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45-466: South Atlanta was originally known as Brownsville. Author Ray Stannard Baker in The Atlanta Riot described it in 1907, in the tone illustrating the presuppositions with which white Americans wrote about African Americans at that time; but nonetheless illustrating the industriousness of Brownsville at the time: When I went out to Brownsville, knowing of its bloody part in the riot, I expected to find

90-471: A town manager for its executive branch. The town manager is appointed by the town council. Amherst's town council consists of ten district councilors and three councilors-at-large. Two district councilors are elected from each of five districts in Amherst. The three councilors-at-large are elected by the whole town. Each councilor serves a two-year term, except for the first council, where each member will serve

135-440: A graduate or professional degree, and only 4.9% did not graduate from high school. The largest industry is education, health, and social services, in which 51.9% of employed persons work. These statistics given above include some but not all of the large student population, roughly 30,000 in 2010, many of whom only reside in the town part of the year. Amherst is home to thousands of part-time and full-time residents associated with

180-420: A household in the town was $ 48,059, and the median income for a family was $ 96,005. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 64,750 versus $ 39,278 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 18,905. About 8.7% of families and 34.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. Of residents 25 years old or older, 41.7% have

225-473: A part of Hadley, even when it gained precinct status in 1734, before becoming a township in 1759. When it incorporated, the colonial governor assigned the town the name "Amherst" after Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst . Many a colonial governor at the time scattered his name during the influx of new town applications, which is why several towns in the Northeast bear the name. Amherst was Commander-in-Chief of

270-574: A three-year term. Amherst also has the following elected bodies: Amherst also has a five-member housing authority in which three of the five members are elected by voters. Each member serves a two-year term. In the Massachusetts Senate Amherst is in the "Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester" district, represented by Democratic State Senator Jo Comerford since January 2019. In the Massachusetts House of Representatives Amherst

315-434: A typical negro slum. I looked for squalor, ignorance, vice. And I was surprised to find a large settlement of negroes practically every one of whom owned his own home, some of the houses being as attractive without and as well furnished within as the ordinary homes of middleclass white people. Near at hand, surrounded by beautiful grounds, were two negro colleges — Clark University and Gammon Theological Seminary. The post office

360-523: Is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts , United States, in the Connecticut River valley. Amherst has a council–manager form of government, and is considered a city under Massachusetts state law. Amherst is one of several Massachusetts municipalities that have city forms of government but retain "The Town of" in their official names. At the 2020 census , the population was 39,263, making it

405-570: Is at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The David Grayson Elementary School is in Waterford, Michigan . An academic building, Baker Hall, is at Michigan State University . A trail in Amherst has also been named for Baker. Baker's brother Hugh Potter Baker was the president of Massachusetts State College, which later became the University of Massachusetts . Amherst, Massachusetts Amherst ( / ˈ æ m ər s t / )

450-567: Is available in nearby Northampton on the Vermonter service between Washington, D.C. , and St. Albans, Vermont . More frequent Amtrak service to New York City and Washington, D.C., is available from Union Station in Springfield . The closest major domestic and limited international air service is available through Bradley International Airport (BDL) in Windsor Locks, Connecticut . Bradley

495-499: Is in the 3rd Hampshire district, represented by Democratic State Representative Mindy Domb since January 2019. Amherst is part of the Eighth Massachusetts Governor's Council district and has been represented by Tara Jacobs since January 2023. Amherst is represented at the federal level by an all-Democratic delegation, including Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey , and by Representative Jim McGovern of

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540-521: Is located approximately one hour's driving time from Amherst. Major international service is available through Logan International Airport (BOS) in Boston, 90 miles away. General aviation service is close by, at Northampton Airport , Westover Metropolitan Airport , and Turners Falls Airport . Since 1997, the local newspaper, the Amherst Bulletin , has published a weekly log of phone calls received by

585-514: Is part of the Amherst Regional School District along with Leverett , Pelham , and Shutesbury . Amherst has three elementary schools: Crocker Farm Elementary School, Fort River Elementary School, and Wildwood Elementary School serving K–6. Students in Amherst then attend Amherst Regional Middle School for grades 7–8. High school students then attend Amherst Regional High School . There are three tertiary institutions located in

630-440: Is silent", in reference both to the pronunciation and to the town's politically active populace. The earliest known document of the lands now comprising Amherst is the deed of purchase dated December 1658 between John Pynchon of Springfield and three native inhabitants, referred to as Umpanchla, Quonquont, and Chickwalopp. According to the deed, "ye Indians of Nolwotogg (Norwottuck) upon ye River of Quinecticott (Connecticut)" sold

675-424: The 2020 United States Presidential Election , Democrat Joe Biden received 90.3 percent of the vote to incumbent Republican Donald Trump 's 7.4 percent. In the 2000 United States Presidential Election , Amherst was one of a small number of places that delivered more votes for Green Party candidate Ralph Nader (who took 24% of the vote) than Republican candidate George W. Bush , who received just 13%. The town

