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59-515: Although the site's use by the College students dates back to at least the 1860s, the Arboretum began in 1922 when Mr. and Mrs. George A. Slayton donated 14 acres (5.7 hectares) to Hillsdale College. By 1924, the first donated plantings were in place, led by Professor Bertram A. Barber. A pond was excavated in 1928, and a field station, a hillside rock garden , waterfall, and pump house were added in 1929. In

118-452: A bedding plane , and plants are often used to conceal the joints between said stones. This type of rockery was popular in Victorian times and usually created by professional landscape architects . The same approach is sometimes used in commercial or modern-campus landscaping but can also be applied in smaller private gardens. The Japanese rock garden , or dry garden , often referred to as

177-693: A rockery and formerly as a rockwork , is a garden , or more often a part of a garden, with a landscaping framework of rocks , stones, and gravel, with planting appropriate to this setting. Usually these are small Alpine plants that need relatively little soil or water. Western rock gardens are often divided into alpine gardens , scree gardens on looser, smaller stones, and other rock gardens. Some rock gardens are planted around natural outcrops of rock, perhaps with some artificial landscaping, but most are entirely artificial, with both rocks and plants brought in. Some are designed and built to look like natural outcrops of bedrock . Stones are aligned to suggest

236-539: A "Zen garden", is a special kind of rock garden with a few large rocks, and gravel over most of the surface, often raked in patterns, and no or very few plants. Other Chinese and Japanese gardens use rocks, singly or in groups, with more plants, and often set in grass, or next to flowing water. Until the fairly recent past the removal for gardening purposes of both plants and stone from their natural wild locations has resulted in considerable problems, and many are now legally protected; English Westmorland limestone pavement

295-416: A checkboard pattern; and an intimate garden with swirling sand patterns. In the last century, Zen gardens have appeared in many countries outside Japan. Stone arrangements and other miniature elements are used to represent mountains and natural water elements and scenes, islands, rivers and waterfalls. Stone and shaped shrubs ( karikomi , hako-zukuri topiary) are used interchangeably. In most gardens moss

354-526: A critical stance to the understanding of all Japanese culture, including gardens, under the nominator of Zen. Christian Tagsold summarized the discussion by placing perceptions of the Japanese garden in the context of an interdisciplinary comparison of cultures of Japan and the West. Zen priests quote from Chinese treatises on landscape painting indicating that the Japanese rock garden, and its karesansui garden scenery

413-429: A fire. In 1940, the temple commissioned the landscape historian and architect Shigemori Mirei to recreate the gardens. He created four different gardens, one for each face of the main temple building. He made one garden with five artificial hills covered with grass, symbolizing the five great ancient temples of Kyoto; a modern rock garden, with vertical rocks, symbolizing Mount Horai ; a large "sea" of white gravel raked in

472-500: A living creature (usually a turtle, or a carp). In a group, they might be a waterfall or a crane in flight. In the earliest rock gardens of the Heian period, the rocks in a garden sometimes had a political message. As the Sakutei-ki wrote: Sometimes, when mountains are weak, they are without fail destroyed by water. It is, in other words, as if subjects had attacked their emperor. A mountain

531-411: A miniature stylized landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand that is raked to represent ripples in water. Zen gardens are commonly found at temples or monasteries. A Zen garden is usually relatively small, surrounded by a wall or buildings, and is usually meant to be seen while seated from a single viewpoint outside

590-514: A perfectly shaped mountain of white gravel, resembling Mount Fuji , in the center. The scene was called ginshanada , literally "sand of silver and open sea". This garden feature became known as kogetsudai , or small mountain facing the Moon, and similar small Mount Fuji made of sand or earth covered with grass appeared in Japanese gardens for centuries afterwards. The most famous of all Zen gardens in Kyoto

649-426: A place where there is neither a lake or a stream, one can put in place what is called a kare-sansui, or dry landscape". This kind of garden featured either rocks placed upright like mountains, or laid out in a miniature landscape of hills and ravines, with few plants. He described several other styles of rock garden, which usually included a stream or pond, including the great river style, the mountain river style, and

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708-508: A real pond with water and a dry waterfall of rocks looking like a Chinese landscape. Saihō-ji and Tenryū-ji show the transition from the Heian style garden toward a more abstract and stylized view of nature. The gardens of Ginkaku-ji , also known as the Silver Pavilion, are also attributed to Muso Kokushi. This temple garden included a traditional pond garden, but it had a new feature for a Japanese garden; an area of raked white gravel with

