Slovincians , also known as Łeba Kashubians , is a near-extinct ethnic subgroup of the Kashubian people , who originated from the north western Kashubia , located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship , Poland , from the area around the lakes of Łebsko and Gardno . In the aftermath of World War II , Slovincians emigrated en masse to Germany , with the last families emigrating there in the 1980s. They originally spoke the Slovincian language , which went extinct in the early 20th century, as well as Kashubian , Polish , and German .
33-785: The ancestors of the Slovincians, the West Slavic Pomeranians , moved in after the Migration Period . Following the Ostsiedlung , the Slovincians like most of the other Wends gradually became Germanized. The adoption of Lutheranism in the Duchy of Pomerania in 1534 distinguished the Slovincians from the Kashubes in Pomerelia , who remained Roman Catholic . In the 16th century, "Slovincian"
66-567: A gens , Sclavini merely a genus , and there was no "Slavic" gens . He further states that " Wends occur particularly in political contexts: the Wends, not the Slavs, made Samo their king." Other such alleged early West Slavic states include the Principality of Moravia (8th century–833), the Principality of Nitra (8th century–833), and Great Moravia (833–c. 907). Christiansen (1997) identified
99-559: A Polish translation of some works of Martin Luther and biblical texts, which also contained Kashubian elements. Other biblical texts were published in 1700 by Sporgius, pastor in Schmolsin. His Schmolsiner Perikopen , most of which is written in the same Polish-Kashubian style of Krofey's and Brüggemann's books, also contain small passages ("6th Sunday after Epiphanias") written in pure Kashubian. Hilferding (1862) and Parczewski (1896) confirmed
132-543: A dialect of Polish or a separate language. Stefan Ramułt (1859–1913) was fascinated by Florian Ceynowa and decidedly supported giving Kashubian the status of a full-fledged standard language. The Pomeranian language influenced the formation of other Polish language dialects, such as the Kociewski , Borowiacki and Krajniacki dialects. Undoubtedly, they belong to the Polish language, but they also have some features in common with
165-515: A more proper term." The word dialect was probably used by Ceynowa because he was a follower of Pan-Slavism , according to which all the Slavic languages were dialects of one Slavic language. In his later works, though, he called his language kaszébsko-słovjinsko móva . In 1893, Stefan Ramułt , the Jagiellonian University linguist, referred to the early history of Pomerania, publishing
198-552: A progressive language shift in the Kashubian population from their Slavonic vernacular to the local German dialect ( Low German Ostpommersch or High German , in eastern Kashubian areas also to Low Prussian ). By the 1920s, the Slovincian villages had become linguistically German, though a Slovincian consciousness remained. The area remained within the borders of Germany until becoming part of Poland after World War II ended in 1945 and
231-561: The Chronicle of Fredegar and Paul the Deacon are neither clear nor consistent in their ethnographic terminology, and whether "Wends" or "Veneti" refer to Slavic people, pre-Slavic people, or to a territory rather than a population, is a matter of scholarly debate. The early Slavic expansion reached Central Europe in the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from common Slavic over
264-598: The Bavarian Geographer made a list of West Slavic tribes who lived in the areas of modern-day Poland , Czech Republic , Germany and Denmark : Pomeranian language The Pomeranian language ( Polish : pomorszczyzna or język pomorski ; German: Pomoranisch or die pomoranische Sprache ) is in the Pomeranian group of Lechitic languages (Polish: grupa pomorska języków lechickich ; German: die pomoranische Gruppe der lechischen Sprachen ) within
297-671: The Cyrillic alphabet . Linguistically, the West Slavic group can be divided into three subgroups: Lechitic , including Polish , Silesian , Kashubian , and the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages ; Sorbian in the region of Lusatia ; and Czecho–Slovak in the Czech lands . In the Early Middle Ages , the name " Wends " (probably derived from the Roman-era Veneti ) may have applied to Slavic peoples. However, sources such as
330-622: The Dictionary of the Pomoranian i.e. Kashubian Language . In the preface, Ramułt wrote: and Friedrich Lorentz (the author of Pomeranian Grammar and The History of Pomeranian/Kashubian Language ) referred in his works to Ramułt's dictionary. After Lorentz died, Friedhelm Hinze published a Pomeranian dictionary in five volumes ( Pomoranisches Wörterbuch ), which was based on Lorentz's writing. The Pomeranian language, and its only surviving form, Kashubian, traditionally have not been recognized by
