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37-658: In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right. It is possible to study Southern Sámi at Nord University in Levanger Municipality , Umeå University in Umeå Municipality , and Uppsala University in Uppsala Municipality. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in

74-571: A "to"): Inanimate direct objects do not usually allow this marker, even if they are specific: Yet, some animate objects that are specific can optionally bear the marker: Some dialectal variation has been attested regarding the use of DOM in different varieties of Spanish. Balasch finds that, while the linguistic factors conditioning the use of DOM remain the same in both Mérida (Venezuela) Spanish and Madrid Spanish, DOM appears much more often in Madrid data. Furthermore, Tippets and Schwenter find that

111-756: A member of the University of the Arctic Nord University serves as a hub in the international network of universities offering circumpolar studies . Established in its current form on 1 January 2016 following a resolution of 9 October 2015 by the King-in-Council , Nord University is the successor of the University of Nordland (est. 2011), Nesna University College (est. 1994), and Nord-Trøndelag University College (est. 1994). The latter colleges originated as Nesna Teachers' College (test. 1918), and Levanger Teachers' College (est. 1892). The latter institution

148-698: A state university in Nordland and Trøndelag counties of Norway . The university has 11,000 students at study locations in Northern and Central Norway, with main campuses in Bodø , the capital of the county of Nordland, and Levanger , a university town on the south shore of the Trondheim Fjord . Other campuses are located in Mo i Rana , Namsos , Nesna , Sandnessjøen , Steinkjer , Stjørdalshalsen , and Vesterålen . The university

185-406: A doctoral programme (PhD) within sociology . The Faculty of Social Science has 1800 students and 100 staff members. The teaching and research community comprises four academic divisions: Nord Business School (HHN) prioritizes cooperation with business and industry, the public sector, and the community, to provide relevant education at the bachelor, master, and doctorate levels. The faculty offers

222-399: A doctoral programme (PhD) within aquatic biosciences. The Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture has 800 students and 130 staff members in Bodø and Steinkjer . The teaching and research community comprises three academic divisions: The Faculty of Education and Arts (FLU) educates teachers from preschool to upper secondary school, and within sports, culture, and the fine arts. Research in

259-627: A doctoral programme (PhD) within business management. Nord Business School has 2800 students and 230 staff members. The teaching and research community comprises four academic divisions: HHN also includes the Center for High North Logistics . The High North Center , which runs in the HNN, is a national center for research, education and policy development in the High North of Norway . The center recognizes and develops innovation, business creation and politics. It

296-432: A factor known as relative animacy (the animacy of the direct object relative to that of the subject) is quite important in the implementation of DOM in varieties of Spanish such as Buenos Aires and Madrid Spanish. In languages like Turkish , Kazakh and Sakha , more "prominent" objects take an overt accusative marker while nonspecific ones do not. Lack of an overt case marker can restrict an object's distribution in

333-475: A full overview of the alternations: On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation . Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi nomme 'name' : nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sámi namma  : namas , with

370-400: A plural object in the nominative: dellie then manne 1 . SG . NOM naarra-h snare- NOM . PL tjeegk-i-m set.up- PST - 1SG dellie manne naarra-h tjeegk-i-m then 1.SG.NOM snare-NOM.PL set.up-PST-1SG "Then I set up snares." Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness. The verb agrees with

407-496: A selection of courses taught in English, which include (among others): Differential object marking In linguistics , differential object marking ( DOM ) is the phenomenon in which certain objects of verbs are marked to reflect various syntactic and semantic factors. One form of the more general phenomenon of differential argument marking , DOM is present in more than 300 languages. The term "differential object marking"

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444-403: A singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker. Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are

481-415: Is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers. The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called differential object marking , and here

518-521: Is also host to several centres: The Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences (FSH) educates nurses and specialists within healthcare and practice-based research. The faculty offers an interfaculty doctoral programme (PhD) within professional praxis. The Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences has 2400 students and 200 staff members. The teaching and research community comprises three academic divisions: The Faculty of Social Science (FSV) focuses on welfare, development and communication. The Faculty offers

555-696: Is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet : In 1976, the Sámi Language Council recommended the use of ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden. This is in accordance with the usage in Norwegian and Swedish , based on computer or typewriter availability. The ⟨Ï ï⟩ represents a back version of ⟨I i⟩ ; however, many texts fail to distinguish between

