snow peas and snap peas both belong to Macrocarpon Group,

4420-401: The whole hand moving down as it also rotates, on the door handles just described) the axis of rotation is between the thumb and the outermost fingers, so the thumb moves up if the outer fingers move down. The handles of bicycle grips , club-style weapons , shovels and spades , axes , hammers , mallets and hatchets , baseball bats , rackets , golf clubs and croquet mallets involve

4488-485: Was developed in the 18th century by amateur plant breeder Thomas Edward Knight of Downton, near Salisbury, England. Modern split peas , with their indigestible skins rubbed off, are a development of the later 19th century. The top producer of green peas – by far – is China with 12.2 million tons, followed by India (4.8 million tons), USA (0.31 million tons), France (0.23 million tons) and Egypt (0.15 million tons). United Kingdom, Pakistan, Algeria, Peru and Turkey complete

4556-695: Was formed to develop the first pea reference genome , and the draft assembly was officially announced in September 2019. It covers 88% of the genome (3.92Gb) and predicted 44,791 gene-coding sequences. The pea used for the assembly was the inbred French cultivar "Caméor". There are many varieties (cultivars) of garden peas. Some of the most common varieties are listed here. PMR indicates some degree of powdery mildew resistance; afila types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters of tendrils instead of leaves. Unless otherwise noted these are so called dwarf varieties which grow to an average height of about 1m. Giving

4624-415: Was published in an obscure Austrian journal and was not rediscovered until about 1900. Some people experience allergic reactions to peas, as well as lentils , with vicilin or convicilin as the most common allergens. Favism , or Fava-bean-ism , is a genetic deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that affects Jews , other Middle Eastern Semitic peoples, and other descendants of

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