767-543: A role in the dynamics of the shrub community which has developed in the garden over the last seventy years. The arboretum is currently directed by Dr. Ranessa Cooper and hosts art programs and children's programs during the summer. As of late 2013 the arboretum underwent a renovation. The college has added a waterfall and the arboretum is open to the public once again. 41°56′07″N 84°37′41″W  /  41.93514°N 84.62801°W  / 41.93514; -84.62801 Rock garden A rock garden , also known as

826-440: A shaded area for a woodland rock garden . If used, they are often grown in troughs or low to the ground to avoid obscuring the eponymous rocks. The plants found in rock gardens are usually species that flourish in well-drained, soil . Japanese rock garden The Japanese dry garden ( 枯山水 , karesansui ) or Japanese rock garden , often called a Zen garden , is a distinctive style of Japanese garden . It creates

885-471: A stone has an ugly-looking top you should place it so as to give prominence to its side. Even if this means it has to lean at a considerable angle, no one will notice. There should always be more horizontal than vertical stones. If there are "running away" stones there must be "chasing" stones. If there are "leaning" stones, there must be "supporting" stones. Rocks are rarely if ever placed in straight lines or in symmetrical patterns. The most common arrangement

944-433: A surface area of over 29,000 m which have used "Shirakawa-suna". Gravel is used in the entrance, main garden, and corridor area and takes four forms, spread gravel, gravel terrace, gravel pile, and garden path. Typically in areas covering less than 100 m , the gravel is 20 to 50 mm deep and has a particle size of 9 mm. Among the gardens which used Shirakawa-suna have been Ryōan-ji and Daitoku-ji. "Shirakawa-suna"

1003-570: A wide following, particularly among the Samurai class and war lords, who admired its doctrine of self-discipline. The gardens of the early Zen temples in Japan resembled Chinese gardens of the time, with lakes and islands. But in Kyoto in the 14th and 15th century, a new kind of garden appeared at the important Zen temples. These Zen gardens were designed to stimulate meditation. "Nature, if you made it expressive by reducing it to its abstract forms, could transmit

1062-452: Is Ryōan-ji , built in the late 15th century where for the first time the Zen garden became purely abstract. The garden is a rectangle of 340 square meters. Placed within it are fifteen stones of different sizes, carefully composed in five groups; one group of five stones, two groups of three, and two groups of two stones. The stones are surrounded by white gravel, which is carefully raked each day by

1121-521: Is a metaphorical journey on the river of life. Others, like Ryōan-ji , resist easy interpretation. Many different theories have been put forward about what the garden is supposed to represent, from islands in a stream to swimming baby tigers to the peaks of mountains rising above the clouds to theories about secrets of geometry or of the rules of equilibrium of odd numbers. Garden historian Gunter Nitschke wrote: "The garden at Ryōan-ji does not symbolize anything, or more precisely, to avoid any misunderstanding,

1180-508: Is known for its rather muted colour palette. This type of muted black-speckled granite is a mix of three main minerals, white feldspar, grey quartz, and black mica which matches the aesthetic for most Zen gardens. Shirakawa-suna also has an eroded texture that alternates between jagged and smooth and is prized for its ability to hold raked grooves, with patterns that last weeks unless weather, animals or humans intervene. As of 2018 in Kyoto alone there are 341 areas spread over 166 temples covering

1239-422: Is less disturbed by rain and wind. The act of raking the gravel into a pattern recalling waves or rippling water, known as samon ( 砂紋 ) or hōkime ( 箒目 ) , has an aesthetic function. Zen priests practice this raking also to help their concentration. Achieving perfection of lines is not easy. Rakes are according to the patterns of ridges as desired and limited to some of the stone objects situated within

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1298-477: Is of considerable interest to ecologists in that several species of exotic woody shrubs have naturalized in the area to the exclusion of the native woody flora. The exotic shrubs that have become rampant are common buckthorn and common privet. Preferential deer herbivory of native species seems to be the primary cause of this invasion, and a deer exclusion has been attempted. The arboretum also has heavy and repeated infestation with Japanese beetle and this may also play

1357-713: Is one example. The use of rocks as decorative and symbolic elements in gardens can be traced back at least 1,500 years in Chinese and Japanese gardens . In China, large scholar's rocks , preferably soft rocks such as limestone worn in river beds or waterfalls into fantastic shapes, were transported long distances to imperial and elite gardens. Suseok are the Korean equivalent; the smaller Japanese suiseki are normally for indoor display. Initially European artificial rockeries did not attempt to mimic natural scenes, and used exotic minerals such as feldspars , lava, and shells, with

