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92-624: Southwest Region School District ( SWRSD ) or Southwest Region Schools is a school district headquartered in Dillingham, Alaska . The district serves the area around Bristol Bay . Its communities are in the Dillingham Census Area . Don Evans began his term as the district superintendent in 1993. In 1998 he left and founded Education Resources Inc., a company that provides administrative services to rural Alaska school districts. That year Education Resources Inc. began providing such services to

184-537: A 2-acre (8,100 m ) area. ). However, fish tend also to be animals that aggregate into large schools at high density. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social problems at high density. Aquaculturists feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased feed conversion ratio (kg dry feed/kg of fish produced), which results in increased cost and risk of health problems along with

276-772: A K-12 school. Dillingham has a typical subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ), relatively average by Alaskan standards. Summers are mild and rainy with cool nights. Winters are long, cold, and very snowy. Fish farming Global demand is increasing for dietary fish protein , which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries , resulting in significant decrease in fish stocks and even complete depletion in some regions. Fish farming allows establishment of artificial fish colonies that are provided with sufficient feeding , protection from natural predators and competitive threats , access to veterinarian service, and easier harvesting when needed, while being separate from and thus do not usually impact

368-402: A clinical nutrition approach using functional feeds could potentially move away from chemotherapeutic and antibiotic treatments, which could lower the costs of disease treatment and management in fish farms. In this investigation three fishmeal-based diets were served—one made of 31% lipid and the other two made of 18% lipid (one contained fishmeal and the other krill meal. Results demonstrated

460-496: A controversial one. Many cultured fishes (tilapia, carp, catfish, many others) can be raised on a strictly herbivorous diet. Top-level carnivores (most salmonidae species in particular) on the other hand, depend on fish feed, of which a large portion is usually derived from wild-caught fish ( anchovies , menhaden , etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into

552-481: A decrease in profits. Stressing the animals is not desirable, but the concept of and measurement of stress must be viewed from the perspective of the animal using the scientific method. Sea lice , particularly Lepeophtheirus salmonis and various Caligus species, including C. clemensi and C. rogercresseyi , can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are ectoparasites which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto

644-554: A food containing dried Schizochytrium in place of fish oil . When compared to a control group raised on regular food, they exhibited higher weight gain and better food-to-growth conversion, plus their flesh was higher in healthy omega-3 fatty acids . Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, numerous specific types of fish farms are used; each has benefits and applications unique to its design. Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers, or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method

736-421: A greenhouse. A hydroponic bed is placed near, above or between them. When tilapia are raised in the tanks, they are able to eat algae, which naturally grow in the tanks when the tanks are properly fertilized. The tank water is slowly circulated to the hydroponic beds, where the tilapia waste feeds commercial plant crops. Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed convert ammonia to nitrates , and

828-700: A high per-capita incidence of rape, indicating 1 incident for every 152.4 residents. (A note of caution regarding interpretation of the UCR data from which this information is drawn can be found on the FBI/UCR website. ) The area around Dillingham was inhabited by the Yup'ik people for millennia. British Captain James Cook first charted the Bristol Bay region in 1778 but did not venture into Nushagak Bay. The Russian-American Company built

920-533: A part of his trip around Alaska to call attention to climate change. Beginning in 1880, when census enumerators visited the present area of Dillingham at the northwest side of Nushagak Bay, they recorded only one village, that of Anagnak. Anagnak was apparently located on the Wood River near where it flows into Nushagak Bay and it reported 87 Inuit residents. In 1890, enumerators reported two separate villages: Bradford and Kanakanak. Bradford, located at Bradford Point,

1012-635: A prominent part in keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water. A number of large, well-capitalized ventures in this area have failed. Managing both the biology and markets is complicated. One future development is the combination of integrated recycling systems with urban farming as tried in Sweden by the Greenfish Initiative . This is also called a "flow through system" . Trout and other sport fish are often raised from eggs to fry or fingerlings and then trucked to streams and released. Normally,

