Algonquin (also spelled Algonkin ; in Algonquin: Anicinàbemowin or Anishinàbemiwin ) is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect . It is spoken, alongside French and to some extent English , by the Algonquin First Nations of Quebec and Ontario . As of 2006, there were 2,680 Algonquin speakers, less than 10% of whom were monolingual. Algonquin is the language for which the entire Algonquian language subgroup is named; the similarity among the names often causes considerable confusion. Like many Native American languages, it is strongly verb-based, with most meaning being incorporated into verbs instead of using separate words for prepositions, tense, etc.
30-813: Souhegan is a word from the Algonquin language , meaning "waiting and watching place". It may refer to: Souhegan High School , along the Souhegan River in Amherst, New Hampshire, U.S. Souhegan River , in the U.S. state of New Hampshire Souhegan Wood Products , a maker of recycled wood products in Wilton, New Hampshire, U.S. See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Souhegan Skowhegan, Maine References [ edit ] ^ Caduto, Michael J. (2003). A Time Before New Hampshire: The Story of
60-529: A Land and Native Peoples . Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. p. 143. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Souhegan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Souhegan&oldid=1259396858 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
90-588: A flexible word order . The Blackfoot language has experienced a substantial decrease in speakers since the 1960s and is classified as "definitely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. In Canada, this loss has been attributed largely to residential schools , where Indigenous students were often punished severely for speaking their first languages. Widespread language loss can also be attributed to
120-414: A sequence of one "weak" syllable plus one "strong" syllable), counting long vowels ( à , è , ì , ò ) as a full foot (a foot consisting of a single "strong" syllable). The primary stress is then normally on the strong syllable of the third foot from the end of the word—which, in words that are five syllables long or less, usually translates in practical terms to the first syllable (if it has a long vowel) or
150-477: A vowel system with three monophthongs , /i o a/ . The short monophthongs exhibit allophonic changes as well. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are raised to [ʌ] and [ʊ] respectively when followed by a long consonant. The vowel /i/ becomes [ɪ] in closed syllables. There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong ai is pronounced [ɛ] before a long consonant, [ei] (or [ai] , in
180-565: Is a dialect of Nipissing Ojibwa which, together with Mississauga Ojibwa and Odawa , form the Nishnaabemwin (Eastern Ojibwa) group of the Ojibwa dialect continuum. The consonant phonemes and major allophones of Algonquin in Cuoq spelling, one of several common orthographies, and its common variants are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets): In an older orthography still popular in some of
210-527: Is a similar dialect to the Oji-Cree dialect (Severn/Anishininimowin) of northwestern Ontario, despite being geographically separated by 800 kilometres (500 miles). There are several dialects of Omàmìwininìmowin (the Algonquin language), generally grouped broadly as Northern Algonquin and Western Algonquin . Speakers at Kitigan Zibi consider their language to be Southern Algonquin , though linguistically it
240-564: Is an alternate name for the Blackfoot tribe. The exact translation is 'black foot' in French. Other Siksikáíʼpowahsin ( syllabics : ᓱᘁᓱᘁᖳᐟᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) and Niitsipowahsin (ᖹᐨᓱᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) are two other language variations for Blackfoot. Blackfoot is a member of the Algonquian language family belonging to the Plains areal grouping along with Arapaho , Gros Ventre , and Cheyenne . Blackfoot
270-625: Is classified as either a threatened or endangered language, depending on the source used. Like the other Algonquian languages, Blackfoot is considered to be a polysynthetic language due to its large morpheme inventory and word internal complexity. A majority of Blackfoot morphemes have a one–to–one correspondence between form and meaning, a defining feature of agglutinative languages . However, Blackfoot does display some fusional characteristics as there are morphemes that are polysemous. Both noun and verb stems cannot be used bare but must be inflected. Due to its morphological complexity, Blackfoot has