1416-487: Is one or more groups of three rocks. One common triad arrangement has a tall vertical rock flanked by two smaller rocks, representing Buddha and his two attendants. Other basic combinations are a tall vertical rock with a reclining rock; a short vertical rock and a flat rock; and a triad of a tall vertical rock, a reclining rock and a flat rock. Other important principles are to choose rocks which vary in color, shape and size, to avoid rocks with bright colors which might distract

1475-461: Is used as a ground cover to create "land" covered by forest. The selection and placement of rocks is the most important part of making a Japanese rock garden. In the first known manual of Japanese gardening, the Sakuteiki ("Records of Garden Making"), is expressed as "setting stones", ishi wo tateru koto ; literally, the "act of setting stones upright." It laid out very specific rules for choice and

1534-435: Is weak if it does not have stones for support. An emperor is weak if he does not have counselors. That is why it is said that it is because of stones that a mountain is sure, and thanks to his subjects that an emperor is secure. It is for this reason that, when you construct a landscape, you must at all cost place rocks around the mountain. Some classical Zen gardens, like Daisen-in , have symbolism that can be easily read; it

1593-766: The Heian period (794–1185). These early gardens were described in the first manual of Japanese gardens, Sakuteiki ("Records of Garden Keeping"), written at the end of the 11th century by Tachibana no Toshitsuna (1028–1094). They adapted the Chinese garden philosophy of the Song dynasty (960–1279), where groups of rocks symbolized Mount Penglai , the legendary mountain-island home of the Eight Immortals in Chinese mythology , known in Japanese as Horai . The Sakuteiki described exactly how rocks should be placed. In one passage, he wrote: "In

1652-537: The Portland Japanese Garden experimented with granite chips sourced from Canadian quarries to compensate for the loss of access to Shirakawa-suna. Maintenance of the gravel in Japan is typically undertaken two to three times per month. In the Japanese rock garden, rocks sometimes symbolize mountains (particularly Horai , the legendary home of the Eight Immortals in Taoist mythology); or they can be boats or

1711-481: The subliminal image of a tree . The researchers claim the subconscious mind is sensitive to a subtle association between the rocks. They suggest this may be responsible for the calming effect of the garden. Chinese landscape painting was one of the many Chinese arts that came to Japan with Zen Buddhism in the fourteenth century. That the Buddhism of Zen influenced garden design was first suggested not in Japan, but in

1770-411: The 1830s, and soon became a considerable craze. Firms could supply complete rockeries, at great expense. Initially many used artificial stone or concrete , sometimes painted, but "authentic" weathered stone came to be preferred. Pulhamite was a successful material, produced by the leading firm James Pulham and Son . Although others had previously written about growing alpine plants, a major work

1829-578: The Perfumes of the West", popularly known as Koke-dera , the Moss Temple, in the western part of Kyoto. The Buddhist monk and Zen master Musō Kokushi transformed a Buddhist temple into a Zen monastery in 1334, and built the gardens. The lower garden of Saihō-ji is in the traditional Heian period style; a pond with several rock compositions representing islands. The upper garden is a dry rock garden which features three rock "islands". The first, called Kameshima ,

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1888-470: The Shirakawa River the gravel used for both maintenance of existing gardens and the creation of new ones is sourced from quarried mountain granite of similar composition that is crushed and sieved. However the process of manufacturing creates rounded particles of the same size, lacking the pattern holding characteristics of true "Shirakawa-suna", which have corners and are not uniform in size. For instance

1947-554: The Song dynasty, individual rocks which looked like animals or had other unusual features were often the star attraction of the garden. In Japanese gardens, individual rocks rarely play the starring role; the emphasis is upon the harmony of the composition. For arranging rocks, there are many rules in the Sakuteiki , for example: Make sure that all the stones, right down to the front of the arrangement, are placed with their best sides showing. If

2006-448: The West by a Hawaiian garden journalist Loraine Kuck in the 1930s and disputed as such by a scholar of Japanese garden history, Wybe Kuitert in 1988. This was well before scholars jumped on the bandwagon in the 1990s to deconstruct the promotion and reception of Zen. The critique comes down to the fact that Buddhist priests were not trying to express Zen in gardens. A review of the quotes of Buddhist priests that are taken to "prove" Zen for

2065-458: The black and gray drawings. Soami is said to have been personally involved in the design of two of the most famous Zen gardens in Kyoto, Ryōan-ji and Daisen-in, though his involvement has never been documented with certainty. Michel Baridon wrote, "The famous Zen gardens of the Muromachi period showed that Japan had carried the art of gardens to the highest degree of intellectual refinement that it

