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41-593: The Sooke Flowline is an abandoned 44-kilometre (27 mi) concrete aqueduct that snakes through the Sooke Hills from Sooke Lake to the Humpback Reservoir, near Mount Wells Regional Park , in British Columbia, Canada. From this reservoir, a buried, riveted steel pressure main transported water to Victoria . Between 1994 and 2007, this main was replaced, since it was long past its useful life. The flowline

82-447: A beautification project around the CRD, plain electrical boxes were outfitted with decorative images of the pipe trestles. Such examples are at the following locations: The pipe can be found and accessed at the following locations: Aqueduct (water supply) An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering,

123-621: A construction material widely used by the Nazca culture. The time period in which they were constructed is still debated, but some evidence supports circa A.D. 540–552, in response to drought periods in the region. The Guayabo National Monument of Costa Rica, a park covering the largest archaeological site in the country, contains a system of aqueducts. The complex network of uncovered and covered aqueducts still functions well. The aqueducts are constructed from rounded river stones, which are mostly made of volcanic rock . The civilization that constructed

164-534: A fragment remains in Mexico City today. Extensive usage of elaborate aqueducts have been found to have been used in ancient Sri Lanka . The best example is the Yoda Ela or Jaya Ganga, an 87 kilometres (54 mi) long water canal carrying excess water between two artificial reservoirs with a gradient of 10 to 20 cm per kilometer during the fifth century AD. However, the ancient engineering methods in calculating

205-542: A hole containing an undetonated stick of dynamite. The project was a challenging feat due to a variety of factors: The tunnel runs from the head tank near Sooke Lake, which maintains a constant pressure to the Japan Gulch UV Plant near Goldstream Provincial Park . This tunnel can convey 580 million litres/day, 10 times greater than the Sooke Flowline, and provides water to all municipalities, except Sooke and

246-761: A major earthquake. Finally in late 2009, it was replaced with a PVC pipe buried under the Galloping Goose Regional Trail . This connects to the Sooke River Road Disinfection Facility, which went online in 2009. The facility incorporates ultraviolet disinfection, followed by the addition of chlorine and ammonia . The water department of the Capital Regional District still owns pipe and the approximately 100 ft (30.5 m) wide corridor, which includes large trees, cliffs, and mossy bluffs. There are 54 trestles along

287-459: A new aqueduct is built alongside the old one because it cannot be shut down during construction. Kapoor Tunnel The tunnel was formed by a miniature tunnel boring machine (TBM), which was built in Vancouver at a cost of $ 258,000. Excavation was undertaken from both ends with the intention of meeting in the middle. The machine was later abandoned and excavation was carried out manually due to

328-513: A pilot project of the Sooke Region Museum, surplus sections of pipe were laid out at multiple locations around the Sooke townsite, accompanied by interpretive signs and historical photographs. One issue that had to be addressed was the presence of asbestos on the pipe, originally used in the mortar to join pipe segments together. These segments can be found at the following locations: As part of

369-437: A series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping horizontal tunnels. There are three types of falaj: These enabled large scale agriculture to flourish in a dry land environment. In Persia , starting around 3000 years ago a system of underground aqueducts called qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. This technique: Throughout Petra , Jordan,

410-508: A source such as a river, spring, reservoir, qanat , or aqueduct for domestic consumption or agricultural irrigation of crop land uses. Rills were traditionally used in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climate cultures of ancient and historical eras; and other climates and continents worldwide. They are distinguished from a 'water ditch ' by being lined to reduce absorption losses and to increase durability. The Falaj irrigation system at

451-635: A third is from the Colorado River. In modern civil engineering projects, detailed study and analysis of open-channel flow is commonly required to support flood control, irrigation systems, and large water supply systems when an aqueduct rather than a pipeline is the preferred solution. In the past, aqueducts often had channels made of earth or other porous materials but significant amounts of water are lost through such unlined aqueducts. As water gets increasingly scarce, these canals are being lined with concrete, polymers , or impermeable soil. In some cases,

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492-493: Is almost completely at a constant elevation. Although figures vary, the slope from Sooke Lake to Humpback is between 0.0947% and 0.119% when the inverted siphons are excluded. At the factory located at Coopers Cove, the site of today's Stickleback Bar and Grill, round concrete segments, 36,000 in all, were mass-produced. The engineering firm Sanderson and Porter specified 40-inch pipe, but the company already had 42-inch molds made up, so they decided to use them instead. The factory

533-523: Is believed to have some of the earliest aqueducts. Evidence can be found at the sites of present-day Hampi, Karnataka . The massive aqueducts near Tungabhadra River supplying irrigation water were once 15 miles (24 km) long. The waterways supplied water to royal bath tubs. In Oman from the Iron Age , in Salut, Bat, and other sites, a system of underground aqueducts called falaj or qanāts were constructed,

