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53-581: The South–North Water Transfer Project , also translated as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project , is a multi-decade infrastructure mega-project in China that aims to channel 44.8 cubic kilometers (44.8 billion cubic meters) of fresh water each year from the Yangtze River in southern China to the more arid and industrialized north through three canal systems: Mao Zedong discussed

106-443: A good foundation for development. Nanyang is a great city of education. It has a fine tradition of respecting teachers and teaching and educating students. It has taken the lead in proposing a strategy of science and education in the country. In particular, in recent years, the municipal party committee and the municipal government have attached great importance to education. The education industry in our city has developed vigorously and

159-708: A long record of poor delivery". Megaprojects attract significant public attention because of substantial impacts on communities , environment , and budgets , and the high costs involved. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public". Megaprojects include special economic zones , public buildings , power plants , dams , airports , hospitals , seaports , bridges , highways , tunnels , railways , wastewater projects, oil and natural gas extraction projects, aerospace projects, weapons systems , information technology systems, large-scale sporting events and, more recently, mixed use waterfront redevelopments; however,

212-557: A number of techno-socio-economic and organizational challenges. The OFCCP Mega Construction Project (Megaproject) Program involves projects valued at over $ 35 million. Megaprojects are often affected by corruption, leading to higher cost and lower benefit. According to the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), megaprojects are characterized both by "extreme complexity (both in technical and human terms) and by

265-469: A political and cultural center of southwestern Henan province and a hub for trade. Nanyang is located in southwestern Henan, bordering Hubei ( Xiangyang , Shiyan , and Suizhou ) to the south, Shaanxi ( Shangluo ) to the west and the following prefecture-level cities in Henan: The latitude of the entire prefecture ranges from 32° 17' to 33° 48' N, while the longitude ranges from 110° 58' to 113° 49' E, and

318-491: A system of reservoirs, tunnels, and natural rivers. In 2008, construction costs for the eastern and central routes was estimated to be 254.6 billion yuan ($ 37.44 billion). The government had budgeted only 53.87 billion yuan ($ 7.9 billion), less than a quarter of the total cost, at that time. This included 26 billion from the central government and special accounts, 8 billion from local governments, and almost 20 billion in loans. As of 2008, around 30 billion yuan had been spent on

371-538: A total of 1,500 taxis were in operation in Nanyang; all of them run on natural gas. In addition, there are more than 1,790 app-taxis and 35.98% of them are powered by renewable energy. Dockless app based bikeshares such as DiDi Bike and Hellobike are also available. Nanyang has planned six light rail lines with a total track mileage of 134 km. The official language of Nanyang is Mandarin Chinese , but most locals speak

424-511: Is 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) and in July it is 27.0 °C (80.6 °F); the annual mean is 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). More than half the annual rainfall occurs from June to August.Winter lasts for 110-135 days, followed by summer for 110-120 days, and spring and autumn for 55-70 days. The whole city area has a population over 10.26 million, which is the twelfth prefecture-level city in China now. The built-up area has over 1.8 million people, which

477-482: Is collective benefits; for example electricity for everybody (who can pay), road access (for those that have cars), etc. They may also serve as a means to open frontiers. Megaprojects have been criticised for their top-down planning processes and their ill effects on certain communities. Large scale projects often advantage one group of people while disadvantaging another, for instance, the Three Gorges Dam in China,

530-441: Is expected one cubic kilometer of water will have been transferred in 2018. As of October 2017, water had reached Tianjin. Tianjin is expected to receive 1 km/year. The Eastern route is not expected to supply Beijing, which is to be supplied by the central route. The completed line will be slightly over 1,152 km (716 miles) long, equipped with 23 pumping stations with a power capacity of 454 megawatts. An important element of

583-787: Is often expressed by critics of megaprojects during the planning phase. If the megaproject is delivered in a country with relevant corruption the likelihood and magnitude of having overbudgets increases. One of the most challenging aspects of megaprojects is obtaining sufficient funding. Alan Altshuler and David Luberoff have found that creative and politically adept political leadership is required to secure resources as well as generate public support, mollify critics, and manage conflict through many years of planning, authorization and implementation. Other challenges faced by those planning megaprojects include laws and regulations that empower community groups, contested information and methodologies, high levels of uncertainty, avoiding impacts on neighborhoods and