300-472: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Algonquin language Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) is an Algonquian language , of the Algic family of languages, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian . It is considered a particularly divergent dialect of Ojibwe by many. But, although the speakers call themselves Omàmìwininì or Anicinàbe ,
330-530: Is pronounced [ʌnokiː kiːʒɪɡ] . Algonquin does have nasal vowels, but they are allophonic variants (similar to how in English vowels are sometimes nasalized before m and n ). In Algonquin, vowels automatically become nasal before nd , ndj , ng , nh , nhi , nj or nz . For example, kìgònz ('fish') is pronounced [kiːɡõːz] , not [kʰiːɡoːnz] . Word stress in Algonquin is complex but regular. Words are divided into iambic feet (an iambic foot being
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#1732852319292360-614: Is spoken in Northwestern Montana and throughout Alberta, Canada, making it geographically one of the westernmost Algonquian languages. The Blackfoot people had been one of many Native American nations that inhabited the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River . The people were bison hunters , with settlements in what is now the northern United States and southern Canada. Forced to move because of wars with neighboring tribes,
390-483: Is used relative to the contiguous syllables. Blackfoot utterances experience a gradual drop in pitch therefore if an utterance contains a set of accented vowels the first will be higher in pitch than the second but the second will be higher in pitch than the syllables directly surrounding it. Pitch is illustrated in the Latin-based orthography with an acute accent. Blackfoot is rich with morpho-phonological changes. Below
420-669: The Blackfoot or Niitsitapi people, who currently live in the northwestern plains of North America . There are four dialects, three of which are spoken in Alberta , Canada, and one of which is spoken in the United States: Siksiká / ᓱᖽᐧᖿ (Blackfoot), to the southeast of Calgary, Alberta; Kainai / ᖿᐟᖻ (Blood, Many Chiefs), spoken in Alberta between Cardston and Lethbridge; Aapátohsipikani / ᖳᑫᒪᐦᓱᑯᖿᖹ (Northern Piegan), to
450-639: The Michi Saagiig (Mississaugas) were not part of the Ojibwe–Odawa–Potawatomi alliance known as the Council of Three Fires . The Omàmìwininìwak (Algonquins) maintained stronger cultural ties with the Abenaki , Atikamekw and Cree . Among sister Algonquian languages are Blackfoot , Cheyenne , Cree , Fox , Menominee , Potawatomi , and Shawnee . The Algic family contains the Algonquian languages and
480-535: The Sixties Scoop , through which thousands of Indigenous children were taken from their families, often without parental consent, and relocated by the government into non-Indigenous families. As a result of these losses, the Blackfoot community has launched numerous language revitalization efforts, include the Piikani Traditional Knowledge Services and many more. Pied Noir Pied-Noir
510-512: The Algonquin communities, known as the Malhiot ( [mɛːjot] ) spelling, which the above Cuoq spelling was based upon, are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets): The Algonquin consonants p , t and k are unaspirated when they are pronounced between two vowels or after an m or n ; plain voiceless and voiceless aspirated stops in Algonquin are thus allophones . So kìjig ('day') is pronounced [kʰiːʒɪɡ] , but anokì kìjig ('working day')
540-456: The Blackfoot people settled all around the plains area, eventually concentrating in what is now Montana and Alberta. Blackfoot hunters would track and hunt game, while the remaining people would gather food, and other necessities for the winter. The northern plains, where the Blackfoot settled, had incredibly harsh winters, and the flat land provided little escape from the winds. The Blackfoot Nation thrived, along with many other native groups, until
570-564: The European settlers arrived in the late eighteenth century. The settlers brought with them horses and technology, but also disease and weapons. Diseases like smallpox, foreign to the natives, decimated the Blackfoot population in the mid-nineteenth century. Groups of Blackfoot people rebelled against the Europeans, such as Mountain Chief 's tribe. But in 1870, a tribe of peaceful Blackfoot were mistaken for
600-661: The Ojibwe call them Odishkwaagamii ('those at the end of the lake'). Among Omàmìwininì (Algonquins), however, the Nipissing are called Otickwàgamì (the Algonquin orthography for the Ojibwe Odishkwaagamii ) and their language as Otickwàgamìmowin . The rest of the Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) communities call themselves Omàmiwininiwak ('down-stream men'), and the language Omàmiwininìmowin ('speech of
