The Spanish Company was an English chartered company or corporate body established in 1530, and 1577, confirmed in 1604, and re-established in 1605 as President, Assistants and Fellowship of Merchants of England trading into Spain and Portugal , whose purpose was the facilitation and control of English trade between England and Spain through the establishment of a corporate monopoly of approved merchants.
26-545: The Company was established by various charters as follows: The 557 founding members of the 1605 incorporation named in the charter consisted of two distinct groups, firstly of 25 nobles, royal officials and knights and then of 532 merchants from 16 named English ports and towns. Richard Langley of the City of London was named in the 1605 Secretary for life. The 25 nobles, royal officials and knights named as founding members were as follows: Merchants named as founding members were from
52-496: A constitution which conferred executive powers upon three consuls, elected for a period of ten years. In reality, the first consul, Bonaparte, dominated his two colleagues and held supreme power, soon making himself consul for life (1802) and eventually, in 1804, emperor . The office was held by: The short-lived Bolognese Republic , proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna , had
78-644: A Provisional Government: Rome was occupied by France (11 July – 28 September 1799) and again by Naples (30 September 1799 – 23 June 1800), bringing an end to the Roman Republic. Among the many petty local republics that were formed during the first year of the Greek Revolution , prior to the creation of a unified Provisional Government at the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , were: Note: in Greek ,
104-460: A consul is a type of diplomat . A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the cursus honorum (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Consuls were elected to office and held power for one year. There were always two consuls in power at any time. It
130-577: A government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato , i.e., chief magistrate , a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls. Bologna already had consuls at some parts of its Medieval history. The French-sponsored Roman Republic (15 February 1798 – 23 June 1800) was headed by multiple consuls: Consular rule was interrupted by the Neapolitan occupation (27 November – 12 December 1798), which installed
156-644: A government to reside in a foreign country and represent its interests there." The Devil's Dictionary defines Consul as "in American politics, a person who having failed to secure an office from the people is given one by the Administration on condition that he leave the country". In most governments, the consul is the head of the consular section of an embassy, and is responsible for all consular services such as immigrant and non-immigrant visas , passports , and citizen services for expatriates living or traveling in
182-577: The Podestà , for some periods of the 13th century some citizens were again elected as consuls. Throughout most of southern France , a consul ( French : consul or consule ) was an office equivalent to the échevins [ fr ] of the north and roughly similar with English aldermen . The most prominent were those of Bordeaux and Toulouse , which came to be known as jurats and capitouls , respectively. The capitouls of Toulouse were granted transmittable nobility. In many other smaller towns
208-556: The Company: "We straightly charge and command all and singular customers, comptrollers and collectors of customs, poundage and subsidies, and all other officers within our port and city of London and elsewhere unto whom it shall appertain, that they their clerks or substitutes, shall not take entry of any goods wares or merchandises to be transported into Spain or Portugal, or make any agreement for any custom, poundage or other subsidy for any such goods, but only of such person and persons free of
234-475: The expert and exercised merchants in their lawful and honest trade, and to establish good order and government in the said trade, of our ample and abundant grace do grant unto the president, assistants and fellowship of merchants that they, and such only as be or shall be of this incorporation or free of this fellowship, shall enjoy the whole entire and only trade and traffic and the whole entire and only liberty, use and privilege of trading and trafficking and using
260-587: The feat and trade of merchandise, by and through all the parts of Spain and Portugal, from the town of Fuenterrabia in the kingdom or province of Biscay along the coast of Spain or Portugal or either of them unto Barcelona and in all the islands adjoining or appertaining to the said realms, towards the south or west part thereof. And therefore we command all the subjects of us, our heirs and successors, of what degree or quality soever they be, that none of them directly or indirectly do visit haunt frequent or trade, traffic or adventure by way of merchandise into or from any
286-514: The fellowship by virtue of these our letters patents" . The 1605 charter gave the Company power to establish its own consuls and governors within the area of trade in order to: "administer unto (members) full speedy and expedite justice in all and every their causes, plaints and contentions amongst them in the dominions of Spain and Portugal, and to pacify, decide and determine all and all manner of questions discords and strifes amongst them in any of
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#1732854912767312-586: The first consul was the equivalent of a mayor today, assisted by a variable number of secondary consuls and jurats. His main task was to levy and collect tax. The Dukes of Gaeta often used also the title of "consul" in its Greek form " Hypatos " (see List of Hypati and Dukes of Gaeta ). After Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup against the Directory government in November 1799, the French Republic adopted