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636-426: Is served by the following rail lines: Nanjing-Xi'an Railway , Jiaozuo-Liuzhou Railway , Haoji Railway , and Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway . Nanyang has three major railway stations: Nanyang railway station , Nanyang East railway station , and Nanyang West railway station. There are also several other small stations serving suburban areas. Direct train service is available to Beijing, Shenyang, and Harbin to

689-537: Is the fifth largest city in Henan Province. About 1 million commute from the city, mainly to Zhengzhou, Guangdong province, Beijing and Shanghai. The majority of the province is Han; among the minority nationalities are the Hui people and Man people . As of the 2020 Chinese census , Nanyang was home to 9,713,112 people, ranking nineteenth in China, and its built-up ( or metro ) area made of Wolong and Wancheng Districts

742-651: The Grand Canal and will be used to divert a fraction of the total flow of the Yangtze River to northern China. According to local hydrologists , the entire flow of the Yangtze at the point of its discharge into the East China Sea is, on average, 956 km per year; the annual flow does not fall below approximately 600 km per year, even in the driest years. As the project progresses, the amount of water to be diverted to

795-560: The Henan dialect , with its easily identifiable stereotypical features; this local dialect is known as Nanyang Hua ( 南阳话 ), and is spoken by about 15 million people in the area. There are mainly Chu culture series, Han culture series, Three Kingdoms culture series, and various ancient architectural development and utilization series. The rare treasures unearthed from the Spring and Autumn tombs in Danyang,

848-585: The Nanyang Basin . In the name "Nanyang" ( simplified Chinese : 南阳 ; traditional Chinese : 南陽 ; pinyin : Nányáng ), Nan ( 南 ) means south, and Yang ( 阳 / 陽 ) means sun—the south side of a mountain, or the north side of a river, in Chinese is called Yang . The name came from Nanyang Commandery , a commandery established in the region during the Warring States period . Before

901-822: The Ying River in Yuzhou ( 34°11′05″N 113°26′18″E  /  34.18472°N 113.43833°E  / 34.18472; 113.43833 ); and the Yellow River northeast of Zhengzhou ( 34°52′55″N 113°13′14″E  /  34.88194°N 113.22056°E  / 34.88194; 113.22056 ); as well as its entrance into the southwestern suburbs of Beijing at the Juma River in Zhuozhou , Hebei ( 39°30′26.3″N 115°47′30.2″E  /  39.507306°N 115.791722°E  / 39.507306; 115.791722 ). The whole project

954-571: The Eastern Route will be a tunnel crossing under the Yellow River, on the border of Dongping and Dong'e counties of Shandong Province. The crossing will consist of two 9.3 m diameter horizontal tunnels, positioned 70 m under the bed of the Yellow River. Due to the topography of the Yangtze Plain and the North China Plain , pumping stations will be needed to raise water from the Yangtze to

1007-512: The Eastern route officially began on 27 December 2002, and water was expected to reach Tianjin by 2013. However, in addition to construction delays, water pollution has affected the viability of the route. Initially, the route was expected to provide water for the provinces of Shandong , Jiangsu , and Hebei , with trial operations to begin in mid-2013. Water started arriving in Shandong in 2014, and it

1060-551: The Three Gorges Dam to Danjiangkou Reservoir. Construction of this project, named the Yinjiangbuhan tunnel, was announced in July 2022. It is set to take an estimated ten years to complete. Another major challenge was the resettlement of around 330,000 people who lived near Danjiangkou Reservoir at its former lower elevation and along the route of the project. On 18 October 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate residents from

1113-476: The United States and Germany prevented developments due to environmental and social concerns. More recently, new types of megaprojects have been identified that no longer follow the old models of being singular and monolithic in their purposes, but have become quite flexible and diverse, such as waterfront redevelopment schemes that seem to offer something to everybody. However, just like the old megaprojects,

