The Southern Publicity Association was a fund-raising agency whose clients included the Anti-Saloon League , the Ku Klux Klan , the Red Cross . The firm was owned and operated by Edward Young Clarke and Mary Elizabeth Tyler . While working with the Klan during its resurgence in the 1920s, the agency was paid for signing up members. They organized recruiters on the national level who were also paid a commission. Their Klan recruitment operation was largely successful in the Southern United States.
26-653: Founding member Elizabeth Tyler was the first major female Klan leader of the 1920s and Edward Clarke had previous experience with fraternal organizations, having previously worked with the Woodmen of the World. Tyler herself was a member of the Daughters of America , which was a female organization associated with the Junior Order of United American Mechanics (an anti-Catholic fraternal organization). When Tyler and Clarke first met, Clarke
52-416: Is an American secret society , Nativist organization dating from the late-19th century. It was founded in 1891 as an auxiliary of the Junior Order of United American Mechanics . Since its heyday in the 1930s, the organization is believed to have shrunk significantly, to the point that it is no longer known whether or not it still exists. As of July 2022, the organization is still active, though membership
78-660: Is dwindling and new membership almost nonexistent. Both the JOUAM and the Daughters of America are descended from the Order of United American Mechanics , founded in 1845. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics, as its name suggests, was meant to be the youth affiliate of the Order. The OUAM founded a ladies auxiliary, the Daughters of Liberty in the 1870s. The JOUAM split from the OUAM in 1885. When
104-513: The Daughters of America professed the following principles for its members: 1. Promoting and maintaining American interests by shielding the country from unrestricted immigration 2. Helping Americans find employment 3. Encouraging American businesses 4. Providing support for the American public school system in upholding Bible reading in the public schools 5. Opposing sectarian influences in state and national affairs 6. Promoting and advancing
130-559: The JOUAM decided to form a Daughters of Liberty group in 1891, the older Order objected. The Daughters of America were formed instead. The "National Council, Daughters of American" was chartered in Allegheny County , Pennsylvania . Though it was always considered the auxiliary of JOUAM, it was only officially recognized in 1926. (Another source gives its date of founding as 1888.) According to The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, The Daughters of America
156-585: The Jr. Order of United American Mechanics 7. Establishing the funds to support orphans of deceased members of the organization 8. Establishing funds to provide for the aged and infirm members of the order. Harrisburg, Ohio Harrisburg is a village in Franklin and Pickaway counties in the U.S. state of Ohio . The population was 315 at the 2020 census . Harrisburg was founded in 1836 by Joseph Chenowith, and surveyed and platted by Frederick Cole. Prior to
182-650: The Klan in exchange for a percentage of the $ 10 initiation fee. Within six months they had recruited 85,000 new members for the Klan. They accomplished this by expanding the Klan's traditional Reconstruction era hatred of blacks. During this period of the Klan's second resurgence, under the guidance of the Southern Publicity Association, the Klan targeted Catholics , Jews , nonwhites, Bolsheviks and immigrants. Paid organizers, called Kleagles would identify sources of conflict for native-born White Protestants on
208-634: The Universe and who favor the upholding the American Public School System and the reading of the Holy Bible in the schools thereof, must be opposed to the union of Church and State; must be literate and capable of giving all the secret signs and words of the Order, or of explaining them if unable to give them by reason of some physical misfortune or defect." The Daughters had as part of their association various ritual activities, about which there
234-409: The average family size was 2.84. In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the village
260-480: The community level, and target those groups in their recruitment campaigns. Tyler has said that the Association was first put in touch with Simmons after her son-in-law joined the Klan. She has said: We found Colonel Simmons was having a hard time [getting] along. He couldn't pay his rent. The receipts were not sufficient to take care of his personal needs. He was a minister and a clean living and thinking man, and he
286-407: The home or join a "contributing plan" which required a monthly fee of $ 275. Any member 62 or older who had been a member of the order for at least fifteen years was eligible to stay at the home. Instead of an orphanage, the Daughters of America created an early form of foster care called the "Helping Hands System". A manager would find suitable homes for the children and a stipend for their support
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#1732849078780312-489: The laying out of the village, the area was known as Darby Cross Roads. The present name is after Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . Prior to the establishment of the village of Harrisburg, the Big Darby Post Office had been established on March 13, 1834, and the name was changed to Harrisburgh Post Office on February 18, 1835. The post office was, for an unknown reason, discontinued or decommissioned on August 26, 1836, but
