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121-516: Snus ( / s n uː s / SNOOSS , Swedish: [ˈsnʉːs] ) is a Swedish tobacco product (in Scandinavia). It is consumed by placing a pouch of powdered tobacco leaves under the lip for nicotine to be absorbed through the oral mucosa . Snus, not to be confused with nicotine pouches, consists of ground up tobacco leaves, salt, an alkalizer (e.g. Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate) and (optionally) flavorings. The final product

242-614: A pharmacist , or a resident of a foreign country while a visitor in Canada. The 2023 launch of Zonnic was criticized by Health Minister Mark Holland , who felt that Imperial were not marketing them as a cessation product, and that the product was a "loophole" to "addict new young people to nicotine" due to flavouring, accessibility, and marketing appealing to youth (with its classification under natural health product regulations giving it looser restrictions on marketing than other tobacco products). Health Canada stated that regulation of their sale

363-637: A EU member, they would have to kick the habit. The Swedish government requested an exception to the EU ban, which was granted. In Finland, until April 2023, nicotine pouches were classified for medicinal use. The Finnish Medicines Agency (FIMEA) stated that nicotine pouches cannot be classified as medicinal products unless they are specifically marketed for a medicinal purpose or it can be demonstrated in some other way that they are typically used as medicinal products. In some countries in Eastern Europe like Poland and

484-592: A French diplomat residing in Portugal who cultivated tobacco in his garden, and was one of the pioneers in recognizing the medicinal properties of tobacco. Nicot is also the originor of the word nicotine. Nicot meticulously dried and ground the tobacco leaves into a fine powder, which could be inhaled as snuff . He presented this powder to Catherine de’ Medici (1519–1589), the Queen of France, in an effort to alleviate her migraines . The use of snuff quickly gained popularity among

605-422: A baby's brain develops in the womb. Quitting snus use is as challenging as smoking cessation . There is no scientific evidence that using snus can help a person quit smoking, although widespread snus-usage is correlated with lower rates of smoking. The first tobacco-free product was developed in the beginning of the 2000s by a small start up company named Niconovum. Niconovum registered the non-tobacco in 2008 as

726-531: A dry, finely ground nasal snuff is not convenient, they opted to crush their tobaccos into a paste-like consistency and allowed it to ferment in jars for several weeks. The final product was then portioned and placed under the lip for extended periods of time, eventually gaining popularity as snus. Ettan is the still extant snus brand, which dates to 1822. Its founder, Jakob Fredrik Ljunglöf, introduced pasteurization into snus making, reducing production time by several weeks and preventing microbial contamination. In

847-489: A given metal ion. This scheme has been applied to analyze biologically active metals in sea water for example, but it has not been widely adopted. The heaviness of naturally occurring metals such as gold , copper , and iron may have been noticed in prehistory and, in light of their malleability , led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments, tools, and weapons. In 1817 the German chemist Leopold Gmelin divided

968-422: A gray area. Class A metal ions prefer oxygen donors; class B ions prefer nitrogen or sulfur donors; and borderline or ambivalent ions show either class A or B characteristics, depending on the circumstances. The distinction between the class A metals and the other two categories is sharp. The class A and class B terminology is analogous to the "hard acid" and "soft base" terminology sometimes used to refer to

1089-934: A heavy metal rare-earth like series ...". The counterparts to the heavy metals, the light metals , are defined by The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society as including "the traditional ( aluminium , magnesium , beryllium , titanium , lithium , and other reactive metals) and emerging light metals (composites, laminates, etc.)" Trace amounts of some heavy metals, mostly in period 4, are required for certain biological processes. These are iron and copper ( oxygen and electron transport ); cobalt ( complex syntheses and cell metabolism ); zinc ( hydroxylation ); vanadium and manganese ( enzyme regulation or functioning); chromium ( glucose utilisation); nickel ( cell growth ); arsenic (metabolic growth in some animals and possibly in humans) and selenium ( antioxidant functioning and hormone production). Periods 5 and 6 contain fewer essential heavy metals, consistent with

1210-454: A longer shelf-life than traditional snus. Since 2021, sales of nicotine pouches have grown exponentially with Zyn as the global leader. This popularity has led to controversy among government regulators who view the product's appeal to youth as concerning. In April 2024, the UK's Department of Health and Social Care announced new regulations banning the sale of nicotine pouches to children as part of

1331-511: A lower atomic number) by neutron capture , with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the s-process and the r-process . In the s-process ("s" stands for "slow"), singular captures are separated by years or decades, allowing the less stable nuclei to beta decay , while in the r-process ("rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. Therefore, the s-process takes a more or less clear path: for example, stable cadmium-110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside

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1452-521: A lower health risk than traditional combusted products, contrary to common belief it is not a "safe" alternative to conventional tobacco. There is no safe level of smokeless tobacco use. The declines in smokeless tobacco initiation among adolescents and young adults is particularly relevant to improving their health because smokeless tobacco use is often linked to subsequent cigarette initiation. Smokeless tobacco users can experience negative health consequences at any age. Youth use of tobacco in any form

1573-635: A medicinal nicotine replacement product (Zonnic) with 2 mg of nicotine. In 2009, RJ Reynolds (now British American Tobacco) bought Niconovum. Thereafter tobacco companies, particularly Swedish Match, became active in the pouch category. Many of Sweden’s leading manufacturers, such as Swedish Match, Skruf and AG Snus created their nicotine pouch brands as a direct response to demand for a non-carcinogenic nicotine option with less health-risks. In addition to nicotine, non-tobacco nicotine pouches typically contain food-grade fillers, sweeteners, and flavorings. The main ingredient in nicotine pouches in terms of volume

1694-650: A metalloid), have replaced lead and antimony in the green bullets used by some armies and in some recreational shooting munitions. Doubts have been raised about the safety (or green credentials ) of tungsten. Because denser materials absorb more of certain types of radioactive emissions such as gamma rays than lighter ones, heavy metals are useful for radiation shielding and to focus radiation beams in linear accelerators and radiotherapy applications. The strength or durability of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and lead, as well as their alloys, makes them useful for