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1166-577: The Yellow River crossing; farther north, the water will be flowing downhill in an aqueduct. The central route, known colloquially as the Grand Aqueduct, runs from Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River , a tributary of the Yangtze, to Beijing. This project involved raising the height of the Danjiangkou Dam by increasing the dam's crest elevation from 162 m to 176.6 m above sea level . This addition to

1219-498: The areas of Hubei and Henan provinces that would be affected by the project. The completed route of the Grand Aqueduct is about 1,264 km long and initially provided 9.5 km of water annually. By 2030, the project is slated to increase this transfer to 12–13 km per year. Although the transfer will be lower in dry years, it is projected that it will be able to provide a flow of at least 6.2 km/year at all times with 95% confidence. Industries are prohibited from locating on

1272-619: The banks of the Bai River in Nanyang. Later, with the help of the 28 generals of the Cloud Terrace and the financial support of Nanyang, Liu Xiu successfully ascended to power and established the Eastern Han dynasty. Nanyang became the southern capital, ranking as the second largest city after Luoyang, the capital. During that time, Nanyang was home to numerous influential families. Nanyang subsequently declined somewhat in importance, but remained

1325-721: The canal's intake at the Danjiangkou Reservoir ( 32°40′26″N 111°42′32″E  /  32.67389°N 111.70889°E  / 32.67389; 111.70889 ); its crossing of the Baihe River north of Nanyang , Henan ( 33°6′41″N 112°37′30″E  /  33.11139°N 112.62500°E  / 33.11139; 112.62500 ); the Shahe River in Lushan County ( 33°42′49″N 112°56′40″E  /  33.71361°N 112.94444°E  / 33.71361; 112.94444 );

1378-521: The capital of Chu, are well-known and the Chu Great Wall site, known as the "father of the Great Wall of China," has attracted attention. The Han cultural relics in Nanyang, represented by the "Three Wonders of Nanyang Han Culture" such as portrait stones, portrait bricks, and pottery dogs, rank first in the country in terms of quantity, scale, content, research, and tourism value discovered; There are also

1431-558: The city with industry and strengthening the city with industry", prioritizing the acceleration of the construction of a characteristic advanced manufacturing center city and making every effort to create a new highland for innovative development in the manufacturing industry. Nanyang has three main sports centers. Among them, the Nanyang First Sports and Fitness Center is the home of the Henan Golden Elephants . Nanyang

1484-472: The city's science and technology. Innovation, social progress and improvement of people's livelihood have also laid a good foundation for achieving a higher level of development at a new starting point. The prefecture-level city of Nanyang administers 2 districts , 1 county-level city and 10 counties . At present, the Nanyang Municipal Government has set the development goal of "building

1537-456: The construction of the eastern (5.66 billion yuan) and central routes (24.82 billion yuan). Costs of the projects have increased significantly. The project required resettling at least 330,000 people in central China. Critics have warned the water diversion will cause environmental damage, and some villagers said officials had forced them to sign agreements to relocate. In 2013, Radio Free Asia reported that fish farmers on Dongping Lake , on

1590-412: The dam's height allows the water level in the reservoir to rise from 157 m to 170 m above sea level and thus permits the flow into the water diversion canal to begin downhill, pulled by gravity into the lower elevation of the canals. The central route crosses the North China Plain . The canal was constructed to create a continuous downhill flow all the way from the Danjiangkou Reservoir to Beijing without

1643-460: The environment, and attempting to solve a wicked problem . Nanyang, Henan Nanyang is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Henan province, China. The city with the largest administrative area in Henan, Nanyang borders Xinyang to the southeast, Zhumadian to the east, Pingdingshan to the northeast, Luoyang to the north, Sanmenxia to the northwest, the province of Shaanxi to

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1696-512: The face of higher education has undergone tremendous changes. There are 6 colleges and universities in the city, with nearly 90,000 students. All colleges and universities adhere to the Party's education policy, implement the fundamental tasks of Lide Shuren, and have achieved unprecedented achievements in personnel training, scientific research, social services, cultural heritage innovation and international exchanges and cooperation, which not only promotes