363-541: The Pagan sanctuaries of the closed (long) type, while the East Slavic sanctuaries had a round (most often open) shape ( see also : Peryn ). Early modern historiographers such as Penzel (1777) and Palacky (1827) have claimed Samo's Empire to be first independent Slavic state in history by taking Fredegar's Wendish account at face value. Curta (1997) argued that the text is not as straightforward: according to Fredegar, Wends were
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#1732852607961396-643: The Poles , Czechs , Slovaks , Silesians , Kashubians , and Sorbs . From the ninth century onwards, most West Slavs converted to Roman Catholicism , thus coming under the cultural influence of the Latin Church , adopting the Latin alphabet , and tending to be more closely integrated into cultural and intellectual developments in western Europe than the East Slavs , who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and adopted
429-588: The West Slavic languages . In medieval contexts, it refers to the dialects spoken by the Slavic Pomeranians . In modern contexts, the term is sometimes used synonymously with " Kashubian " and may also include extinct Slovincian . The name Pomerania comes from Slavic po moře , which means "[land] by the sea". During the early medieval Slavic migrations , the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers
462-494: The 1980s. West Slavs The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages . They separated from the common Slavic group around the 7th century, and established independent polities in Central Europe by the 8th to 9th centuries. The West Slavic languages diversified into their historically attested forms over the 10th to 14th centuries. Today, groups which speak West Slavic languages include
495-640: The High Middle Ages , German immigration and assimilation of the Slavic Pomeranians ( Ostsiedlung ) introduced Low German East Pomeranian , Central Pomeranian , and Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialects , which became dominant in Pomerania except for some areas in the east, where the populace remained largely Slavic and continued to use the Slavic Pomeranian language. This was especially
528-751: The Kociewski dialects and the Kashubian language is, for example, the partial preservation of the so-called "TarT" group and a part of its lexis. For the Borowiacki dialects and the Pomeranian language, the common feature was affrication of dorsal consonants. The Pomeranian language also influenced the Low German dialects, which were used in Pomerania . After Germanisation , the population of Western Pomerania started to use
561-452: The Low German dialects. Those dialects, though, were influenced by the Pomeranian language (Slavic). Most words originating from Pomeranian can be found in vocabulary connected with fishery and farming. The word Zeese / Zehse may serve as an example. It describes a kind of a fishing net and is still known in the Low German dialects of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern today. The word comes from
594-646: The Old Polish dialects. At the same time, he classified the extant Kashubian and Slovincian dialects as belonging to the Modern Polish language. Other linguists relate the Pomeranian language to the Polabian group of dialects (forming the Pomeranian-Polabian group). After Slovincian and all the Pomeranian dialects (except Kashubian) became extinct, the Kashubian language is the term most often used in relation to
627-540: The Pomeranian language which has been used in everyday German language and has appeared in dictionaries is the phrase " dalli, dalli " (it means: come on, come on). It moved to the German language through the German dialects of West Prussia , and is also present in the Kashubian language (spelled: dali, dali ). The classification of the Pomeranian ethnolect is problematic. It was classified by Aleksander Brückner as one of
660-454: The Pomeranian language, which proves their character was transitional. Friedrich Lorentz supposed that the Kociewski and Borewiacki dialects first belonged to the Pomeranian language and were then Polonized as a result of the Polish colonization of these territories. According to Lorentz, the Krajniacki dialect most probably was originally a part of the Polish language. The common feature of
693-412: The area became Polish . Some Slovincians were expelled along with the German population , some were allowed to remain. In the 1950s, mainly in the village of Kluki (formerly Klucken), a few elderly people still remembered fragments of Slovincian. The remaining Slovincians began to ask for the right to emigrate to West Germany, and virtually all of the remaining Slovincian families had emigrated there by
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#1732852607961726-473: The area of Koszalin to Pomerelia. While Western Pomerania was being Germanized, the Germans (both colonizers and Germanized descendants of Slavic Pomeranians) started using the words "Pomeranian" ( German : Pommersch ; Polish: pomorski ) and "Pomeranians" ( German : Pommern ; Polish : Pomorzacy ) referring to their own population. The part of the Pomeranian population which kept their Slavic language