1815-515: A number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and deformities in the female reproductive system. It also raises the risk of fatal coronary artery disease , fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease Globally it contributes to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia . Quitting smokeless tobacco use

1936-530: A number of noncancerous oral conditions and can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence". According to a 2002 report by the Royal College of Physicians , "As a way of using nicotine, the consumption of non-combustible tobacco is of the order of 10–1,000 times less hazardous than smoking, depending on the product". A panel of experts convened by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2006 stated that

2057-624: A positive impact on reducing their use. If multiple policies, including large taxes, are implemented, premature deaths can be prevented. However if taxation is higher for smoking products only people might switch to cheaper alternatives like smokeless tobacco. The manufacture, distribution and sale of smokeless tobacco is banned completely in Bhutan, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. Partial bans on import and sales on some products are in effect in Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, India, Iran, Tanzania, Thailand, New Zealand,

2178-497: A range of organ systems in the body. Specifically, they claim that nicotine "affects the cell proliferation , oxidative stress , apoptosis , DNA mutation by various mechanisms, which leads to cancer." Advocacy groups opposed to the introduction of nicotine pouches in Kenya have protested that they may raise the risk of cancer, heart disease, and reproductive or developmental harms. The Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance alleged that given

2299-412: A result of a neutron star merger, thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the interstellar medium . When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse, new stars and planets are formed . The Earth's crust is made of approximately 5% of heavy metals by weight, with iron comprising 95% of this quantity. Light metals (~20%) and nonmetals (~75%) make up

2420-438: A result, the number of available tobacco products decreased significantly from approximately four hundred local brands to just seventeen, although these were now distributed nationwide. Consequently, employment within the industry experienced a fifty percent decline. In the 1960s, Sweden decided to abolish the import and sales monopoly on tobacco. AB Svenska Tobaksmonopolet later merged with the match manufacturer Swedish Match and

2541-402: A siderophile, is most commonly recovered by dissolving the ores in which it is found in a cyanide solution . The gold forms a dicyanoaurate(I), for example: 2 Au + H 2 O +½ O 2 + 4 KCN → 2 K[Au(CN) 2 ] + 2 KOH . Zinc is added to the mix and, being more reactive than gold, displaces the gold: 2 K[Au(CN) 2 ] + Zn → K 2 [Zn(CN) 4 ] + 2 Au. The gold precipitates out of solution as

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2662-575: A significant degree, of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, or lead. Copper, zinc, tin, and lead are mechanically weaker metals but have useful corrosion prevention properties. While each of them will react with air, the resulting patinas of either various copper salts, zinc carbonate , tin oxide , or a mixture of lead oxide , carbonate , and sulfate , confer valuable protective properties . Copper and lead are therefore used, for example, as roofing materials ; zinc acts as an anti-corrosion agent in galvanised steel ; and tin serves

2783-1352: A similar purpose on steel cans . The workability and corrosion resistance of iron and chromium are increased by adding gadolinium ; the creep resistance of nickel is improved with the addition of thorium. Tellurium is added to copper ( tellurium copper ) and stainless steel to improve their machinability; and to lead to make it harder and more acid-resistant. The biocidal effects of some heavy metals have been known since antiquity. Platinum, osmium, copper, ruthenium, and other heavy metals, including arsenic, are used in anti-cancer treatments, or have shown potential. Antimony (anti-protozoal), bismuth ( anti-ulcer ), gold ( anti-arthritic ), and iron ( anti-malarial ) are also important in medicine. Copper, zinc, silver, gold, or mercury are used in antiseptic formulations; small amounts of some heavy metals are used to control algal growth in, for example, cooling towers . Depending on their intended use as fertilisers or biocides, agrochemicals may contain heavy metals such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, or lead. Selected heavy metals are used as catalysts in fuel processing (rhenium, for example), synthetic rubber and fibre production (bismuth), emission control devices (palladium and platinum), and in self-cleaning ovens (where cerium(IV) oxide in

2904-438: A sludge, and is filtered off and melted. Heavy metals are present in nearly all aspects of modern life. Iron may be the most common as it accounts for 90% of all refined metals. Platinum may be the most ubiquitous given it is said to be found in, or used to produce, 20% of all consumer goods. Some common uses of heavy metals depend on the general characteristics of metals such as electrical conductivity and reflectivity or

3025-399: A star until they form cadmium-115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium-115 (which is nearly stable, with a half-life 30,000 times the age of the universe). These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium-116, which is unstable, and decays to form tin-116, and so on. In contrast, there is no such path in the r-process. The s-process stops at bismuth due to the short half-lives of

3146-967: A statistically significant correlation between the usage rate of leaded gasoline and violent crime in the United States; taking into account a 22-year time lag (for the average age of violent criminals), the violent crime curve virtually tracked the lead exposure curve. Other heavy metals noted for their potentially hazardous nature, usually as toxic environmental pollutants, include manganese (central nervous system damage); cobalt and nickel (carcinogens); copper, zinc, selenium and silver ( endocrine disruption, congenital disorders , or general toxic effects in fish, plants, birds, or other aquatic organisms); tin, as organotin (central nervous system damage); antimony (a suspected carcinogen); and thallium (central nervous system damage). A few other non-essential heavy metals have one or more toxic forms. Kidney failure and fatalities have been recorded arising from

3267-423: A strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low density silicate minerals . Chalcophile heavy metals are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and period 4–6 p-block metals and metalloids. They are usually found in (insoluble) sulfide minerals . Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than

3388-422: A term for toxic substances To be an acceptable term in scientific papers, a strict definition has been encouraged. Even in applications other than toxicity, there no widely agreed criterion-based definition of a heavy metal. Reviews have recommended that it not be used. Different meanings may be attached to the term, depending on the context. For example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density ,