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1104-523: A record 82.1 million tonnes in 2018. Farming carnivorous fish such as salmon , however, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, such farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish . The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about US$ 60 billion. Although fish farming for food is the most widespread, another major fish farming industry provides living fish for

1196-515: A redoubt (trading post) at Nushagak Point across the river from present-day Dillingham in 1818. Named "Alexandrovski" after the czar, the post attracted fur traders from as far as the Kuskokwim River , the Alaska Peninsula and Cook Inlet . In 1837, a Russian Orthodox mission was built at Nushagak, but the post status was later downgraded in favor of other Russian-American Company posts in

1288-466: A result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used. Fish used in this system include catla and silver carp (surface feeders), rohu (a column feeder), and mrigal and common carp (bottom feeders). Other fish also feed on the excreta of the common carp, and this helps contribute to the efficiency of the system which in optimal conditions produces 3000–6000 kg of fish per hectare per year. One problem with such composite fish culture

1380-423: A series of mesh-wire frames and nets. It is designed to disperse wastes better than more conventional farms in sheltered coastal waters, therefore supporting higher fish packing density. Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture . Copper alloys are antimicrobial , that is, they destroy bacteria , viruses , fungi , algae , and other microbes . In the marine environment ,

1472-427: A significant difference in the immune and inflammatory responses and pathology in heart tissue as the fish were infected with PMCV. Fish fed with functional feeds with low lipid content demonstrated milder and delayed inflammatory response and therefore, less severe heart lesions at earlier and later stages after PMCV infection. Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in

1564-591: A study in which cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ), was investigated pertaining the effects of functional feeds with reduced lipid content and increased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in controlling CMS in salmon after infection with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV). Functional feeds are defined as high-quality feeds that beyond purposes of nutrition, they are formulated with health promoting features that could be beneficial in supporting disease resistance, such as CMS. Choosing

1656-561: A variety of subjects from computers and welding to art. The Bristol Bay Campus also hosts an Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program (MAP) Agent. Dillingham City School District operates two public schools serving Dillingham: Dillingham Elementary School and Dillingham Middle/High School . The Southwest Region School District , which serves rural communities in the Dillingham Census Area , maintains its headquarters in Dillingham. The Seventh Day Adventist Church in Dillingham operates

1748-577: Is a city in Dillingham Census Area , Alaska , United States. Incorporated in 1963, it is an important commercial fishing port on Nushagak Bay . As of the 2020 census , the population of the city was 2,249, down from 2,329 in 2010. Dillingham is on Nushagak Bay at the mouth of the Nushagak River , an inlet of Bristol Bay , an arm of the Bering Sea in the North Pacific , in southwestern Alaska. It

1840-650: Is achieved by bubbling, cascade flow, or aqueous oxygen. Catfish in genus Clarias can breathe atmospheric air and can tolerate much higher levels of pollutants than trout or salmon, which makes aeration and water purification less necessary and makes Clarias species especially suited for intensive fish production. In some Clarias farms, about 10% of the water volume can consist of fish biomass . The risk of infections by parasites such as fish lice, fungi ( Saprolegnia spp.), intestinal worms (such as nematodes or trematodes ), bacteria (e.g., Yersinia spp., Pseudomonas spp.), and protozoa (such as dinoflagellates )

1932-492: Is also called "off-shore cultivation" when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses. Cage farming of fishes in open seas

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2024-641: Is also gaining in popularity. Given concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., generally pond systems are considered simpler to start and easier to manage. Also, the past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. On August 22, 2017, there was a massive failure of such cages at a commercial fishery in Washington state in Puget Sound , leading to release of nearly 300,000 Atlantic salmon in non-native waters. This

2116-474: Is an important gateway to many sport fishing lodges and eco-tourism opportunities. Many of these are focused on the adjacent Wood-Tikchik State Park , the largest state park in the United States, known for its great fishing opportunities. Dillingham is also the headquarters for nearby Togiak National Wildlife Refuge , home to walruses, seals, terrestrial mammals, migratory birds, and fish, as well as one of