2124-629: The demise of Professor Barber. In the early 1990s the arboretum was re-discovered as an important asset to the college and recovery of the site was begun under the direction of Dr. David Crabtree . Alumni and student support for the renewal of plantings and the conservation of the original structural elements was important in the restoration of the gardens during this time period. Today the gardens are notable for stately mature trees, semi-natural settings, and collections of conifers, magnolia, viburnum, witchhazel, mountain ash, maple, oak, and hickory as well as several genera of hardy deciduous shrubs. The site

2183-618: The early 1930s two bridges were added, and an amphitheater built in the late 1930s on the site of a former gravel pit. On October 17, 1999 the Arboretum was the site of a suicide or murder when Lissa Jackson Roche, the managing editor of Hillsdale College Press, was found dead of a gunshot wound after claiming that she and her father-in-law, the college's president, had been involved in a nineteen-year extramarital affair. The initial period of development of Slayton Arboretum under Professor Barber resulted in an intimate botanical garden much loved by students and alumni of Hillsdale College as well as

2242-470: The garden are actually phrases copied from Chinese treatises on landscape painting. Secondary writers on the Japanese garden like Keane and Nitschke, who were associating with Kuitert when he was working on his research at the Kyoto University joined the Zen garden critique, like Kendall H. Brown, who took a similar distance from the Zen garden. In Japan the critique was taken over by Yamada Shouji who took

2301-405: The garden has the same status as a work of art. Though each garden is different in its composition, they mostly use rock groupings and shrubs to represent a classic scene of mountains, valleys and waterfalls taken from Chinese landscape painting. In some cases it might be as abstract as just a few islands in a sea. Any Japanese garden may also incorporate existing scenery outside its confinement, e.g.

2360-427: The garden of Ryōan-ji does not symbolize, nor does it have the value of reproducing a natural beauty that one can find in the real or mythical world. I consider it to be an abstract composition of "natural" objects in space, a composition whose function is to incite meditation." A recent suggestion by Gert van Tonder of Kyoto University and Michael Lyons of Ritsumeikan University is that the rocks of Ryōan-ji form

2419-459: The garden was left untended, but now is the most famous feature of the garden. Muso Kokushi built another temple garden at Tenryū-ji , the "Temple of the Celestial Dragon". This garden appears to have been strongly influenced by Chinese landscape painting of the Song dynasty , which feature mountains rising in the mist, and a suggestion of great depth and height. The garden at Tenryū-ji has

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2478-502: The garden, such as the porch of the hojo , the residence of the chief monk of the temple or monastery. Many, with gravel rather than grass, are only stepped into for maintenance. Classical Zen gardens were created at temples of Zen Buddhism in Kyoto during the Muromachi period . They were intended to imitate the essence of nature, not its actual appearance, and to serve as an aid for meditation. Stone gardens existed in Japan at least since

2537-533: The gravel area. Nonetheless, often the patterns are not static. Developing variations in patterns is a creative and inspiring challenge. There are typically four raking patterns, line, wave, scroll, and check. The gravel used in Japanese gardens is known as "suna" (sand) despite the individual particles being much bigger than those of what is regarded as normal sand. These vary from 2 mm to up to even 30 to 50 mm in size. Gardens in Kyoto have historically used "Shirakawa-suna", (白川砂利, "Shirakawa-sand") which

2596-409: The hills behind, as " borrowed scenery " (using a technique called Shakkei ). In Kyoto : Outside Kyoto: *The Sakuteiki is a garden book with notes on garden making that dates back to the late seventeenth century. Its oldest title is Senzai Hishõ, "Secret Extracts on Gardens", and was written nearly 1000 years ago, making it the oldest work on Japanese gardening. It is assumed that this

2655-416: The island of the turtle, resembles a turtle swimming in a "lake" of moss. The second, Zazen-seki , is a flat "meditation rock," which is believed to radiate calm and silence; and the third is the kare-taki , a dry "waterfall" composed of a stairway of flat granite rocks. The moss which now surrounds the rocks and represents water, was not part of the original garden plan; it grew several centuries later when

2714-571: The marsh style. The ocean style featured rocks that appeared to have been eroded by waves, surrounded by a bank of white sand, like a beach. White sand and gravel had long been a feature of Japanese gardens. In the Shinto religion , it was used to symbolize purity, and was used around shrines, temples, and palaces. In Zen gardens, it represents water, or, like the white space in Japanese paintings, emptiness and distance. They are places of meditation. The Muromachi period in Japan, which took place at roughly

2773-407: The monks. The only vegetation in the garden is some moss around the stones. The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of the hōjō , the residence of the abbot of the monastery. The garden at Daisen-in (1509–1513) took a more literary approach than Ryōan-ji. There a "river" of white gravel represents a metaphorical journey through life; beginning with a dry waterfall in