3509-589: A very similar product. Within days of the ban, Epok was re-introduced to the Norwegian market, with a minute amount of bleached tobacco added, to qualify as snus, an already approved form of nicotine product. As of July 2024, Epok is still sold by Norwegian grocery stores. In Sweden, there was a growing debate before the EU referendum in 1994, whether snus would be prohibited in Sweden, as the EU had prohibited snus in 1992. A number of voters expressed concern that if Sweden became

3630-612: A week or more without spoilage. Some tobacco-based snus products are shipped very dry, so they have extended shelf life without needing any refrigeration. This makes them slower to initially "drip", as there is no appreciable moisture in the packet. Some forms of tobacco consumed in the mouth may be categorized as: Snus, dry snuff, and dipping tobacco are distinct products that some English speaking people may refer to as snuff but are all processed and used in very different ways, each with their own sets of risks. Various national and international health organizations stated that using snus

3751-409: Is a noncombustible tobacco product. Types of smokeless tobacco include: Since there are varied manufacturing methods, products can differ greatly in chemical arrangement and nicotine level. Smokeless tobacco products typically contain over 3000 constituents which play a part in their taste as well as scent. Smokeless tobacco differs depending on the type of product, the types of tobacco used, and

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3872-523: Is about 0.01% heavy metals (~7 g, equivalent to the weight of two dried peas, with iron at 4 g, zinc at 2.5 g, and lead at 0.12 g comprising the three main constituents), 2% light metals (~1.4 kg, the weight of a bottle of wine) and nearly 98% nonmetals (mostly water ). A few non-essential heavy metals have been observed to have biological effects. Gallium , germanium (a metalloid), indium, and most lanthanides can stimulate metabolism, and titanium promotes growth in plants (though it

3993-472: Is addictive, represents a health risk, has no safe level use, and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Using snus can cause a number of adverse health effects such as esophageal cancer , pancreatic cancer , stomach cancer , colorectal cancer , cardiovascular disease and stroke . Snus can also cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth , low birth weight . Nicotine in snus products that are used during pregnancy can affect how

4114-629: Is also a kidney and nerve poison. Bismuth compounds can cause liver damage if taken in excess; insoluble uranium compounds, as well as the dangerous radiation they emit, can cause permanent kidney damage. Heavy metals can degrade air, water, and soil quality , and subsequently cause health issues in plants, animals, and people, when they become concentrated as a result of industrial activities. Common sources of heavy metals in this context include vehicle emissions; motor oil; fertilisers; glassworking; incinerators; treated timber ; aging water supply infrastructure ; and microplastics floating in

4235-802: Is as challenging as smoking cessation . There is no scientific evidence that using smokeless tobacco can help a person quit smoking. It is not recommended to use any smokeless tobacco product as part of a harm reduction strategy. Tobacco companies that sell smokeless tobacco products promote them as harm reduction products and a less harmful substitute to cigarettes. This creates a false perception of safety while real risk reduction can be achieved by smoking less. Smokeless tobacco products vary extensively worldwide in both form and health hazards. The level of health risk varies between different types of products (e.g., low nitrosamine Swedish-type snus versus other smokeless tobacco with high nitrosamine levels from South Asia). Even though smokeless tobacco poses

4356-624: Is both meaningless and misleading". The IUPAC report focuses on the legal and toxicological implications of describing "heavy metals" as toxins when there is no scientific evidence to support a connection. The density implied by the adjective "heavy" has almost no biological consequences and pure metals are rarely the biologically active substance. This characterization has been echoed by numerous reviews. The most widely used toxicology textbook, Casarett and Doull’s toxicology uses "toxic metal" not "heavy metals". Nevertheless many scientific and science related articles continue to use "heavy metal" as

4477-469: Is covered under the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate; nicotine products in Canada with a standard dosage exceeding 4 mg are considered a prescription drug, therefore personal imports of nicotine pouches containing over 4 mg of nicotine per pouch are prohibited. Exceptions exist for those who are a health practitioner or medical practitioner , a drug manufacturer , a wholesale druggist ,

4598-484: Is cured with heat ( polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ). Furthermore tobacco contains harmful metals such as arsenic , beryllium , cadmium , chromium , cobalt , lead , nickel , and mercury . The amounts of nicotine in saliva from using smokeless tobacco could be at amounts that can be toxic to cells in the oral cavity. Using smokeless tobacco increases the risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke . Use of smokeless tobacco also seems to greatly raise

4719-487: Is important in the construction of mirrors , including precision astronomical instruments . Headlight reflectors rely on the excellent reflectivity of a thin film of rhodium. Heavy metals or their compounds can be found in electronic components , electrodes , and wiring and solar panels where they may be used as either conductors, semiconductors, or insulators. Molybdenum powder is used in circuit board inks. Ruthenium(IV) oxide coated titanium anodes are used for

4840-464: Is instead obtained from spent nuclear fuels . The chalcophile platinum group metals (PGM) mainly occur in small (mixed) quantities with other chalcophile ores. The ores involved need to be smelted , roasted, and then leached with sulfuric acid to produce a residue of PGM. This is chemically refined to obtain the individual metals in their pure forms. Compared to other metals, PGM are expensive due to their scarcity and high production costs. Gold,

4961-558: Is limited independent testing of the constituents, exposure, or biomarkers of effects for nicotine pouches, although independent research is now emerging. Nicotine itself is currently classified as non-carcinogenic according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer , and according to the Royal College of Physicians nicotine in itself is not a hazardous drug. In turn, it is hypothesized that if nicotine can be delivered without tobacco and smoke inhalation, most, if not all of

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5082-430: Is mostly sold in wax coated cardboard containers with plastic lids (similar to dip snuff), at 42 g (50 g before 2008). Mini-portion and medium-portion snus are increasingly popular formats. Most of these products come in tins containing 20 portions, of either 0.65 or 0.5 grams each for a total of just under 13 or 10 grams, particularly with those for whom concealing their use of smokeless tobacco in places

5203-440: Is not a carcinogen. However, they are still harmful to cardiovascular health due to their nicotine content, and are associated with moderately higher risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and reproductive harms. The main causes for mortality from smoking including cardiovascular disease from the effects of smoke on vascular coagulation and blood vessel walls are not caused primarily by nicotine and hence not to be considered equal to