338-399: The following English ports and towns (number of members in brackets), in order listed in the charter: The key passage in the 1605 royal charter of King James I which re-established the company is as follows: "And for that divers persons our subjects being not brought up in merchandise or use of traffic, but altogether ignorant and inexpert as well in the order and rules of merchandise as in
364-426: The hindrance of the trade and traffic of any of the fellowship, behaving him or themselves duly and orderly as becometh good merchants of the fellowship, without any fraudulent or disordered attempts or practices, as well for the good rule and government of the president, assistants and fellowship as of all and singular other subjects of us, our heirs and successors intermeddling or by any means exercising merchandise, in
390-464: The laws and customs of the realms of Spain and Portugal, and in the customs, usages, tolls and values of moneys, weights and measures, and in all other things belonging to merchandise very necessary, through their ignorance and lack of knowledge do commit many inconveniences and absurdities (as we are informed) to the offence of us and our dear brother the king of Spain, we willing to prevent and meet with such inconveniences and intending to further and help
416-504: The parts of Spain or Portugal or either of them from the town of Fuenterrabia unto Barcelona, neither within any islands adjoining or appertaining to the said realms, towards the south or west part thereof, other than the president, assistants and fellowship and such particular persons as be of that fellowship, their factors, agents, servants and assigns, upon pain not only to incur our indignation, but also to pay such pains and amercements and also to suffer imprisonment and other pains due to
442-620: The realms of Spain and Portugal" . The 1605 charter gave the Company power to tax merchandise both imported and exported by their members in such sum "as to them shall seem requisite and convenient for the common profit and sustentation of the necessary and reasonable stipend and other charges of the fellowship and corporation" . The 1605 charter gave the Company power to punish wrong-doers, to "chastise and correct by imprisonment or otherwise by fine, amercement or other reasonable punishment" The 1605 charter forbade customs officers to allow export of goods to Spain or Portugal except by members of
468-450: The realms of Spain and Portugal, moved or to be moved, for the better government of the merchants in Spain and Portugal..." The armorials of the Company were: Azure in base a sea, with a dolphin's head appearing in the water all proper, on the sea a ship of three masts, in full sail, all or, the sail and rigging argent, on each a cross gules, in the dexter chief point the sun in splendour, in
494-544: The republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 (ruling jointly, but occasionally styled "first consul", "second consul"): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán (b. 1792 – d. 1862) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero (d. 1853) (the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army) Thereafter all republican rulers were styled "president". In modern terminology, a consul is a type of diplomat . The American Heritage Dictionary defines consul as "an official appointed by
520-402: The sinister chief point an estoile of the third ; on a chief of the fourth, a cross of the fifth, charged with the lion of England . The crest was: On a wreath of the colours, two arms embowed issuing out of clouds all proper, holding in the hands a globe or The supporters were: Two seahorses argent, finned or . Consul Consul (abbrev. cos. ; Latin plural consules ) was
546-464: The term for "consul" is "hypatos" (ὕπατος), which translates as "supreme one", and hence does not necessarily imply a joint office. In between a series of juntas and various other short-lived regimes, the young republic was governed by "consuls of the republic", with two consuls alternating in power every 4 months: After a few presidents of the Provisional Junta , there were again consuls of
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#1732854912767572-748: The title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic , and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire . The title was used in other European city-states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the Republics of Genoa and Pisa , then revived in modern states , notably in the First French Republic . The related adjective is consular , from the Latin consularis . This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where
598-406: The transgressors of the statutes of the fellowship". The 1605 charter gave the Company power to "make ordain and establish statutes, laws, constitutions and ordinances, so as the laws and constitutions be not contrary, repugnant or derogatory to any treaties, leagues, capitulations or covenants between us, our heirs and successors, and any other prince or potentate made or to be made, nor tending to
624-631: Was later emulated by other powers and is reflected in the modern usage of the word (see Consul (representative) ). In addition to the Genoese Republic, the Republic of Pisa also took the form of "Consul" in the early stages of its government. The Consulate of the Republic of Pisa was the major government institution present in Pisa from 1087 to 1189. Despite losing space within the government since 1190 in favor of
650-552: Was not uncommon for an organization under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents. The founding statute, or contract, of such an organisation was called lex , 'law'. The people elected each year were patricians , members of the upper class. While many cities, including the Gallic states and the Carthaginian Republic , had a double-headed chief magistracy, another title
676-572: Was often used, such as the Punic sufet , Duumvir , or native styles like Meddix . The city-state of Genoa , unlike ancient Rome, bestowed the title of consul on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. Among these were Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities. Great Britain reciprocated by appointing consuls to Genoa from 1722. This institution, with its name,
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