2208-478: Is believed to risk endangering the native Pacific salmon species. Marine Scotland has kept records of caged fish escapes since 1999. They have recorded 357 fish escape incidents with 3,795,206 fish escaping into fresh and salt water. One company, Dawnfresh Farming Limited has been responsible for 40 incident and 152,790 Rainbow Trout escaping into freshwater lochs. Though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years,

2300-420: Is economical only for high-value products, such as broodstock for egg production, fingerlings for net pen aquaculture operations, sturgeon production, research animals, and some special niche markets such as live fish. Raising ornamental coldwater fish ( goldfish or koi ), although theoretically much more profitable due to the higher income per weight of fish produced, has been successfully carried out only in

2392-541: Is estimated to produce as much organic waste as equivalent to a town of people between 10,000 and 20,000 people each year. Today 50% of the world's seafood is farm-raised. These use irrigation ditches or farm ponds to raise fish. The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an above-ground irrigation system (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers). Using this method, water allotments can be stored in ponds or ditches, usually lined with bentonite clay. In small systems,

2484-513: Is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of fish feed . It must contain a much higher level of protein (up to 60%) than cattle feed and a balanced amino acid composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher feed conversion ratio [FCR], that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced). Fish such as salmon have an FCR around 1.1 kg of feed per kg of salmon whereas chickens are in

2576-469: Is located at 59°02′48″N 158°30′31″W  /  59.04667°N 158.50861°W  / 59.04667; -158.50861 (59.046751, -158.508665). According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 36.3 square miles (94.1 km ). 33.6 square miles (86.9 km ) of it is land, and 2.8 square miles (7.2 km ) of it (7.64%) is water. This may change as

2668-590: Is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress. The composite fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the 1970s. In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them by having different types of food habitats. As

2760-401: Is similar to that in animal husbandry , especially at high population densities. However, animal husbandry is a larger and more technologically mature area of human agriculture and has developed better solutions to pathogen problems. Intensive aquaculture has to provide adequate water quality (oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, etc.) levels to minimize stress on the fish. This requirement makes control of

2852-424: Is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish are collected from the wild, they can be mixed with other species, as well. Thus, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality stock. To overcome this problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish stock in desired quantities. One of

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2944-421: Is the other form of fish farming. Extensive aquaculture is more basic than intensive aquaculture in that less effort is put into the husbandry of the fish. Extensive aquaculture is done in the ocean, natural and man-made lakes, bays, rivers, and Fiords. Fish are contained within these habitats by multiple mesh enclosures which also function as trapping nets during harvest (Figure 3) (4). Since fish are susceptible to

3036-537: Is the present downtown of Dillingham. Only the original or "Old" Kanakanak apparently is outside the present city boundaries, just to the south of the Kanakanak Hospital. Sources: 1880-1960 U.S. Censuses; Dictionary of Alaska Place Names by Donald J. Orth Historic Settlement Patterns In The Nushagak River Region, Alaska by James W. Vanstone The University of Alaska Fairbanks Bristol Bay Campus (BBC), located in Dillingham, became one of five rural campuses in

3128-463: The 1898 gold rush . Despite extensive travels throughout the territory, neither Dillingham nor his subcommittee ever set foot in the Bristol Bay region. The post office later adopted the name, as did the community. In 1918 and 1919, the global Spanish influenza pandemic struck Bristol Bay and left no more than 500 survivors around Dillingham. A hospital and orphanage were established in Kanakanak after

3220-938: The Alaska Department of Fish and Game to ensure adequate spawning escapement to ensure long term sustainability and provide for subsistence harvests by residents of upriver villages. Commercial fishing remains an important part of the Dillingham economy, but prices paid for salmon vary due to international competition, especially from fish farming operations in Chile, Norway, Canada and elsewhere. Prices paid Bristol Bay fishermen for fresh sockeye salmon peaked at $ 2.11 per pound in 1988 but fell to just $ 0.42 per pound in 2001. Prices have since rebounded due to techniques to improve fish quality and enhanced marketing efforts, and were back up to $ 2.35 per pound in 2013, rising to $ 3.02 in 2016 when reporting ceased. Processed fresh sockeye were priced commercially at $ 6.43 per pound in 2019. Dillingham