720-496: The Köppen system marginally falls into the warm-summer category ( Dfb ). It is interchangeable with the hot-summer subtype Dfa with July means hovering around 71.7 °F (22.1 °C). Winters are cold and snowy, albeit daytime temperatures often remain above freezing. Under the 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone system, Amherst (ZIP Code 01002) is in zone 5b; however, Amherst closely borders zone 6a, which penetrates into Massachusetts in

765-509: The Mount Holyoke Range , which forms the so-called " Tofu Curtain ". Amherst is nearly equidistant from Massachusetts' borders with Connecticut and Vermont . Amherst's ZIP Code of 01002 is the second-lowest number in the continental United States after Agawam (not counting codes used for specific government buildings such as the IRS ). Amherst has a humid continental climate that under

810-591: The Second Congressional District of Massachusetts . Voter registration data is from the state election enrollment statistics. Like many college towns, Amherst leans heavily Democratic. In each of the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020, more than 80% of Amherst's votes went to the Democratic candidate. The last Republican to win Amherst on the Presidential level was Richard Nixon in 1960 . In

855-426: The University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst College , and Hampshire College . Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Major employers in Amherst include University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst College , William D. Mullins Memorial Center , Hampshire College , and Amherst-Pelham Regional School District . Amherst has a town council for its legislative branch and

900-524: The Assembly's suggestion, the City Council approved $ 2,000,000 of initial funding for reparations. The Town converted from an open town meeting to a representative town meeting form in 1938. In 1953, Amherst voters passed the "Town Manager Act", which established the office of a town manager and reduced a number of elected positions. In 1995, a charter commission was approved to study Amherst's government;

945-507: The Connecticut River Valley, and climate change may be shifting those zones. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 37,819 people, 9,259 households, and 4,484 families residing in the town. There were 9,711 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 76.9% White , 5.4% Black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 10.9% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 2.4% some other race , and 4.1% from two or more races. 7.3% of

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990-521: The March 27, 2018 local ballot, and was passed by over 1,000 votes, a 58% majority. The new town council was sworn in on December 2, 2018. According to the United States Census Bureau , Amherst has a total area of 27.7 square miles (71.8 km ), of which 27.6 square miles (71.5 km ) are land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km ), or 0.48%, are water. The town is bordered by Hadley to

1035-485: The best account of race relations in the South during the period–one that reads like field notes for the future historian. This account was written during the zenith of Washingtonian movement and shows the optimism that it inspired among both liberals and moderates. The book is also notable for its realistic accounts of Negro town life. He followed up that work with numerous articles in the following decade. In 1910, he moved to

1080-522: The best reputation among white people who knew them. Clark University (founded in 1869), moved to a site in South Atlanta in 1883, establishing Gammon Seminary Theological Seminary the same year. In 1941 Clark departed to its present location near Downtown Atlanta when it joined the Atlanta University system. It served as a cultural, religious and community anchor in South Atlanta. Its importance

1125-464: The charter majority recommended a seven-person Council and a mayor, while also maintaining a reduced size representative Town Meeting (150). This proposal failed in two successive votes. In 2001, the League of Women Voters Amherst made a number of recommendations that were adopted in 2001 in the form of a revised "Amherst Town Government Act". An effort shortly thereafter to amend the charter to eliminate

1170-541: The city of Springfield, Amherst is considered the northernmost town in the Hartford–Springfield Metropolitan Region, "The Knowledge Corridor". Amherst is also located in the Pioneer Valley , which encompasses Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin counties. The name of the town is pronounced without the h ("AM-erst") by natives and long-time residents, giving rise to the local saying, "only the 'h'

1215-635: The defense against the proposed Franco-Spanish Armada of 1779 . Nonetheless, his previous service in the French and Indian War meant he remained popular in New England. Amherst is also infamous for recommending, in a letter to a subordinate, the use of smallpox -covered blankets in warfare against the Native Americans along with any "other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race". For this reason, there have been occasional ad hoc movements to rename

1260-789: The early morning hours on weekends when school is in session. Students attending any colleges in the Five Colleges Consortium have a fee included in their tuition bills (service fee for UMass Amherst students and student activity fees for the other colleges) for each semester that prepays their bus fares for the semester. UMass Transit buses operate via a proof-of-payment system, in which there are random inspections of student identification cards and bus passes and transfers. Peter Pan Bus Lines provides service between Amherst and Springfield , Boston , and other locations in New England. Megabus provides service between New York City , Amherst, and Burlington, Vermont . Amtrak rail service

1305-417: The entire area in exchange for "two Hundred fatham of Wampam & Twenty fatham, and one large Coate at Eight fatham wch Chickwollop set of, of trusts, besides severall small giftes" [ sic ]. Amherst was first visited by Europeans no later than 1665, when Nathaniel Dickinson surveyed the lands for its mother town Hadley . The first permanent English settlements arrived in 1727. It remained

1350-782: The forces of North America during the French and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the British and banished France from North America. Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in the Revolutionary War and resigned his commission rather than fight for the British. Baron Amherst actually remained in the service of the Crown during the war—albeit in Great Britain rather than North America—where he organized