2832-450: The most profound thoughts by its simple presence", Michel Baridon wrote. "The compositions of stone, already common in China, became in Japan, veritable petrified landscapes, which seemed suspended in time, as in certain moments of Noh theater, which dates to the same period." The first garden to begin the transition to the new style is considered by many experts to be Saihō-ji , "The Temple of

2891-439: The mountains, passing through rapids and rocks, and ending in a tranquil sea of white gravel, with two gravel mountains. The invention of the Zen garden was closely connected with developments in Japanese ink landscape paintings. Japanese painters such as Sesshū Tōyō (1420–1506) and Soami (died 1525) greatly simplified their views of nature, showing only the most essential aspects of nature, leaving great areas of white around

2950-465: The placement of stones, and warned that if the rules were not followed the owner of the garden would suffer misfortune. In Japanese gardening, rocks are classified as either tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat. For creating "mountains", usually igneous volcanic rocks, rugged mountain rocks with sharp edges, are used. Smooth, rounded sedimentary rocks are used for the borders of gravel "rivers" or "seashores." In Chinese gardens of

3009-565: The plants chosen without a programme, though often including ferns . They were created in a similar spirit to the fashionable shell grotto . This phase lasted from the late 17th century into the early 19th. During the Golden Age of Botany (early 1700s – mid-1800s), there was widespread interest in exotic plants imported to England and other European countries. Rock gardens dedicated to growing alpine plants came to prominence in England from about

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3068-511: The residents of Hillsdale. It was the focal point for student outdoor activity in biology and ecology. The rock gardens, waterfalls, gazebos, amphitheater and rustic cement bridges have survived virtually intact. The arboretum occupies the site of a disused gravel pit, and it is the distinct topography of the site along with the coniferous trees planted during Barber's directorship that provide the garden with its special charm. These original plantings matured over forty years of benign neglect following

3127-563: The same time as the Renaissance in Europe, was characterized by political rivalries which frequently led to wars, but also by an extraordinary flourishing of Japanese culture. It saw the beginning of Noh theater, the Japanese tea ceremony , the shoin style of Japanese architecture, and the Zen garden. Zen Buddhism was introduced into Japan at the end of the 12th century, and quickly achieved

3186-610: The use of heavy plastic liners to stop unwanted plant growth, has made this type of arrangement ideal for both residential and commercial gardens due to its easier maintenance and drainage. In Canada, residents find that they help in yard cooling during the hot summer months. The standard layout for a rock garden consists of a pile of aesthetically arranged rocks in different sizes, with small gaps between in which plants are rooted. Typically, plants found in rock gardens are small and do not grow larger than 1 meter in height, though small trees and shrubs up to 6 meters may be used to create

3245-494: The viewer, and make certain that the grains of rocks run in the same direction. At the end of the Edo period, a new principle was invented: the use of suteishi , "discarded" or "nameless" rocks, placed in seemingly random places to add spontaneity to the garden. Other important principles of rock arrangement include balancing the number of vertical and horizontal rocks. Gravel is usually used in Zen gardens, rather than sand, because it

3304-469: Was Reginald Farrer 's 1919 publication of his two-volume book, The English Rock Garden. When quarrymen threw rocks at her during events campaigning for votes for women, British suffragette Norah Balls picked the stones up and put them in her bag to take home to add to her rockery. Rock gardens have become increasingly popular as landscape features in tropical countries such as Thailand . The combination of wet weather and heavy shade trees, along with

3363-448: Was and still is inspired by or based on first Chinese and later also Japanese landscape painting. Landscape painting and landscape gardening were closely related and practiced by intellectuals, the literati inspired by Chinese culture. A primary design principle was the creation of a landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the three-dimensional monochrome ink ( sumi ) landscape painting, sumi-e or suiboku-ga . In Japan,

3422-452: Was possible to attain." During the Edo period , the large promenade garden became the dominant style of Japanese garden, but Zen gardens continued to exist at Zen temples. A few small new rock gardens were built, usually as part of a garden where a real stream or pond was not practical. In 1880, the buildings of Tōfuku-ji temple in Kyoto, one of the oldest temples in the city, were destroyed by

3481-457: Was sourced from the upper reaches of the Shirakawa River . However, since the late 1950s the river has been a protected waterway and extraction of gravel from the river has been illegal. Over time the gravel becomes weather-beaten and becomes finer, forcing gardeners to occasionally replenish it in order for the gravel to retain the patterns made in them. Since the banning of extraction from

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