1749-543: The formation of Chinese civilization . The Baliqiao site in Fangcheng County is a core settlement of the Erlitou culture . It served as an important hub for the transfer and control of resources. Nanyang was the capital of the state of Shen in the first millennium BCE. After the unification of the six states by Qin, the "relocation of unruly people to Nanyang" brought together the wealthy and skilled merchants and artisans of

1802-421: The future as more water is transferred and the flow rate increases. 30°02′30″N 90°36′00″E  /  30.0417°N 90.6000°E  / 30.0417; 90.6000 Mega-project Megaprojects refer not only to construction projects but also decommissioning projects, which are projects that can reach multi-billion budgets, and have a high level of innovation and complexity, and are affected by

1855-516: The general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. Recent examples are the 2008–2009 Chinese economic stimulus program , the 2008 European Union stimulus plan , and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Megaprojects often raise capital based on expected returns—though projects often go overbudget and over time, and market conditions like commodity prices can change. Concern at cost overruns

1908-512: The idea for a mass engineering project as an answer to China's water problems as early as 1952. He reportedly said, "there's plenty of water in the south, not much water in the north. If at all possible, borrowing some water would be good". Construction of the project began in 2003. By 2014, more than $ 79 billion had been spent, making it one of the most ambitious and expensive engineering projects in human history. The Eastern Route Project (ERP), or Jiangdu Hydro Project, consists of an upgrade to

1961-577: The largest ancient iron smelting workshop in the country - the Wafangzhuang site, the sizable Han Wancheng site, the medical saint temple where the famous Han Dynasty great medical expert Zhang Zhongjing's ancestral tomb is located, and the famous tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty scientist and writer Zhang Heng at home and abroad. The historical influence of the Three Kingdoms period is profound, and

2014-436: The largest hydroelectric project in the world, required the displacement of 1.2 million farmers. In the 1970s, the highway revolts in some Western nations saw urban activists opposing government plans to demolish buildings for freeway route construction, on the basis that such demolitions would unfairly disadvantage the urban working class and benefit commuters. Anti-nuclear protests against proposed nuclear power plants in

2067-428: The most common megaprojects are in the categories of hydroelectric facilities, nuclear power plants, and large public transportation projects. Megaprojects can also include large-scale high-cost initiatives in scientific research and infrastructure, such as the sequencing of the human genome , a significant global advance in genetics and biotechnology . The logic on which many of the typical megaprojects are built

2120-563: The name "Nanyang" became associated with the city itself, it was referred to as "Wan" ( 宛 ).Nanyang, also known as Wan, Nandu, and Dixiang. 550,000 years ago, Nanzhao Man inhabited near Xinghuashan, Nanzhao . Between 5,000 BCE and 3,000 BCE, a substantial Neolithic settlement thrived in Huangshan, situated north of Nanyang. Excavations of the Huangshan ruins have uncovered remnants of jade workshops, high-level tombs, wharves, and granaries. The Huangshan Archeological Site provided insight into

2173-746: The need for pumping stations. The greatest engineering challenge of the route was building two tunnels under the Yellow River to carry the canal's flow. Construction on the central route began in 2004. In 2008, the 307 km-long northern stretch of the central route was completed at a cost of $ 2 billion. Water in that stretch of the canal does not come from the Han River but from reservoirs in Hebei Province, south of Beijing. Farmers and industries in Hebei had to cut back on water consumption to allow for water to be transferred to Beijing. On mapping services, one can see

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2226-594: The new ones also foreclose "upon a wide variety of social practices, reproducing rather than resolving urban inequality and disenfranchisement". Because of their plethora of land uses "these mega-projects inhibit the growth of oppositional and contestational practices". The collective benefits that are often the underlying logic of a mega-project, are here reduced to an individualized form of public benefit. Proponents of infrastructure-based development advocate for funding large-scale projects to create long-term economic benefits. Investing in megaprojects in order to stimulate

2279-731: The north of Nanyang city proper, there is a mountain called Mount Du , which is famous for the Dushan jade , one of the four famous jades of China, now a rarity. To the southwest is Neixiang County with the newly developing Baotianman Biosphere Reserve—an area of high biodiversity, with 65 rare and endangered species. The climate is generally moderate and is a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with strong monsoon influences: winters are cool but dry, and summers are hot and humid. Spring and autumn provide transitions of reasonable length. The monthly daily average temperature in January