3312-489: The Pacific coast of Canada , the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%. In Scotland, official figures show that more than nine million fish were lost to disease, parasites, botched treatment attempts and other problems on fish farms between 2016 and 2019. One of the treatments for parasite infestations involved bathing fish in hydrogen peroxide, which can harm or kill farmed fish if they are in

3404-532: The Sargasso Sea breeding grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extinction because of the excessive catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and overfishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch IJsselmeer . Although European eel larvae can survive for several weeks, the full life cycle has not yet been achieved in captivity. There is a growing consensus that fish can feel pain . Despite

3496-653: The Wood-Tikchik State Park . Many residents live along the Aleknagik Lake Road and roads connecting the city's central business district with Wood River and Kanakanak. Dillingham is the regional hub of the rich Bristol Bay salmon fishing district. Bristol Bay supports the world's largest runs of wild sockeye salmon and returns of other species of Pacific salmon . The Nushagak district produces an average of 6.4 million salmon annually and as many as 12.4 million salmon in 2006. Harvests are closely regulated by

3588-623: The aquarium trade. The vast majority of freshwater fish in the aquarium trade originate from farms in Eastern and Southern Asia, eastern Europe, Florida and South America that use either indoor tank systems or outdoor pond systems, while farming of fish for the marine aquarium trade happens at a much smaller scale. In 2022 24% of fishers and fish farmers and 62% of workers in post-harvest sector were women. Aquaculture makes use of local photosynthetic production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive). Extensive aquaculture

3680-429: The sustainable yields of wild fish populations. While fish farming is practised worldwide, China alone provides 62% of the world's farmed fish production. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture. In the last three decades, aquaculture has been the main driver of the increase in fisheries and aquaculture production, with an average growth of 5.3 percent per year in the period 2000–2018, reaching

3772-407: The 2.5 kg of feed per kg of chicken range. Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control. Aeration of the water is essential, as fish need a sufficient oxygen level for growth. This

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3864-576: The 21st century. The increased incidences of dangerous viral diseases of koi carp, together with the high value of the fish, has led to initiatives in closed-system koi breeding and growing in a number of countries. Today, a few commercially successful intensive koi-growing facilities are operating in the UK, Germany, and Israel. Some producers have adapted their intensive systems in an effort to provide consumers with fish that do not carry dormant forms of viruses and diseases. In 2016, juvenile Nile tilapia were given

3956-507: The Alaska House of Representatives. Dillingham is not connected to the statewide road system , and the only way to reach the city is by airplane or boat. The Dillingham Airport located near the center of the city limits has a 6,400-foot (2,000 m) runway and is served by several flights daily through Alaska Airlines (seasonal - summer) and PenAir (year-round). A 20-mile (32 km) paved road connects Dillingham with Aleknagik and

4048-532: The City of Dillingham installed 80 cameras at city-owned facilities such as the dock, harbor and police station, funded by a Department of Homeland Security grant. The city justified them by stating that they enhanced the ability to monitor and enforcement at those facilities. Many criticized the project as an infringement on privacy and also that the funds were intended for national rather than local public safety issues. After spirited public debate, locally and nationally,

4140-586: The City of Dillingham will likely petition the State of Alaska to increase the size of its boundaries to include most of Nushagak Bay and Wood River , to gain revenue from the Nushagak District and Wood River Special Harvest Area commercial salmon fisheries. Dillingham is located in the 37th district of the Alaska House of Representatives , and is represented by Independent Bryce Edgmon , who serves as Speaker for