574-646: Is called a qanat. One historic example found in Syria, the Qanat Firaun, extends over 100 kilometers. Modern aqueducts may also make extensive use of pipelines. Pipelines are useful for transporting water over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where open channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation , freezing, pollution, or environmental impact. They can also be used to carry treated water . Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops. Archimedes invented

615-701: Is derived from the Latin words aqua ( water ) and ductus ( led or guided ). Although particularly associated with the Romans, aqueducts were devised much earlier in Greece, the Near East , Nile Valley , and Indian subcontinent , where peoples such as the Egyptians and Harappans built sophisticated irrigation systems. The Aztecs and Incans also built such systems independently later. Roman-style aqueducts were used as early as

656-570: Is dwarfed by aqueducts in the far west of the country, most notably the 242-mile (389-km) Colorado River Aqueduct , which supplies the Los Angeles area with water from the Colorado River nearly 250 miles to the east and the 701.5-mile (1,129.0 km) California Aqueduct , which runs from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta to Lake Perris . The Central Arizona Project is the largest and most expensive aqueduct constructed in

697-664: The Al Ain Oasis , in present-day Abu Dhabi Emirate , uses rills as part of its qanat water system. Sometimes in the Spanish language they are called Acequias . Rills are also used for aesthetic purposes in landscape design. Rills are used as narrow channels of water inset into the pavement of a garden , as linear water features , and often tiled and part of a fountain design. The historical origins are from paradise garden religious images that first translated into ancient Persian Gardens . Rills were later exceptionally developed in

738-911: The Moorish (Spanish) Gardens of Al-andalus , such as at the Alhambra in Granada ; and also in other Islamic gardens, cultures, and countries. Early 20th century examples are in the María Luisa Park gardens in Seville, Spain; and at the Casa del Herrero gardens in Montecito, California . Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. A version of this common in North Africa and Central Asia that has vertical wells at regular intervals

779-582: The Nabataean engineers took advantage of every natural spring and every winter downpour to channel water where it was needed. They constructed aqueducts and piping systems that allowed water to flow across mountains, through gorges and into the temples, homes, and gardens of Petra's citizens. Walking through the Siq , one can easily spot the remains of channels that directed water to the city center, as well as durable retention dams that kept powerful flood waters at bay. On

820-658: The South–North Water Transfer Project aims to connect the Yangtze River basin to Beijing through three separate systems. The project will reuse part of the Grand Canal of China . The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts, for instance the Central Arizona Project uses 7.3 m (24 ft) wide channels. A major factor in

861-518: The water screw to raise water for use in irrigation of croplands. Another use for aqueducts is to supply large cities with drinking water. They also help drought-prone areas with water supply . Some of the Roman aqueducts still supply water to Rome today. In California , United States, three large aqueducts supply water over hundreds of miles to the Los Angeles area. Two are from the Owens River area, and

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902-498: The 44 km (27 mi) length of various sizes, spanning ravines. During construction, temporary timber trestles were built alongside the proposed trestles to avoid delays and speed up the building of permanent concrete trestles. The largest part of the pipeline consists of reinforced concrete segments, which are four by four feet (1.22 by 1.22 m). Six concrete trestles are made out of wood staves preserved with creosote and bound with iron bands. These were built to reduce

943-608: The 7th century BC, when the Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, which included a 10 m high section to cross a 300 m wide valley, to carry water to their capital city, Nineveh . Although particularly associated with the Romans , aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system , including several aqueducts. The Indian subcontinent

984-628: The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) Kapoor Tunnel , bored through solid rock to the Japan Gulch Disinfection Plant, near Goldstream Provincial Park . The portion of the old pipe from Sooke Lake to Sooke remained in service after the Humpback Reservoir section was decommissioned. It was routinely patrolled to make sure marijuana grow ops weren't tapping into the pipe and to do periodic patching up as best as possible, but it still had many leaks. Damage had also resulted from falling rocks and trees, and there were concerns about its ability to survive

1025-810: The United States. It stretches 336 miles from its source near Parker, Arizona to the metropolitan areas of Phoenix and Tucson . An aqueduct in New Zealand, "the Oamaru Borough Race", was constructed in the late 19th century to deliver water (and water-power) about 50 km from the Waitaki River at Kurow to the coastal town of Oamaru . In Spain, the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer system of aqueducts opened in 1979 and transports water 286 kilometres (178 mi) from north to south. In China,

1066-595: The aqueduct system remains a mystery to archaeologists; it is suspected that Guayabo's aqueducts sat at a point of ancient cultural confluence between Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. When Europeans saw the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan , early in the 16th century, the city was watered by two aqueducts. One of these, Chapultepec aqueduct , built c.  1420 , was rebuilt by the Spanish almost three hundred years later. Originally tracing part of its path over now-gone Lake Texcoco , only

1107-493: The design of all open channels is its gradient. A higher gradient allows a smaller channel to carry the same amount of water as a larger channel with a lower gradient, but increases the potential of the water to damage the aqueduct's structure. A typical Roman aqueduct had a gradient of about 1:4800. A constructed functional rill is a small canal or aqueduct of stone, brick, concrete, or other lining material, usually rectilinear in cross section , for water transportation from