5324-582: Is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking. The level of risk varies between different types of products (e.g., low nitrosamine Swedish-type snus versus other smokeless tobacco with high nitrosamine levels) and producing regions. There is no safe level of smokeless tobacco use. Globally it contributes to 650 000 deaths each year. Smokeless tobacco products typically contain over 3000 constituents, which includes multiple cancer-causing chemicals. Approximately 28 chemical constituents present in smokeless tobacco can cause cancer, among which nitrosamine

5445-411: Is not always considered a heavy metal). Heavy metals are often assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment. Some are, while certain others are toxic only if taken in excess or encountered in certain forms. Inhalation of certain metals, either as fine dust or most commonly as fumes, can also result in a condition called metal fume fever . Chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead have

5566-418: Is of utmost importance. Snus is available in two main types: Portioned snus comes in three sizes: mini, normal/large, and maxi. The weights vary, but most packages disclose the net weight. Mini portions weigh around 0.5 g, normal portions weigh 0.8 to 1 g, and maxi portions weigh up to 1.7 g. Some brands offer regular and long versions of the normal size sachet. The nicotine content varies among brands, with

5687-491: Is plant fiber. Plant fibers are used to fill the pouch and give it the desired shape, fit, and properties. Different brands use different fibers, but some of the most common derive from eucalyptus and pine. Nicotine pouches are sold in an array of flavors, such as peppermint, black cherry, coffee, citrus, and many others. The nicotine content among nicotine pouch brands typically varies from 1 mg/pouch to 10 mg/pouch although some have much more. Nicotine pouches usually have

5808-438: Is prepared through heating under pressure. After the heating process, food grade aromas are typically added. In Sweden, snus is regulated as a food product and, for this reason, all ingredients are listed on the label of each individual package (can) of snus. Moist snus contains more than 50% water, and the average use of snus in Sweden is approximately 800 grams (16 units) per person each year. About 12% (1.1 million people) of

5929-439: Is sold as both loose tobacco, and in portions with the tobacco mixture contained in a small teabag-like pouch. The manufacturing process of snus differs from that of other oral tobacco products. Snus tobacco is heated and pasteurized rather than cured or fermented, resulting in a less harmful product which contains a lower concentration of TSNA carcinogens in comparison to other traditional tobacco products. Though research on

6050-1023: Is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article. The earliest known metals—common metals such as iron , copper , and tin , and precious metals such as silver , gold , and platinum —are heavy metals. From 1809 onward, light metals , such as magnesium , aluminium , and titanium , were discovered, as well as less well-known heavy metals including gallium , thallium , and hafnium . Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients (typically iron, cobalt , copper and zinc ), or relatively harmless (such as ruthenium , silver and indium ), but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms. Other heavy metals, such as arsenic , cadmium , mercury, and lead, are highly poisonous. Potential sources of heavy metal poisoning include mining , tailings , smelting , industrial waste , agricultural runoff , occupational exposure , paints and treated timber . Physical and chemical characterisations of heavy metals need to be treated with caution, as

6171-415: Is the most prominent. Smokeless tobacco consumption is widespread throughout the world. Once addicted to nicotine from smokeless tobacco use, many people, particularly young people, expand their tobacco use by smoking cigarettes. Males are more likely than females to use smokeless tobacco. Most smokeless tobacco use involves placing the product between the gum and the cheek or lip. Smokeless tobacco

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6292-410: Is treated as a nonmetal. The United States Pharmacopeia includes a test for heavy metals that involves precipitating metallic impurities as their coloured sulfides . On the basis of this type of chemical test, the group would include the transition metals and post-transition metals . A different chemistry-based approach advocates replacing the term "heavy metal" with two groups of metals and

6413-402: Is typically left in place for anywhere between 30 and 120 minutes. No spitting is required, but some (especially new users) may prefer to. Snus is not cured, so it can spoil much faster than cured tobacco. While tobacco-based snus is typically refrigerated for short term storage (up to a few months), it is typically frozen for longer term storage of a year or more. It can stay unrefrigerated for

6534-482: Is unsafe. Smokeless tobacco (including products where tobacco is chewed ) is a cause of oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , and pancreas cancer . Increased risk of oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries where the use of smokeless tobacco is common. Smokeless tobacco can cause white or gray patches inside

6655-451: Is used as a voltage controller in microchips ; tantalum oxide , another insulator, is used in capacitors in mobile phones . Heavy metals have been used in batteries for over 200 years, at least since Volta invented his copper and silver voltaic pile in 1800. Magnets are often made of heavy metals such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, niobium, bismuth, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, and dysprosium . Neodymium magnets are

6776-555: Is used in armour plating and armour piercing projectiles , as well as in nuclear weapons to increase efficiency (by reflecting neutrons and momentarily delaying the expansion of reacting materials). In the 1970s, tantalum was found to be more effective than copper in shaped charge and explosively formed anti-armour weapons on account of its higher density, allowing greater force concentration, and better deformability. Less- toxic heavy metals , such as copper, tin, tungsten, and bismuth, and probably manganese (as well as boron ,

6897-719: The American Cancer Society stated that "Using any kind of spit or smokeless tobacco is a major health risk. It's less lethal than smoking tobacco, but less lethal is a far cry from safe." In 2017 the World Health Organization states that "Smokeless tobacco use is a significant part of the overall world tobacco problem." Many people who use smokeless tobacco may think it is safer than smoking, but all tobacco products contain toxicants, and use of smokeless tobacco poses its own significant health risks. In South and South-East Asia these products are considered part of

7018-454: The Earth's magnetic field . Broadly speaking, and with some exceptions, lithophile heavy metals can be extracted from their ores by electrical or chemical treatments , while chalcophile heavy metals are obtained by roasting their sulphide ores to yield the corresponding oxides, and then heating these to obtain the raw metals. Radium occurs in quantities too small to be economically mined and