592-533: Is committed to educational and research programmes, with a focus on blue and green growth , innovation and entrepreneurship, as well as welfare, health and education. Nord University offers 180 programmes within both academic and professional studies , including aquaculture , sociology , business education , nurse education , and teacher education . The university is named after the Norwegian word for North , Nord , to emphasise its devotion to northern regions. As

629-421: Is the way the action of a verb affects the direct object. Some languages mark for only one of these properties (e.g., animacy), while others' markings reflect combinations of them. Typically, direct objects that are more prominent are more likely to be overtly case-marked. A well-known DOM language is Spanish . In Spanish, direct objects that are both human and specific require a special marker (the preposition

666-670: The English first person subject I has the form me when a direct object). In non-DOM languages, by contrast, direct objects are uniformly marked in a single way. For instance, Quechua marks all direct objects with the direct-object ending -ta. A common basis for differentially marking direct objects is the notion of "prominence," which reflects two properties that can be understood along decreasing scales: These same scales are also reflected in Silverstein ’s person/animacy hierarchy. Besides animacy and definiteness, another property that triggers differential object marking in some languages

703-453: The above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to

740-403: The basic structure SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of

777-582: The conditional. In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes. An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come': The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable. Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Southern Sámi, like Finnish,

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814-430: The consonant gradation mm  : m . Southern Sámi has eight cases : Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker

851-428: The essive marks a state or a function. Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems. An overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish': Earlier, in the comitative singular and in the plural, besides the nominative i, umlaut of the root vowel to öö took place: Gen. Pl. göölij etc. Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of

888-657: The faculty emphasizes the teaching profession and professional teaching practices. FLU offers a doctoral program (PhD) in the study of professional praxis. Beyond its teacher training programs, the faculty also provides full bachelor degrees in disciplines such as Sports Science and English Literature . It also offers a range of Master degrees, including Speech Therapy and Music. The Faculty of Education and Arts has 3500 students, and 350 academic faculty and administrative staff members in Bodø , Levanger , Vesterålen , and Nesna . The teaching and research community comprises eight academic divisions: The Faculty of Education and Arts

925-430: The language at Umeå University. Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area. Southern Sámi is one of the eight Sámi languages that have an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling

962-400: The language from its closest relatives, like SOV instead of SVO as basic constituent order, no stem gradation, and a genitive possessive. Nevertheless, most features of Southern Sámi are commonly found in other Uralic languages. Nord University Nord University ( Norwegian : Nord universitet ; Southern Sami : Noerhte universitete ; Lule Sami : Nuortta universitiehtta ) is

999-405: The northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics: The non-high vowels /e/ , /æ/ , /o/ , and /ɑ/ contrast in length : they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short. The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs : In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position. In Southern Sámi, the vowel in

1036-458: The noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and

1073-448: The other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb . In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (first, second, and third), and number (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. Northern Sámi , which do not conjugate according to tense. Like Skolt Sámi and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has

1110-606: The phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below. The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable. The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, æ, o). The vowel phonemes of

1147-489: The same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for

Southern Sámi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-430: The second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut . The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows: The following table gives

1221-452: The subject in person and number. The TAM categories mentioned above are based on non-finite verb forms and are expressed in periphrastic constructions with an auxiliary. The subject agrees with the auxiliary, but it is not obligatory. It is either marked on the pronoun or inferred from context. The imperative second singular uses the same non-finite irrealis form also used in negation constructions. Southern Sámi has some features that separate

1258-507: The two. ⟨C c⟩ , ⟨Q q⟩ , ⟨W w⟩ , ⟨X x⟩ , and ⟨Z z⟩ are only used in words of foreign origin. Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants. Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation. There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small;

1295-484: Was a direct successor of the Klæbu Teacher's College (est. 1839). The Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture (FBA) promotes sustainable and innovative development in order to meet global challenges related to food production, climate and the environment. The Faculty is an international arena for education, research and knowledge dissemination, with staff members and students from over 25 countries. The Faculty offers

1332-488: Was coined by Georg Bossong. In languages where DOM is active, direct objects are partitioned into two classes; in most such DOM languages, only the members of one of the classes receive a marker (the others being unmarked), but in some languages, like Finnish , objects of both classes are marked (with different endings). In some DOM languages where only pronominal direct objects are marked, such as English, direct objects have distinct allomorphs rather than an affix (e.g.,

1369-497: Was established in 2007 to focus on assisting companies, organizations and public institutions to increase both awareness and commitment in the High North. The center's leader is Frode Mellemvik. Most of the programmes at Nord University are taught in Norwegian, but the institution does offer a growing range of options both taught and administered in English: In addition to the established programme packages, students may choose from

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