1148-519: The empire, and set a standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years. Bridges, built in stone with multiple arches, were a distinctive feature of Roman aqueducts and hence the term aqueduct is often applied specifically to a bridge for carrying water . Near the Peruvian town of Nazca, an ancient pre-Columbian system of aqueducts called puquios were built and are still in use today. They were made of intricately placed stones,

1189-430: The exact elevation between the two reservoirs and the exact gradient of the canal to such fine precision had been lost with the fall of the civilization in 13th Century. Modern aqueducts are a central part of many countries' water distribution infrastructure. The United States' aqueducts are some of the world's largest. The Catskill Aqueduct carries water to New York City over a distance of 120 miles (190 km), but

1230-600: The island of Samos , the Tunnel of Eupalinos was built during the reign of Polycrates (538–522 BC). It is considered an underground aqueduct and brought fresh water to Pythagoreion for roughly a thousand years. Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire , from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they totalled over 415 kilometres (258 mi). The aqueducts supplied fresh water to public baths and for drinking water, in large cities across

1271-516: The lake's intake. In 1912, the city of Victoria expropriated forty property owners on Sooke Lake and on the proposed flowline right-of-way (ROW), at significant cost. The city hired the Pacific Lock Joint Pipe Company to cast the pipe segments, and using their patented design, constructed the pipeline. In between 1911 and 1915, this major engineering project employed over 400 workers and housed their families in rural Sooke . The pipe

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1312-426: The length around the longest of ravines. The wooden trestles dip down one side of the ravine and go up the other, relying on the downward pressure to push the water back up. These "dipping" trestles, known as "inverted siphons", were initially constructed of concrete as well, but the material is very weak in tension and resulted in cracked segments due to the pressure of 39.017  psi (269.01  kPa ) ( abs ). As

1353-449: The lookout for cracks in the pipe, leaky joints, and trespassers. Every 600 metres (660 yards) or so, there are access hatches meant for periodic maintenance from the inside by workers. A man would lie prone on a cart and scrape moss off the inside of the pipe and clear sediments, rocks, and dead fish, which inevitably backed up in places. Installed on top of these hatches were wire mesh domes, which reduced pressure buildup and helped aerate

1394-455: The midpoint. At the ends, tripod derricks would unload the segments and place them on the crushed railbed while the tracks were removed. All trees on the 100 ft (30.5 m) right-of-way were cleared so that they could not fall and crush the pipe. During the flowline's operation, caretakers lived along the route in small cabins. They rode recumbent tricycles on the pipe with tilted rear wheels to stay on top. During their routes, they were on

1435-426: The soft rock clogging the teeth and gears and causing motor burn outs. The contractor quit and the water district completed the task in 1967. On completion, the tunnel was an engineering success. Even without modern laser technology, the tunnel was joined only 6 in (152 mm) off line. The project was almost incident free with the only major injury occurring when a worker's eye was damaged while drilling into

1476-743: The term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse . Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece , the ancient Near East , ancient Rome , ancient Aztec , and ancient Inca . The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water. The word aqueduct

1517-505: The water supply for Victoria, and when the Colquitz River was dammed, it flooded the swamp and merged Elk and Beaver lakes. In the early 1900s, it was determined that Elk/Beaver Lake could no longer meet Victoria's water needs. The daily draw from the lake was too great, and despite measures taken to extend its useful life, such as filter ponds, the pressure and supply was too low, and sediment and amphibians were getting drawn out through

1558-466: The water. The flowline was never highly efficient. When the taps were opened in 1915, the water that came through was of high quality, but it was soon discovered that it experienced 50–75% water loss throughout its length, depending on the season and temperature. During summer however, the leaking was slightly reduced. This needed to be remedied by placing strips of material across the joints and fastening them with iron bands. A further challenge occurred in

1599-404: The winter of 1915–16. Parts of the newly constructed pipe got taken out by landslides, and repair was difficult, since the construction railway no longer existed. When the city began to outgrow demand, the pipe section from Sooke to the Humpback Reservoir was decommissioned, in 1970. The pipe had begun to show its age, with many leaks and damage from falling trees and rocks. It was then replaced with

1640-402: Was very efficient and used steam to accelerate the curing of the concrete segments. In one eight-hour shift, 150–160 segments were produced. The segments were winched up the hill 450 feet (137 m) above the construction site. Three small locomotives were used to bring segments to both ends via a temporary 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge railway, and the pipe was constructed from the ends to

1681-470: Was vital to the continued growth of the city of Victoria, as it provided a reliable water supply. While the flowline remains, Victoria's water supply is now carried via Kapoor Tunnel . Leigh Hodgetts, CRD Waterworks superintendent, reported that the westernmost section of the flowline is still used to carry Sooke's water supply, via a 16-inch interconnecting pipe feeding the Sooke distribution system from Charters Creek to Sooke River Road. Elk Lake used to be

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