7139-637: The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation . Various national and international health organizations, including the World Health Organization , the US National Cancer Institute , the UK Royal College of Physicians , stated that, even if it is less dangerous than smoking, using smokeless tobacco is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Using smokeless tobacco can cause

7260-513: The Norwegian Directorate of Health forced British American Tobacco Norway to remove the tobacco-free snus Epok, having been sold as the sole tobacco-free brand in Norway since 2014, since as it didn't contain any tobacco, it was a new form of nicotine product, distinct from the other forms of snus approved in Norway. Approval for the nicotine pouch brand ZYN had already been rejected twice for

7381-531: The Tobacco and Vapes Bill which was announced in the King’s speech on 7 November 2023 and introduced to Parliament on 20 March 2024. Non-tobacco nicotine pouches are regulated differently around the world. In some countries, like Norway, the sale of tobacco-free nicotine pouches is prohibited, as it would constitute the sale of a new nicotine-product in addition to cigarettes, snuff, and tobacco-based snus. In June 2018

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7502-662: The United Kingdom , Ireland and Estonia , allow the sale of non-tobacco based snus. Snus is also available in the United States . Snus is made from air-dried/pasteurized tobaccos from various parts of the world. In earlier times, tobacco for making snus was laid out for drying in Scania and Mälardalen , Sweden. Later, Kentucky tobaccos were used. The ground tobacco is mixed with water, salt, an alkalizing agent such as Sodium Carbonate or Sodium Bicarbonate ( E500 ), and aroma, and

7623-463: The hammer throw and shot put events are filled with lead in order to attain the minimum weight required under international rules. Tungsten was used in hammer throw balls at least up to 1980; the minimum size of the ball was increased in 1981 to eliminate the need for what was, at that time, an expensive metal (triple the cost of other hammers) not generally available in all countries. Tungsten hammers were so dense that they penetrated too deeply into

7744-476: The periodic table has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g/cm , which is below the threshold figure used by other authors. The same problem may occur with definitions which are based on atomic weight. Six elements near the end of periods (rows) 4 to 7 sometimes considered metalloids are treated here as metals: they are germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and astatine (At). Oganesson (Og)

7865-463: The platinum group metals ( ruthenium , rhodium, palladium , osmium, iridium , and platinum), germanium, and tin—can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth (core, mantle and crust), rather the crust. These metals otherwise occur in the crust, in small quantities, chiefly as chalcophiles (less so in their native form ). Concentrations of heavy metals below

7986-490: The vicinity of iron (in the periodic table) are largely made via stellar nucleosynthesis . In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to silicon undergo successive fusion reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers. Heavier heavy metals are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy. Rather, they are largely synthesised (from elements with

8107-560: The "range of risks, including nicotine addiction, from smokeless tobacco products may vary extensively because of differing levels of nicotine, carcinogens, and other toxins in different products". In 2010 the National Cancer Institute stated that "because all tobacco products are harmful and cause cancer, the use of all of these products should be strongly discouraged. There is no safe level of tobacco use. People who use any type of tobacco product should be urged to quit". In 2015

8228-713: The Baltics, nicotine pouches are sold freely, because they do not classify as a tobacco product although in Estonia, a special classification of "products related or similar to tobacco products" has been in place since 2020 and the same laws apply as for tobacco products. Although nicotine pouches are not heavily regulated in the European Union, some regulatory characteristics fall under the European Union CLP-Regulation (EC) 1272/2008. The pouches are sold in supermarkets in

8349-483: The European Union apply a ban for advertising and promoting smokeless tobacco. The sale of smokeless tobacco to minors (Article 16 of FCTC) is restricted only in 13 countries and the WHO-defined Eastern Mediterranean region . 11 countries use taxation and pricing measures (Article 6) to reduce use in the general population. In countries where they are applied to smokeless tobacco, FCTC policies had

8470-517: The French court and the upper-class citizens, becoming a fashionable trend. By the early 17th century, the practice of using nasal snuff had also spread to Sweden. Tobacco use became so prevalent in Sweden that in 1724, King Fredrik I issued a decree mandating that Swedes cultivate their own tobacco. Consequently, farmers and homesteaders started grinding their own locally grown tobacco. Due to manual laborers typically working outside where frequent use of

8591-615: The UK and the European Union. Smokeless tobacco was first discussed in the English language in 1683 as a powdered tobacco for breathing into the nose. People have used it for over a thousand years. Cigarette manufacturers have penetrated the smokeless tobacco market. As long ago as 1986, the advisory committee to the Surgeon General concluded that the use of smokeless tobacco "is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. It can cause cancer and

8712-597: The US (2.2%) reported current use of smokeless tobacco. In 2016 nearly 6 of every 100 high school students in the US (5.8%) reported current use of smokeless tobacco. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) contains a set of common goals, minimum standards for tobacco control policy in the 168 countries which signed it. The FCTC policies are also applicable for smokeless tobacco however they are less implemented in regards to these products. Only 57 countries have policies regulating smokeless tobacco use. 13 countries and

8833-542: The United Kingdom, and are not covered by tobacco or medical laws there. In 2022, the Action on Smoking and Health group called for a regulatory framework covering all nicotine products. In Canada, 4 mg nicotine pouches became widely available for sale in gas stations and convenience stores as a form of nicotine replacement therapy , with Imperial Tobacco Canada receiving approval for its Zonnic brand in 2023. Their sale

8954-450: The amount of each tobacco type used within a product. Each variable results in different level of nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine is absorbed by the body to different degrees depending on the pH level of the product, which is known as the free nicotine or unionized nicotine level. Below are some measured nicotine levels of various smokeless tobacco products from 2006 and 2007 and their corresponding free nicotine levels as calculated by

9075-523: The aquatic environments of industrialised societies have been estimated to be two to three times those of pre-industrial levels. As a component of tetraethyl lead , (CH 3 CH 2 ) 4 Pb , it was used extensively in gasoline from the 1930s until the 1970s. Although the use of leaded gasoline was largely phased out in North America by 1996, soils next to roads built before this time retain high lead concentrations. Later research demonstrated