2332-600: The north will increase from 8.9 km/year to 10.6 km/year to 14.8 km/year. Water from the Yangtze River will be drawn into the canal in Jiangdu , where a giant 400 m/s (12.6 km/year if operated continuously) pumping station was built in the 1980s. The water will then be pumped by stations along the Grand Canal and through a tunnel under the Yellow River and down an aqueduct to reservoirs near Tianjin. Construction on

2385-481: The north; Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou to the east; Xining, Lanzhou, and Ürümqi to the west; and Guangzhou, Xiamen, Nanning, and Kunming to the south. As of 2023, Nanyang has 898 km expressway, ranking the longest in Henan Province. The expressway is an important part of Nanyang's "One cross, three rings, and six radiations" plan. Nanyang Jiangying Airport is a civil aviation airport. It's 20 minutes from

2438-573: The prefecture spans 26,600 square kilometres (10,300 sq mi). The city lies within the Nanyang Basin , which is part of a region in Central China that lies in the gap between the eastern end of the Qin Mountains and the source of the Huai River . Thus, using those two geographic features as the standard dividing line, it is difficult to classify the city into northern or southern China . To

2491-406: The project's eastern route, in Shandong, claimed that the polluted Yangtze River water entering the lake was killing their fish. Subsequent scientific research showed that the water diversion improved the water environment of Dongping Lake. Scientists have been concerned that the project will increase water evaporation loss. The exact amount of evaporation loss is not known, but it may be improved in

2544-590: The reservoir's watershed to keep its water drinkable . There are long-standing plans to divert about 200 cubic kilometers of water per year from the upstream sections of six rivers in southwestern China, including the Mekong (Lancang River), the Yarlung Zangbo (called Brahmaputra further downstream), and the Salween (Nu River), to the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and ultimately to the dry areas of northern China through

2597-530: The six states, promoting the development of Nanyang's economy, especially the iron smelting industry, which became one of the national iron smelting centers .It became commercially important under the Han dynasty , as it had many iron foundries and other manufacturing sites, and also fell at the convergence of routes between major cities. It's an important city of the Silk Road . Emperor Gengshi 's enthronement took place on

2650-422: The urban area. Passengers can take flights to and from Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Shenzhen , and Guilin . There are also two avion airports. Tanghe to Madian waterway is under construction; the project is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. Nanyang Public Transportation Corporation has 1,005 buses (97.8% are clean energy buses), 44 bus lines (859.8 km), and 1,050 stations. As of 2023,

2703-553: The west, and the province of Hubei to the south. Nanyang is known for its outstanding people and land, producing numerous talents. In history, it has nurtured the "sage of science" Zhang Heng, "sage of medicine" Zhang Zhongjing, "sage of commerce" Fan Li, and "sage of intelligence" Zhuge Liang. It has also nurtured contemporary celebrities such as philosopher Feng Youlan, military strategist Peng Xuefeng, literary figure Yao Xueyin, technological inventor Wang Yongmin, and writer Er Yuehe. Dinosaur egg fossils have been discovered in

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2756-408: Was expected to be completed around 2010. Final completion was on 12 December 2014, to allow for more environmental protection along the route. One problem was the impact of the project on the Han River below the Danjiangkou Dam, from which approximately one-third of the route's total water is diverted. One long-term solution being considered is to build another canal to divert water from the reservoir at

2809-816: Was home to 2,085,680 people. In 2022, Nanyang City has 49 ethnic minority groups with a population of 288000. The distribution of ethnic minorities shows the characteristics of "large dispersion and small mixed residence", among which the Hui ethnic group has 163800 people, distributed in Wancheng District, Dengzhou City, Zhenping County and other places; There are 72600 Mongolian people, distributed in Zhenping County, Neixiang County and other places; There are 28600 Manchu people, distributed in Nanzhao County, Xichuan County and other places. Nanyang higher education already has

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