338-461: The organization reported having over 160,000 members in 33 states. Its membership numbers were reduced to about 19,000 in 26 states by 1978. Originally, the order was open to white American women over 16, as well as members of the JOUAM. Later, in a pamphlet described as "recent" in 1979, the order was described as open to "PATRIOTIC, WHITE MALE AND FEMALE CITIZENS OF GOOD MORAL CHARACTER, WHO BELIEVE IN A SUPREME BEING AS THE CREATOR AND PRESERVER of
364-405: The population. There were 134 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and
390-439: The population. There were 138 households, of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.7% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
416-594: The reading of the Holy Bible therein; and to protest against the immigration of paupers, criminals, and the enemies of our social order. If you endorse the objects of this Order, raise your right hand and repeat after me the following: CALLING UPON ALMIGHTY GOD TO WITNESS,--I DO SOLEMNLY VOW,--THAT I SEEK MEMBERSHIP--IN THIS ORDER WITH HONEST PURPOSE,--TO ASSIST TO THE EXTENT OF MY ABILITY--IN CARRYING OUT THE OBJECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF THIS ORDER. I SOLEMNLY PROMISE TO KEEP SECRET--ALL I HAVE SEEN OR HEARD,--OR MAY SEE OR HEAR,--DURING MY INITIATION. According to its 1978 regulations,
442-556: The village has a total area of 0.15 square miles (0.39 km ), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 320 people, 138 households, and 86 families living in the village. The population density was 2,133.3 inhabitants per square mile (823.7/km ). There were 147 housing units at an average density of 980.0 per square mile (378.4/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 96.9% White , 0.6% African American , 0.9% Native American , 0.6% Asian , and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.3% of
468-416: The village. The population density was 3,330.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,285.8/km ). There were 142 housing units at an average density of 1,424.4 per square mile (550.0/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 96.69% White , 0.30% African American , 0.90% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.30% from other races , and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.60% of
494-432: Was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the village was 44.7 years. 19.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 35% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.9% male and 49.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 332 people, 134 households, and 103 families living in
520-701: Was a festival organizer in the American South. They met when they were both involved in the "great Harvest Festival" in Atlanta , Georgia. Together they created the Southern Publicity Association. During the early years of the Association, they worked with low-revenue generating clients like the Red Cross , the Salvation Army and the YMCA . They entered into a contract with William Joseph Simmons , agreeing to recruit members for
546-461: Was headquartered at 708 State Avenue, Cincinnati , Ohio as of 1923. Members were required to endorse the Daughters of America mission statement: Council of the Daughters of America, a patriotic fraternity, which seeks to aid in preserving and perpetuating the Public School system; to instill a spirit of patriotism into the youth of our land; to place our flag over every schoolhouse; to promote
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#1732849078780572-708: Was heart and soul for the success of the Ku Klux Klan. After we had investigated it from every angle, we decided to go into it with Colonel Simmons and give it the impetus that it could best get from publicity. Their campaign to promote the Klan emphasized anti-Catholiscm and "one hundred percent Americanism". They promoted the Klan's image of guarding socially conservative values by advertising Klan opposition to bootlegging, gambling, drugs, sexual liberty, Sabbath violation, non-traditional gender roles and "virtually anything and everything that might be deemed morally scandalous." Daughters of America The Daughters of America
598-499: Was maintained a strict code of secrecy as late as 1970. The association were also strict about not discussing its business outside of the Council rooms. In 1907 the Daughters of America created a Funeral Benefit Department. The organization also operated a home for the elderly in Tiffin , Ohio. Those members wishing to reside there had two options: turn over all their income and properties to
624-404: Was paid out of the funds of the department, raised by voluntary contributions from the local branches. By the 1970s this had evolved into a financial aid toward the education of children under 18 in the event of the members death. An insurance concern, the Daughters of America, National Council, was established in 1907 and admitted men and women. There were 97,340 member in 973 lodges in 1923. It
650-480: Was quickly re-established on October 21, 1836. The spelling was officially changed to "Harrisburg" on March 30, 1893. From the outset in 1836 Harrisburg was known as a lively village, and then held about thirty families. By 1858 the population had grown to one hundred and fifteen, by 1900 to around two hundred, and in 1908 was estimated at three hundred. According to the United States Census Bureau ,
676-602: Was still operational in 1997 and tax returns for the Daughters of America National Council have been filed as recently as 2019. The Daughters of America was organized on three levels. Local groups were called Councils, state groups were called State Councils, and the overall structure was called the National Council. Its headquarters was located in Harrisburg , Ohio in 1979. In 1923 there were 1,000 local Councils with slightly more than 115,000 members in 32 states. By 1930
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