9196-429: The basis of density, atomic number or chemical behaviour . More specific definitions have been published, none of which have been widely accepted. The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements ; only mercury , lead and bismuth meet all of them. Despite this lack of agreement, the term (plural or singular) is widely used in science. A density of more than 5 g/cm

9317-436: The behaviour of metal ions in inorganic systems. The system groups the elements by X m 2 r {\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r} where X m {\displaystyle X_{m}} is the metal ion electronegativity and r {\displaystyle r} is its ionic radius . This index gauges the importance of covalent interactions vs ionic interactions for

9438-440: The characteristics of heavier metals. Heavy metals are relatively rare in the Earth's crust but are present in many aspects of modern life. They are used in, for example, golf clubs , cars , antiseptics , self-cleaning ovens , plastics , solar panels , mobile phones , and particle accelerators . The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which standardizes nomenclature, says "the term heavy metals

9559-801: The connection between snus and disease such as cancer is not conclusive, no associations between snus consumption and an increased risk of cancer have been found. The warning text "causes cancer" was removed from snus packaging in Sweden and other countries because current scientific evidence indicates that the cancer risk associated with snus is significantly lower than that of smoking. The shift in labeling aims to provide accurate information while still cautioning consumers about potential health concerns. Nicotine products in general have been linked to reproductive harms such as stillbirth , premature birth , and low birth weight . Conversely, non-tobacco based nicotine pouches (also known as "nic pouches") are classified as non- carcinogenic since nicotine itself

9680-428: The crust are generally higher, with most being found in the largely iron-silicon-nickel core. Platinum , for example, comprises approximately 1 part per billion of the crust whereas its concentration in the core is thought to be nearly 6,000 times higher. Recent speculation suggests that uranium (and thorium) in the core may generate a substantial amount of the heat that drives plate tectonics and (ultimately) sustains

9801-470: The cultural heritage and there is little enthusiasm for regulation. Around 80% of users live in these regions. Heavy metal (elements) Heavy metals is a controversial and ambiguous term for metallic elements with relatively high densities , atomic weights , or atomic numbers . The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context and has been argued should not be used. A heavy metal may be defined on

9922-583: The distinguishing criterion might be atomic number , or the chemical behaviour. Density criteria range from above 3.5 g/cm to above 7 g/cm . Atomic weight definitions can range from greater than sodium (atomic weight 22.98); greater than 40 (excluding s- and f-block metals, hence starting with scandium ); or more than 200, i.e. from mercury onwards. Atomic numbers are sometimes capped at 92 ( uranium ). Definitions based on atomic number have been criticised for including metals with low densities. For example, rubidium in group (column) 1 of

10043-442: The elements into nonmetals, light metals, and heavy metals. Light metals had densities of 0.860–5.0 g/cm ; heavy metals 5.308–22.000. The term heavy metal is sometimes used interchangeably with the term heavy element . For example, in discussing the history of nuclear chemistry , Magee notes that the actinides were once thought to represent a new heavy element transition group whereas Seaborg and co-workers "favoured ...

10164-407: The following six categories. Some uses of heavy metals, including in sport, mechanical engineering , military ordnance , and nuclear science , take advantage of their relatively high densities. In underwater diving , lead is used as a ballast ; in handicap horse racing each horse must carry a specified lead weight, based on factors including past performance, so as to equalize the chances of

10285-493: The formation of coloured compounds; the capacity of most heavy metal ions (such as platinum, cerium or bismuth ) to exist in different oxidation states and are used in catalysts; strong exchange interactions in 3d or 4f orbitals (in iron, cobalt, and nickel, or the lanthanide heavy metals) that give rise to magnetic effects; and high atomic numbers and electron densities that underpin their nuclear science applications. Typical uses of heavy metals can be broadly grouped into

10406-407: The general characteristics of heavy metals such as density, strength, and durability. Other uses depend on the characteristics of the specific element, such as their biological role as nutrients or poisons or some other specific atomic properties. Examples of such atomic properties include: partly filled d- or f- orbitals (in many of the transition, lanthanide, and actinide heavy metals) that enable

10527-661: The general pattern that heavier elements tend to be less abundant and that scarcer elements are less likely to be nutritionally essential. In period 5 , molybdenum is required for the catalysis of redox reactions; cadmium is used by some marine diatoms for the same purpose; and tin may be required for growth in a few species. In period 6 , tungsten is required by some archaea and bacteria for metabolic processes . A deficiency of any of these period 4–6 essential heavy metals may increase susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning (conversely, an excess may also have adverse biological effects ). An average 70 kg human body

10648-450: The greatest potential to cause harm on account of their extensive use, the toxicity of some of their combined or elemental forms, and their widespread distribution in the environment. Hexavalent chromium , for example, is highly toxic as are mercury vapour and many mercury compounds. These five elements have a strong affinity for sulfur; in the human body they usually bind, via thiol groups (–SH), to enzymes responsible for controlling

10769-483: The harm of smoking can be avoided. However, if not carcinogenic, nicotine is still moderately harmful to cardiovascular health, therefore long-term use of non-tobacco nicotine pouches very likely causes higher risks for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and reproductive harms. A meta-analysis from 2015 by members of Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai , India , argues that nicotine may be carcinogenic through indirect effects on

10890-427: The higher levels of some toxic chemicals, and what the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said was a lack of medical data showing the pouches are safer than cigarettes (as claimed by manufacturer British American Tobacco), the government should not license the product. Snus has a long history of use, reaching back to the 16th century and concentrated in Sweden. Its origin lies in an invention by Jean Nicot (1530–1600),

11011-412: The industrial production of chlorine . Home electrical systems, for the most part, are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties. Silver and gold are used in electrical and electronic devices, particularly in contact switches , as a result of their high electrical conductivity and capacity to resist or minimise the formation of impurities on their surfaces. Hafnium oxide , an insulator,