4232-603: The College of Rural Alaska in 1987. The campus serves an area of approximately 55,000 square miles (140,000 km ) and a total of 32 communities as far south as Ivanof Bay , as far north as Port Alsworth , as far west as Togiak , and east to King Salmon . The main campus is located in Dillingham with outreach centers in King Salmon, Togiak, and New Stuyahok . BBC offers bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, certificates, and occupational endorsements, as well as local courses covering

4324-818: The Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, showing off feed made from seaweed extracts, yeast , and algae grown in bioreactors ." Not only do the feeds for carnivorous fish, like certain salmon species, remain controversial due to the containment of wild caught fish like anchovies, but they are not helping the health of the fish, as is the case in Norway. Between 2003 and 2007, Aldrin et al. examined three infectious diseases in Norwegian salmon fish farms—heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease, and infectious salmon anemia. In 2014, Martinez-Rubio et al. conducted

4416-617: The Kuskokwim. In 1881, after the Alaska Purchase by the United States, the United States Signal Corps built a weather station at Nushagak. The Arctic Packing Company built the first cannery in Bristol Bay in 1883 at Kanulik, across the river from the site of modern-day Dillingham. Operations began the following year with a pack of 400 cases of salmon, or 19,200 1-pound cans. By 1903 a total of ten canneries had been built along

4508-603: The Nushagak River, including four within the current city's limits, and produced as much as one million cases of canned salmon annually. Most of these canneries were closed for a variety of reasons, including coastal erosion , siltation, consolidation, and as production shifted to frozen salmon. In 1901, the Alaska-Portland Packers Association built a cannery near Snag Point, what is now the city's central business district. The cannery burned down in 1910 but

4600-461: The Southwest Region district. Marie Paul, a member of the Southwest Region board originating from Togiak , stated that the quality of administrative services remained the same. In 1999 the school district had 775 students living in nine areas. Former schools: Dillingham, Alaska Dillingham / ˈ d ɪ l ɪ ŋ h æ m / ( Central Yupik : Curyung ), also known as Curyung ,

4692-427: The age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.37. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 34.6% under

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4784-461: The age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 51,458, and the median income for a family was $ 57,417. Males had a median income of $ 47,266 versus $ 34,934 for females. The per capita income for

4876-1018: The antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling , which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae , tube worms , barnacles , mollusks , and other organisms. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its antifouling benefits, copper netting has strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments. Copper-zinc brass alloys are deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South America, and USA (Hawaii). Extensive research, including demonstrations and trials, are being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an inherent ability to reduce biofouling, cage waste, disease, and

4968-567: The call letters KDLG and operating at 670 kHz, the station continues to provide education, entertainment, and important safety information to the fishing fleet and the surrounding communities. It is part of the National Public Radio (NPR) and Alaska Public Radio (APRN) networks. Present-day industries around Dillingham are commercial salmon and herring fishing, seafood processing, sport fishing, government-related jobs and tourism. Dillingham attracted national attention in 2006 when

5060-403: The census reported three separate villages: Dillingham, Kanakanak & Wood River. This Dillingham reported just 85 residents, and apparently was the renamed Chogiung/3rd Kanakanak village (however, it's possible that it may have been the same 1920 Dillingham owing to the number of residents, and that it was erroneously reported). The second village was Kanakanak, which reported 177 residents. This

5152-449: The census, and would formally incorporate as a city in 1963. As for attempts to locate where the other census-reported villages (or remains of) are located at present, Anagnak (or Anugnak) (1880)/Wood Point (1930), is now within the present Dillingham city boundaries. Bradford (1890)/"New" Kanakanak (1900)/"1st" Dillingham (1920) (at Bradford Point) has since been annexed into the present Dillingham. The (3rd) Kanakanak (1910)/Chogiung (1920)

5244-536: The city was $ 21,537. About 10.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.4% of those under age 18. Per-capita crime rates in Dillingham are persistently higher than state and national averages. In 2007, the city experienced the nation's highest rate of forcible rape per person, with 1 incident for every 103.9 residents. The city ranked 22nd (out of 8,659 cities with available data) for overall violent crime, with 1 incident for every 32.8 residents. The 2013 figures again demonstrate