1395-579: The highest populated municipality in Hampshire County (although the county seat is Northampton ). The town is home to Amherst College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst , three of the Five Colleges . Amherst has three census-designated places : Amherst Center , North Amherst , and South Amherst . Amherst is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area . Lying 22 miles (35 km) north of

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1440-591: The last two volumes of which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1940. He served as an adviser on Darryl F. Zanuck's 1944 film Wilson . Baker wrote two autobiographies, Native American (1941) and American Chronicle (1945). Baker died of a heart attack in Amherst, Massachusetts, and is buried in Amherst's Wildwood Cemetery . Buildings have been named in honor of both Ray Stannard Baker and David Grayson (his pen name). A dormitory, Grayson Hall,

1485-554: The muckraker label, Baker, Steffens, and Tarbell left McClure's and founded The American Magazine . In 1908, after the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot got him involved, Baker published the book Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy , becoming the first prominent journalist to examine America's racial divide; it was extremely successful. Sociologist Rupert Vance says it is: ...

1530-443: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 9,259 households in the town, 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were headed by married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. Of all households, 27.3% were made up of individuals, and 9.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

1575-578: The staff of McClure's , a pioneer muckraking magazine, and quickly rose to prominence along with Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell . He also dabbled in fiction, writing children's stories for the magazine Youth's Companion and a nine-volume series of stories about rural living in America, the first of which was titled Adventures in Contentment (1907) under his pseudonym David Grayson, which reached millions of readers worldwide. In 1907, dissatisfied with

1620-400: The town meeting, and establish an elected mayor and a nine-member Town Council, was rejected by voters twice, first in spring 2003 by fourteen votes and again on March 29, 2005 by 252 votes. In 2016, a charter commission was approved to study Amherst's government. A majority of commissioners proposed a charter that would establish a 13-member council with no mayor. This proposal was voted on

1665-476: The town of Amherst, Massachusetts . In 1912, Baker published The Friendly Road , an account of the places he visited and people he met while on a walking tour of the United States. In that year's presidential election Baker supported the presidential candidacy of Woodrow Wilson , which led to a close relationship between the two men, and in 1918 Wilson sent Baker to Europe to study the war situation . He

1710-579: The town. Amherst celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. The Amherst 250th Anniversary Celebration Committee and Amherst Historical Society organized events, including a book published by the Historical Society and written by Elizabeth M. Sharpe, Amherst A to Z . In 2021 the City Council voted to establish the Amherst African Heritage Reparation Assembly to study reparations for the town's black residents. In 2022, at

1755-528: The town: the public University of Massachusetts Amherst (the flagship of the UMass system ), and two private liberal arts colleges— Amherst College and Hampshire College . The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority , funded by local governments and the Five College Consortium , provides public transportation in the area, operated by University of Massachusetts Transportation Services . Service runs well into

1800-448: The west, Sunderland and Leverett to the north, Shutesbury , Pelham , and Belchertown to the east, and Granby and South Hadley to the south. The highest point in the town is on the northern shoulder of Mount Norwottuck at the southern border of the town; the peak is in Granby but the town's high point is a few yards away and is about 1,100 feet (340 m). This point is located in

1845-437: Was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.88. In the town, 10.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 55.7% were from 18 to 24, 13.3% were from 25 to 44, 13.6% were from 45 to 64, and 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for

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1890-852: Was an American journalist , historian , biographer , and writer. Baker was born in Lansing, Michigan . After graduating from the Michigan State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University ), he attended law school at the University of Michigan in 1891 before launching his career as a journalist in 1892 with the Chicago News-Record, where he covered the Pullman Strike and Coxey's Army in 1894. In 1896, Ray Stannard Baker married Jessie Beal. They had four children: Alice Beal (1897), James Stannard (1899), Roger Denio (1902), and Rachel Moore (1906). In 1898, Baker joined

1935-452: Was in connection with the future president of Czechoslovak Republic Thomas Garrigue Masaryk in America yet, from May 1918. During peace negotiations, Baker served as Wilson's press secretary at Versailles . He eventually published 15 volumes about Wilson and internationalism, including the six-volume The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (1925–1927) with William Edward Dodd , and the 8-volume Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters (1927–1939),

1980-409: Was kept by a negro. There were several stores owned by negroes. The schoolhouse, though supplied with teachers by the county, was built wholly with money personally contributed by the negroes of the neighborhood, in order that there might be adequate educational facilities for their children. They had three churches and not a saloon. The residents were all of the industrious, property-owning sort, bearing

2025-697: Was magnified by the fact that at the time, black artists and performers has little opportunity to perform in the South except on black college campuses, and black audiences had little access to "white" cultural activities. Brownsville became an "elite" black community during segregation. In addition, between 1894–1915, South Atlanta benefited from the development of Lakewood Park and its agricultural fairs which were held annually 1916–1975. 33°42′54″N 84°23′6″W  /  33.71500°N 84.38500°W  / 33.71500; -84.38500 Ray Stannard Baker Ray Stannard Baker (April 17, 1870 – July 12, 1946) (also known by his pen name David Grayson )

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