11132-449: The ingestion of germanium dietary supplements (~15 to 300 g in total consumed over a period of two months to three years). Exposure to osmium tetroxide (OsO 4 ) may cause permanent eye damage and can lead to respiratory failure and death. Indium salts are toxic if more than few milligrams are ingested and will affect the kidneys, liver, and heart. Cisplatin (PtCl 2 (NH 3 ) 2 ), an important drug used to kill cancer cells ,

11253-576: The lanthanides are also extensively employed in lasers. Gallium, indium, and arsenic; and copper, iridium, and platinum are used in LEDs (the latter three in organic LEDs ). Niche uses of heavy metals with high atomic numbers occur in diagnostic imaging , electron microscopy , and nuclear science. In diagnostic imaging, heavy metals such as cobalt or tungsten make up the anode materials found in x-ray tubes . In electron microscopy, heavy metals such as lead, gold, palladium, platinum, or uranium have been used in

11374-421: The lithophiles. In contrast, gold is a siderophile , or iron-loving element. It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur. At the time of the Earth's formation , and as the most noble (inert) of metals, gold sank into the core due to its tendency to form high-density metallic alloys. Consequently, it is a relatively rare metal. Some other (less) noble heavy metals—molybdenum, rhenium ,

11495-601: The manufacture of tools, machinery, appliances , utensils, pipes, railroad tracks , buildings and bridges, automobiles, locks, furniture, ships, planes, coinage and jewellery. They are also used as alloying additives for enhancing the properties of other metals. Of the two dozen elements that have been used in the world's monetised coinage only two, carbon and aluminium, are not heavy metals. Gold, silver, and platinum are used in jewellery as are, for example, nickel, copper, indium, and cobalt in coloured gold . Low-cost jewellery and children's toys may be made, to

11616-508: The metals involved are not always consistently defined. As well as being relatively dense, heavy metals tend to be less reactive than lighter metals and have far fewer soluble sulfides and hydroxides . While it is relatively easy to distinguish a heavy metal such as tungsten from a lighter metal such as sodium , a few heavy metals, such as zinc, mercury, and lead, have some of the characteristics of lighter metals; and lighter metals such as beryllium , scandium , and titanium, have some of

11737-537: The moderate cardiovascular health risks from nicotine pouches. The sale of tobacco-based snus is illegal in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and all European Union (EU) countries except for Sweden. Non-tobacco nicotine pouches are presently not regulated at EU-level. It is the most common type of tobacco product in Sweden and Norway and is also available in Switzerland . Some European countries, such as

11858-517: The most abundant in smokeless tobacco and the most carcinogenic. N-nitrosonornicotine and ketone are group 1 carcinogens to humans. These two nitrosamines found in smokeless tobacco products are the main agents for the majority of cancers in smokeless tobacco users. Products such as 3-(methylnitrosamino)-proprionitrile, nitrosamines, and nicotine initiate the production of reactive oxygen species in smokeless tobacco, eventually leading to fibroblast, DNA, and RNA damage with carcinogenic effects in

11979-485: The most common strength being 8 mg per gram of tobacco. Stark and extra stark varieties have higher nicotine content, with stark varieties containing 11–14 mg and extra stark varieties containing up to 22 mg. Siberia brand has an "Extremely Strong" snus with 43 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco, the highest available. Snus is typically used by being placed under the upper lip . This is true for both loose snus and portion snus. The pris (pressed pellet of loose snus) or pouch

12100-563: The mouth ( leukoplakia ) that can develop into oral cancer . All tobacco products, including smokeless, contain cancer-causing chemicals. These carcinogenic compounds occurring in smokeless tobacco vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in smokeless tobacco products. Carcinogenic compounds in smokeless tobacco belong primarily to three groups of compounds: tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), N-nitrosoamino acids and N-nitrosamines . Among these TSNAs are

12221-500: The mouth of tobacco consumers. The metabolic activation of nitrosamine in tobacco by cytochrome P450 enzymes may lead to the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine, a major carcinogen, and micronuclei, which are an indicator of genotoxicity. These effects lead to further DNA damage and, eventually, oral cancer. Other chemicals found in tobacco can also cause cancer. These include the radioactive element polonium-210 found in tobacco fertilizer. Harmful chemicals are also formed when tobacco

12342-806: The need for management or treatment. Some medications that show some benefits are varenicline and nicotine lozenges . Some behavioural interventions may also help. More than 300 million people are using smokeless tobacco worldwide. People of many regions, including India, Pakistan, other Asian countries, and North America, have a long history of smokeless tobacco use. Once addicted to nicotine from smokeless tobacco use, many people, particularly young people, expand their tobacco use by smoking cigarettes. Because young people who use smokeless tobacco can become addicted to nicotine, they may be more likely to also become cigarette smokers. Youth are particularly susceptible to starting smokeless tobacco use. Males were more likely than females to have used smokeless tobacco in

12463-407: The next two elements, polonium and astatine, which decay to bismuth or lead. The r-process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as thorium and uranium. Heavy metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes. Stars lose much of their mass when it is ejected late in their lifetimes, and sometimes thereafter as

12584-587: The nicotine content in the snus and the pH of the final product. A voluntary quality standard for snus products has been introduced (Gothiatek) that sets maximum levels for certain controversial constituents including nitrosamines, heavy metals , and polyaromatic hydrocarbons . Most manufacturers of Scandinavian type snus adhere to this standard. Snus is sold in containers of various sizes, originally made of porcelain, wood, silver, or gold. Portioned snus usually comes in plastic tins of 20 to 24 portions, containing about 0.75 to 1 gram of snus each, while loose snus

12705-465: The order, Zonnic was prohibited from being sold outside of pharmacies, and flavours besides menthol and mint were recalled. The company will have six months to amend its packaging to include warnings on nicotine addiction, and modify its marketing as to not appeal to youth or promote other uses beyond nicotine therapy. It is assumed nicotine pouches are classified as tobacco products in the US because they contain nicotine obtained from tobacco . There

12826-426: The other 95% of the crust. Despite their overall scarcity, heavy metals can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building , erosion , or other geological processes . Heavy metals are found primarily as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile heavy metals are mainly f-block elements and the more reactive of the d-block elements. They have