759-460: The case in Pomerelia , where the Slavic population became known as Kashubians and their language accordingly as Kashubian . An insular Slavic Pomeranian dialect spoken northwest of Kashubia until the 20th century became known as Slovincian . It is disputed whether Slovincian may be regarded as a dialect of Kashubian or a separate language. Likewise, it is disputed whether Kashubian may be regarded as
792-689: The domination of the Holy Roman Empire after the Wendish Crusade in the Middle Ages and had been strongly assimilated by Germans at the end of the 19th century. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony . Various attempts have been made to group the West Slavs into subgroups according to various criteria, including geography, historical tribes, and linguistics. In 845
825-886: The following West Slav tribes in the 11th century from "the coastlands and hinterland from the aby of Kiel to the Vistula, including the islands of Fehmarn, Poel, Rügen, Usedom and Wollin", namely the Wagrians , Obodrites (or Abotrites), the Polabians , the Liutizians or Wilzians, the Rugians or Rani, the Sorbs, the Lusatians, the Poles, and the Pomeranians (later divided into Pomerelians and Cassubians). They came under
858-571: The following centuries. The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the Carolingian Empire , along the Limes Saxoniae . Prior to the Magyar invasion of Pannonia in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania. In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by
891-447: The incipient German Ostsiedlung , decisively so following the Wendish Crusade in the 11th century. The early Slavic expansion began in the 5th century, and by the 6th century the groups that would become the West, East , and South Slavic groups had probably become geographically separated. One of the distinguishing features of the West Slavic tribes was manifested in the structure of
924-467: The language spoken by the Pomeranians . However, it is still not clear from where the words "Kashubians" and "Kashubian" ( Polish : Kaszubi and Kaszubski , Kashubian : Kaszëbi and kaszëbsczi ) originated and how they were brought from the area near Koszalin to Pomerelia. None of the theories proposed has been widely accepted so far. There is also no indication that Pomeranians wandered from
957-503: The majority of Polish linguists, and have been treated in Poland as "the most distinct dialect of Polish". However, there have also been some Polish linguists who treated Pomeranian as a separate language. The most prominent of them were Stefan Ramułt , and Alfred Majewicz , who overtly called Kashubian a language in the 1980s. Following the collapse of communism in Poland , attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing. It
990-419: The old Pomeranian word of the same meaning: seza . It moved to Kashubian and Slovincian dialects through Low German, and appeared in Pomeranian dictionaries as ceza meaning "flounder and perch fishing net". Thus, it is a "reverse loan-word" as the Pomeranian language borrowed the word from Low German in which it functioned as a " Pomoranism " (a borrowing from the Pomeranian language). A borrowing from
1023-613: Was also applied to the Slavic speakers in the Bytów (Bütow) region further south. In the 16th and 17th century Michael Brüggemann (also known as Pontanus or Michał Mostnik), Simon Krofey (Szimon Krofej) and J.M. Sporgius introduced Kashubian into the Lutheran Church. Krofey, pastor in Bytów (Bütow), published a religious song book in 1586, written in Polish but also containing some Kashubian words. Brüggemann, pastor in Schmolsin , published
Slovincians - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-508: Was called the Wends ( German : Wenden ) or the Kashubians ( German : Kaschuben ). As the West lost its Slavic character, those two terms were more often used in the East. In 1850, in the preface to his Kashubian-Russian dictionary, Florian Ceynowa wrote about the language of Baltic Slavic peoples: "Usually it is called the 'Kashubian language', although the 'Pomeranian-Slovenian dialect' would be
1089-789: Was settled by tribes grouped as Pomeranians . Their dialects, sometimes referred to as Ancient Pomeranian, had a transitory character between the Polabian dialects spoken west of Pomerania and the Old Polish dialects spoken to the southeast. The earliest text written in Pomerania comes from 1304, published in 1881-1882 in Pommerellisches Urkundenbuch . Universis Christi fidelibus, ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit, Venzeke prawi curriwi sin de Solkowe, felicitatem in domino sempiternam Universis Christi fidelibus, ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit, Więcek prawy kur[ri]wi syn de Sul[ech]owo, felicitatem in domino sempiternam. During
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