5336-500: The city. The population density was 73.4 inhabitants per square mile (28.3/km ). There were 1,000 housing units at an average density of 29.7 units per square mile (11.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 52.6% Native American , 35.6% White , 1.2% Asian , 0.7% Black or African American , 0.6% from other races , and 9.4% from two or more races. 3.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 884 households, out of which 41.3% had children under

5428-527: The community held a referendum vote on the system on October 12, 2006, resulting in a rejection of the anti-camera initiative by a vote of 370 to 235. On August 9, 2010, a DHC-3T Texas Turbine Otter crashed near Dillingham due to fog and reduced visibility. Former President Pro Tempore and Senator Ted Stevens was among the five killed aboard the plane. There were four survivors, including former NASA Administrator and EADS executive Sean O'Keefe . On September 2, 2015, President Obama visited Dillingham as

5520-812: The competition between organisms for limited resources. Also, when foreign fish interbreed with wild species, they upset the genetic variability of the species, making them more prone to disease and infection. The high density of fish in these mesh tanks is very tempting for predators of the sea and air (19). To protect the harvest from predators protective netting is set up at a high cost. Often times predatorial fish and mammals like seals, sharks, and tuna get caught in these barrier nets and die. Some farmers protect their stocks from predatorial birds such as pelicans and albatross by shooting these sometimes endangered creatures. In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient oxygen , fresh water and food are provided. Because of

5612-501: The diets of carnivores. Research is underway to try to change this, such that even salmon and other carnivores could be successfully fed with vegetable products. The F3 Challenge (Fish-Free Feed Challenge), as explained by a report from Wired in February 2017, "is a race to sell 100,000 metric tons of fish food, without the fish. Earlier this month, start-ups from places like Pakistan, China, and Belgium joined their American competition at

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5704-437: The elements, site placement is essential to ensure the rapid growth of the targeted species. The drawback of these facilities is that they depend on the surrounding area for good water quality in order to reduce mortality and increase the survivorship and growth rate of the fish (19). Fish chosen for extensive aquaculture are very hardy and often do well in high densities. Seaweed, prawns, mussels, carp, tilapia, tuna and salmon are

5796-505: The environment. The flow allows chemicals, parasites, waste and diseases to spread in the enclosed environment, and this is not beneficial for the natural environment. Another negative consequence is the high escape rate of the cultured fish from these open net pens. These escaped fish also pose a high risk to the surrounding ecosystems. The amount of organic waste produced by fish farms is also alarming. A salmon farm in Scotland , for instance,

5888-614: The epidemic, 6 miles (10 km) south of downtown Dillingham. An Indian Health Service hospital operated by the Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation remains at Kanakanak. The Dillingham News , the first local newspaper, was published in 1947 by the Dillingham Volunteer Fire Department as a way to attract new members. It was soon succeeded by the Beacon of Dillingham , a newspaper closely aligned by

5980-458: The first appearance of the village of Dillingham. But this was apparently not the village with the post office, but the location of the former cannery of Bradford from the 1890 census and the 1900 "New" Kanakanak, and featured just 36 residents. Because of the influenza pandemic preceding the 1920 census, it caused much upheaval and movement of native persons all over Alaska, with the survivors of decimated villages relocating to new locales. In 1930,

6072-434: The fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish. Control of water quality is crucial. Fertilizing, clarifying, and pH control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as eutrophication

6164-441: The fish in large cages floating in the water. The fish are living in natural water but are isolated with a net. Because the only barrier separating the fish from the surrounding environment is a net, this allows the water to flow from the ‘natural’ surrounding through the fish farms. The site of the fish farm is crucial for the farm to be a success or not. Before any fish farm is settled, it is highly recommended to be selective with

6256-534: The fry are raised in long, shallow, concrete tanks, fed with fresh stream water. The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler and has been used for many years to stock streams with sport fish. European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) aquaculturalists procure a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which swim north from