12947-542: The past month. In 2014, 3.3 percent of people aged 12 or older (an estimated 8.7 million people) used smokeless tobacco in the past month. Past month smokeless tobacco use remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2014. Past month smokeless tobacco use between 2002 and 2014 was mostly consistent among adults aged 26 or older. There was more variability in the percentages of young adults aged 18 to 25 and adolescents aged 12 to 17 who used smokeless tobacco between 2002 and 2014. Smokeless tobacco use for adolescents aged 12 to 17

13068-506: The past to make conductive coatings and to introduce electron density into biological specimens by staining , negative staining , or vacuum deposition . In nuclear science, nuclei of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, or zinc are sometimes fired at other heavy metal targets to produce superheavy elements ; heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons or isotopes of non-primordial elements such as astatine (using lead, bismuth, thorium, or uranium in

13189-429: The population in Sweden use snus. Unlike dipping tobacco and chew, most snus today does not undergo the fermentation process, but is instead steam- pasteurized . Pasteurization inhibits the growth of bacteria that facilitate the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines , while preserving the desired texture and mouthfeel of the snus. The absorption of nicotine, the desired primary alkaloid in tobacco, greatly depends on

13310-498: The product. In the 2024 Canadian federal budget , a provision was enacted which gives the Minister of Health power to restrict the sale, manufacture, importation, or promotion of health products, if they have a risk of harm associated with off-label use ; Holland stated that the provision was intended primarily to target nicotine pouches. In August 2024, Holland invoked this power to issue a ministerial order effective 28 August 2024; under

13431-504: The risk of non-fatal ischaemic heart disease among users in Asia, although not in Europe. Smokeless tobacco can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth , low birth weight . Nicotine in smokeless tobacco products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth. Due to the harm caused by smokeless tobacco, it use might lead to

13552-404: The speed of metabolic reactions. The resulting sulfur-metal bonds inhibit the proper functioning of the enzymes involved; human health deteriorates, sometimes fatally. Chromium (in its hexavalent form) and arsenic are carcinogens ; cadmium causes a degenerative bone disease ; and mercury and lead damage the central nervous system . Lead is the most prevalent heavy metal contaminant. Levels in

13673-506: The strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. They are key components of, for example, car door locks, starter motors , fuel pumps , and power windows . Heavy metals are used in lighting , lasers , and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Flat panel displays incorporate a thin film of electrically conducting indium tin oxide . Fluorescent lighting relies on mercury vapour for its operation. Ruby lasers generate deep red beams by exciting chromium atoms in aluminum oxide ;

13794-701: The turf. The higher the projectile density, the more effectively it can penetrate heavy armor plate ... Os , Ir , Pt , and Re  ... are expensive ... U offers an appealing combination of high density, reasonable cost and high fracture toughness. AM Russell and KL Lee Structure–property relations in nonferrous metals (2005, p. 16) Heavy metals are used for ballast in boats, aeroplanes, and motor vehicles; or in balance weights on wheels and crankshafts , gyroscopes , and propellers , and centrifugal clutches , in situations requiring maximum weight in minimum space (for example in watch movements ). In military ordnance, tungsten or uranium

13915-458: The various competitors. In golf , tungsten, brass , or copper inserts in fairway clubs and irons lower the centre of gravity of the club making it easier to get the ball into the air; and golf balls with tungsten cores are claimed to have better flight characteristics. In fly fishing , sinking fly lines have a PVC coating embedded with tungsten powder, so that they sink at the required rate. In track and field sport, steel balls used in

14036-741: The walls of such ovens helps oxidise carbon -based cooking residues). In soap chemistry, heavy metals form insoluble soaps that are used in lubricating greases , paint dryers, and fungicides (apart from lithium, the alkali metals and the ammonium ion form soluble soaps). The colours of glass , ceramic glazes , paints , pigments , and plastics are commonly produced by the inclusion of heavy metals (or their compounds) such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, zirconium , molybdenum, silver, tin, praseodymium , neodymium , erbium , tungsten, iridium, gold, lead, or uranium. Tattoo inks may contain heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, and copper. The high reflectivity of some heavy metals

14157-590: The world's oceans. Recent examples of heavy metal contamination and health risks include the occurrence of Minamata disease , in Japan (1932–1968; lawsuits ongoing as of 2016); the Bento Rodrigues dam disaster in Brazil, high levels of lead in drinking water supplied to the residents of Flint , Michigan, in the north-east of the United States and 2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents . Heavy metals up to

14278-463: The years that followed, numerous manufacturers further improved of snus manufacturing, leading to the flourishing of many brands. Several of these brands from that era continue to exist. In 1914, the Swedish parliament made the decision to nationalize the entire tobacco industry. This led to the transformation of numerous tobacco companies into the state-owned monopoly known as AB Svenska Tobakmonopolet. As

14399-532: Was higher during the mid-2000s, but the 2014 estimates were closer to the lower levels seen in the early 2000s. In 2014, an estimated 1.0 million people aged 12 or older used smokeless tobacco for the first time in the past year; this represents 0.5 percent of people who had not previously used smokeless tobacco. Prevalence of smokeless tobacco types that contain areca nut is increasing in the Western Pacific. In 2016 about 2 of every 100 middle school students in

14520-438: Was listed on the stock market in 1996. Smokeless tobacco Using smokeless tobacco can cause various harmful effects such as dental disease, oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , and pancreas cancer , coronary heart disease , as well as negative reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth and low birth weight . Smokeless tobacco poses a lower health risk than traditional combusted products. However it

14641-538: Was the jurisdiction of provinces and territories, Imperial lobbied against regulation of the product, stating that it had voluntarily instructed retailers to sell it alongside other age-restricted tobacco products. Due to local laws on health products, the pouches could only be sold in Quebec at pharmacies. In February 2024, British Columbia issued a ministerial order that prohibited nicotine pouches from being sold outside of pharmacies. That month, Holland threatened to regulate

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