630-617: The dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before /i/ or /ʔ/ , and elsewhere is pronounced [æ] in the Blood Reserve dialect or [ei] in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong ao is pronounced [au] before /ʔ/ and [ɔ] elsewhere. The third diphthong oi may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as [oi] elsewhere. Length is contrastive in Blackfoot for both vowels and consonants. Vowel length refers to
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#1732852319292660-455: The dialect spoken by younger speakers. Among the Algonquian languages , Blackfoot is relatively divergent in phonology and lexicon. The language has a fairly small phoneme inventory, consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts. Blackfoot is a pitch accent language. Blackfoot language has been declining in the number of native speakers and
690-527: The down-stream men'). Other than Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin), languages considered as particularly divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe language include Mississauga (often called "Eastern Ojibwe") and Odawa . The Potawatomi language was considered a divergent dialect of Anishinaabemowin (the Anishinaabe language) but now is considered a separate language. Culturally, Omàmìwininì (Algonquin) and
720-471: The duration of a vowel and not a change in quality. The vowel /oo/ is therefore the same sound as /o/ only differing in the length of time over which it is produced. Consonants can also be lengthened with the exception of /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ . Blackfoot is a pitch accent language and it is a contrastive feature in the language. Every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one. Note that high pitch here
750-554: The rebellious tribe and hundreds were slaughtered. Over the next thirty years, settlers had eradicated the bison from the Great Plains. This took away the main element of Blackfoot life and the people's ability to be self-sustaining. With their main food source gone, the Blackfoot were forced to rely on government support. In 1886, the Old Sun Residential School opened on the Blackfoot Reserve in Alberta. In 1908, it
780-434: The second syllable (if not). The strong syllables of the remaining iambic feet each carry secondary stress, as do any final weak syllables. For example: /ni.ˈbi/ , /ˈsiː.ˌbi/ , /mi.ˈki.ˌzi/ , /ˈnaː.no.ˌmi.da.ˌna/ . Blackfoot language The Blackfoot language , also called Siksiká ( / ˈ s ɪ k s ə k ə / SIK -sə-kə ; Blackfoot: [sɪksiká] , ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) is an Algonquian language spoken by
810-565: The so-called " Ritwan " languages, Wiyot and Yurok . Ojibwe and its similar languages are frequently referred to as a " Central Algonquian " language; however, Central Algonquian is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. Among Algonquian languages, only the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a true genetic subgroup. The northern Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin language) dialect of Anishinabemowin as spoken at Winneway, Quebec (Long Point), and Timiskaming First Nation , Quebec,
840-422: The subsequent repression of their Indigenous language and culture, has been credited, in part, with the loss in the number of Blackfoot speakers. Blackfoot has nineteen consonants, of which all but /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length. One of the two affricates /k͡s/ is unusual for being heterorganic . Blackfoot has several allophones, [ç] is a allophone of /x/ . Blackfoot has
870-421: The west of Fort MacLeod which is Brocket (Piikani) and Aamsskáápipikani / ᖳᐢᔈᖿᑯᑯᖿᖹ (Southern Piegan), in northwestern Montana . The name Blackfoot probably comes from the blackened soles of the leather shoes that the people wore. There is a distinct difference between Old Blackfoot (also called High Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by many older speakers, and New Blackfoot (also called Modern Blackfoot),
900-401: Was described by an official survey as "unsanitary" and "unsuitable in every way for such an institution". Regardless, it remained operational until its closure in 1971. Dozens of Blackfoot children died while attending. The school was rife with physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, which left a lasting impact on the Blackfoot children who attended. The trauma endured by students, as well as
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