6348-462: The high amount of organic waste produced by the fish which settles below their pens(4). Phytoplankton and algae break down fecal matter and residual fish meal reducing the amount of available oxygen in the water column, which chokes and kills the Benthic organisms. Another serious problem acquainted with extensive aquaculture is the introduction of invasive species into ecosystems (10). Escaped fish increase

6440-475: The largest problems with freshwater pisciculture is that it can use a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m of water per m ) each year. Extended water purification systems allow for the reuse ( recycling ) of local water. The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the New Alchemy Institute in the 1970s. Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in

6532-417: The largest wild herring fisheries in the world. Togiak National Wildlife Refuge was established to conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity, including salmon, to fulfill international treaty obligations, to provide for continued subsistence use, and to ensure necessary water quality and quantity. In 2010, the City of Dillingham voted to re-authorize its position opposing

6624-440: The last great wild salmon fishery on the planet. Dillingham first appeared on the 1910 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of Kanakanak. In 1920, it returned as Chogiung and in 1930 and every successive census as Dillingham. It formally incorporated in 1963. See: Historic Locales & Confusion Over Place Names Around Dillingham As of the census of 2000, there were 2,466 people, 884 households, and 599 families residing in

6716-466: The locales and boundaries on a map, it contributed to the confusion, which would persist for at least 4 more censuses. In 1920, the census reported two villages: Chogiung and Dillingham. Chogiung, with 182 residents, was apparently the renamed 1910 Kanakanak (3rd village), but also was known as the Dillingham Post Office as this was the village at Snag Point. Again, compounding the confusion was

6808-527: The most prominent forms of extensive aqua cultured seafood. Extensive aquaculture facilities have negative impacts on the environment as well. Natural habitats are destroyed in the development of man made ponds used for extensive aquaculture. In the Philippines, shrimp aquaculture is responsible for the destruction of thousands of acres of mangrove fields which serve as nurseries and living habitats for many marine organisms. Benthic habitats are being depleted due to

6900-439: The need for antibiotics, while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements. Other types of copper alloys are also being considered for research and development in aquaculture operations. In Southeast Asia , the traditional cage farming platform is called kelong . The open net pens system is a method that takes place in natural waters, such as rivers, lakes, near the coast or offshore. The breeders rear

6992-481: The pathogen problem more difficult. Intensive aquaculture requires tight monitoring and a high level of expertise of the fish farmer. Very-high-intensity recycle aquaculture systems (RAS, also Recirculating Aquaculture Systems), where all the production parameters are controlled, are being used for high-value species. By recycling water, little is used per unit of production. However, the process has high capital and operating costs. The higher cost structures mean that RAS

7084-508: The plants are fertilized by the nitrates and phosphates .Other wastes are strained out by the hydroponic media, which double as an aerated pebble-bed filter. This system, properly tuned, produces more edible protein per unit area than any other. A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on herbs (e.g. parsley and basil ), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long. The most common customers are restaurant wholesalers. Since

7176-567: The proposed Pebble Mine , a large gold-copper- molybdenum prospect located at the headwaters of Bristol Bay. The resolution explains that the value of the fishery totals about $ 100 million a year; that the commercial wild salmon fishery has been the backbone of livelihoods for more than 100 years; that the future of the renewable resource industry depends on its freshwater stream reputation; that local residents depend on subsistence activities which in turn depend on Bristol Bay's pristine freshwater streams and habitat; and that Pebble threatens to destroy

7268-406: The question as to whether the 1930 population figures were accidentally attributed to the wrong community. 1950 would be the last time both villages, Dillingham & Kanakanak, would report. Dillingham would report 577 residents, while Kanakanak had declined to just 54 residents. In 1960 and in every successive census, Dillingham would be the sole community on the northwest Nushagak Bay to report on

7360-451: The requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive water purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine hydroponic horticulture and water treatment , see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this practice. The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight

7452-440: The risk of damage and escape due to storms is always a concern. Semi-submersible marine technology is beginning to impact fish farming. In 2018, 1.5 million salmon are in the middle of a year-long trial at Ocean Farm 1 off the coast of Norway . The semi-submersible US$ 300 million project is the world's first deep-sea aquaculture project, and includes 61-meter (200 ft)-high by 91-meter (300 ft)-diameter pen made from

7544-415: The site location of the farm. The site must be examined on some essential elements. Important conditions on the location are: Despite these important site conditions, the open net pen method was very popular in Norway and China. This is because of the cost friendliness and efficiency of this method. Because of the ocean's water flow and other reasons, open net pen culture is seen as a high-risk method for

7636-547: The skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On

7728-507: The system lives in a greenhouse , it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to tropical climates . The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' electrolyte balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play

7820-517: The unions of resident fishermen and cannery workers. Both were simple mimeograph editions. In 1951, powerboats were first allowed to replace sailboats used by fishermen in the Bristol Bay salmon fishery. The City of Dillingham incorporated as a first class municipality in 1963. In 1974, the first regional AM radio station for the Bristol Bay region was built by the Dillingham City School District under an educational grant. With

7912-711: The vast number of fish consumed, fish welfare has historically received little attention. Farmed fish are usually raised in overcrowded environments, making them susceptible to stress, injuries, aggression and diseases. These conditions prevent them from engaging in natural behaviors such as nesting or migration. Overcrowding often leads to poor water quality due to fish waste and antibiotics use. Sea lice infestations are common and can cause painful lesion, but are typically treated with harsh chemicals. Additionally, fish are genetically engineered to grow larger and faster, leading to health problems such as cataracts and abnormal heart shapes. The issue of feeds in fish farming has been

8004-489: Was Kanakanak (this time correctly spelled), with 165 residents. However, again, this was apparently not the same locale in either the 1890 or 1900 censuses, but was located at Snag Point, about 3 miles north of the 1900 Kanakanak village. The alternative name reported was "Chogiung." It was here in 1904 that the Dillingham Post Office first opened. At this time, it featured three different names (Chogiung, Kanakanak and Dillingham). Because census enumerators did not attempt to place

8096-450: Was a cannery which reported 166 residents: 83 Asians, 82 Whites and 1 Native. Approximately "1 kilometer south" was the other village of Kanakanak, which reported 53 residents, all native. The earlier village of Anagnak (also called Anugnak) did not report at all. In 1900, only one community was reported: Kanakanak (erroneously spelled on the census as "Knankanak"). However, this village, which reported 145 residents (but no racial breakdown),

8188-401: Was apparently the former 1920 Dillingham and "New" Kanakanak (the 2nd village from 1900). As cited, it is entirely possible that Dillingham & Kanakanak were incorrectly reported under the others' names, and further research on individuals reported living in each would be required to solve this possible mystery. The third village cited on the 1930 census was Wood River (with 55 residents). This

8280-426: Was apparently the locale of the 1880 Inuit village of Anagnak (Anugnak), which had not reported in 50 years. In 1940, the census reported just two villages: Dillingham & Kanakanak. Dillingham now reported 278 residents, and the presumption was that it was the present village at Snag Point. Kanakanak (the "New" or 2nd village and former Dillingham) reported 113 residents. Neither figure was able to adequately resolve

8372-409: Was not the same Kanakanak reported on the 1890 census. This was apparently a "new" village that had taken over the site of the former Bradford (and the cannery itself was demolished shortly after 1900). The previous Kanakanak was called "Old Kanakanak." It was unknown if the "New" Kanakanak also included any residents from the old village. In 1910, as with 1900, only one community was reported, and that

8464-565: Was rebuilt the following year. It was acquired by Pacific American Fisheries in 1929. Now known as Peter Pan Seafoods, the cannery in downtown Dillingham remains operational, and other seafood companies maintain offices and support facilities within the city's limits. A courthouse was built in Kanakanak in 1903 and named after United States Senator William Paul Dillingham of Vermont , whose Senate subcommittee investigated conditions in Alaska following

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