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41-455: William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars saying: "Executive producer [Mathew] Knowles has surrounded Solange with a bevy of trendy writer/producers, including The Underdogs , Platinum Status, Timbaland , The Neptunes and Rockwilder , along with such guest stars as B2K and Lil' Romeo . The result is a state-of-the-art contemporary R&B album full of big beats, catchy choruses, and gimmicky production effects. But

82-423: A CD-ROM , can be done on Gopher. A Gopher system consists of a series of hierarchical hyperlinkable menus. The choice of menu items and titles is controlled by the administrator of the server. Similar to a file on a Web server, a file on a Gopher server can be linked to as a menu item from any other Gopher server. Many servers take advantage of this inter-server linking to provide a directory of other servers that

123-474: A "cloud" as specific information in a particular file, and the prominence of the FTP, influenced the technology and the resulting functionality of Gopher. Gopher is designed to function and to appear much like a mountable read-only global network file system (and software, such as gopherfs , is available that can actually mount a Gopher server as a FUSE resource). At a minimum, whatever can be done with data files on

164-665: A +. A Gopher+ server will respond with a status line followed by the content the client requested. An item is marked as supporting Gopher+ in the Gopher directory listing by a tab + after the port (this is the case of some of the items in the example above). Other features of Gopher+ include: These are clients, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access gopher resources. Clients like web browsers, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access World Wide Web resources, but which maintain(ed) gopher support. Browsers with no Gopher native support can still access servers using one of

205-424: A Web server, "GET /" was used as a pseudo-selector to emulate an HTTP GET request . John Goerzen created an addition to the Gopher protocol, commonly referred to as " URL links", that allows links to any protocol that supports URLs. For example, to create a link to http://gopher.quux.org/ , the item type is h , the display string is the title of the link, the item selector is "URL:http://gopher.quux.org/", and

246-407: A command line: The protocol is also supported by cURL since 7.21.2-DEV, which was released in 2010. The selector string in the request can optionally be followed by a tab character and a search string. This is used by item type 7. Gopher menu items are defined by lines of tab-separated values in a text file . This file is sometimes called a gophermap . As the source code to a gopher menu,

287-464: A database engineer, Vladimir Bogdanov , to design the All Music Guide framework, and recruited his nephew, writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine , to develop editorial content. In 1993, Chris Woodstra joined the staff as an engineer. A "record geek" who had written for alternative weeklies and fanzines, his main qualification was an "encyclopedic knowledge of music". 1,400 subgenres of music were created,

328-467: A feature that became central to the site's utility. In a 2016 article in Tedium , Ernie Smith wrote: "AllMusic may have been one of the most ambitious sites of the early-internet era—and it's one that is fundamental to our understanding of pop culture. Because, the thing is, it doesn't just track reviews or albums. It tracks styles, genres, and subgenres, along with the tone of the music and the platforms on which

369-437: A gophermap is roughly analogous to an HTML file for a web page . Each tab-separated line (called a selector line ) gives the client software a description of the menu item: what it is, what it is called, and where it leads to. The client displays the menu items in the order that they appear in the gophermap. The first character in a selector line indicates the item type , which tells the client what kind of file or protocol

410-496: A period character) on a line by itself. However, not all servers conform to this part of the protocol and the server may close a connection without returning a final full-stop. The main type of reply from the server is a text or binary resource. Alternatively, the resource can be a menu: a form of structured text resource providing references to other resources. Because of the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, tools such as netcat make it possible to download Gopher content easily from

451-604: A series of publications about various music genres. It was followed by the Required Listening series, and Annual guides. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president and the main editor of the series. In August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its "Top 100 Classic Websites" list. Gopher (protocol) Early research and development: Merging the networks and creating the Internet: Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to

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492-415: A string followed by a carriage return followed by a line feed (a "CR + LF" sequence). This is the selector, which identifies the document to be retrieved. If the item selector were an empty line, the default directory would be selected. The server then replies with the requested item and closes the connection. According to the protocol, before the connection closes, the server should send a full-stop (i.e.,

533-432: A time when there were still many equally competing computer architectures and operating systems. As a result, there are several Gopher clients available for Acorn RISC OS , AmigaOS , Atari MiNT , Conversational Monitor System (CMS), DOS , classic Mac OS , MVS , NeXT , OS/2 Warp , most Unix-like operating systems, VMS , Windows 3.x , and Windows 9x . GopherVR was a client designed for 3D visualization, and there

574-612: Is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web. The Gopher protocol was invented by a team led by Mark P. McCahill at the University of Minnesota . It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on the documents it stores. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals , which were still common at

615-642: The Feeling" to match the movie poster's tagline. The album was promoted with the Solo Star Tour in 2003. Sample credits Solo Star was re-released in November 2006 with a different artwork and track listing. The reissue album contained twelve tracks: seven tracks from 2002 standard release, four remixes and previously unreleased track titled "Bring It on Home". There is a newly recorded version of "Feelin' You" which features American rapper Slim Thug . Both singles from

656-464: The Feeling"), failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album is no longer in print and the online music website iTunes does not sell the album. A re-recording of "Crush", with vastly different instrumental and harmonies and featuring Papa Reu , was included on the movie soundtrack for The Fighting Temptations which stars Solange's sister Beyoncé . This re-recording was renamed "Don't Fight

697-776: The Web, a small population of actively-maintained servers remains. The Gopher system was released in mid-1991 by Mark P. McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the University of Minnesota in the United States. Its central goals were, as stated in RFC   1436 : Gopher combines document hierarchies with collections of services, including WAIS , the Archie and Veronica search engines , and gateways to other information systems such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Usenet . The general interest in campus-wide information systems (CWISs) in higher education at

738-425: The album were remixed. "Crush" was remixed by Vibelicious. Also, a duet with Beyoncé featuring Da Brat titled "Naïve" was remixed by Maurice Joshua . AllMusic AllMusic (previously known as All-Music Guide and AMG ) is an American online music database . It catalogs more than three million album entries and 30 million tracks, as well as information on musicians and bands . Initiated in 1991,

779-571: The available Gopher to HTTP gateways or proxy server that converts Gopher menus into HTML ; known proxies are the Floodgap Public Gopher proxy and Gopher Proxy. Similarly, certain server packages such as GN and PyGopherd have built-in Gopher to HTTP interfaces. Squid Proxy software gateways any gopher:// URL to HTTP content, enabling any browser or web agent to access gopher content easily. For Mozilla Firefox and SeaMonkey , Overbite extensions extend Gopher browsing and support

820-455: The client should expect. Item type 3 is an error code for exception handling . Gopher client authors improvised item types h (HTML), i (informational message), and s ( sound file ) after the publication of RFC 1436. Browsers like Netscape Navigator and early versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer would prepend the item type code to the selector as described in RFC   4266 , so that

861-415: The current versions of the browsers (Firefox Quantum v ≥57 and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey): OverbiteWX includes support for accessing Gopher servers not on port 70 using a whitelist and for CSO/ph queries . OverbiteFF always uses port 70. For Chromium and Google Chrome , Burrow is available. It redirects gopher:// URLs to a proxy. In the past an Overbite proxy-based extension for these browsers

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902-471: The database was first made available on the Internet in 1994. AllMusic is owned by RhythmOne . AllMusic was launched as All-Music Guide by Michael Erlewine , a "compulsive archivist, noted astrologer, Buddhist scholar and musician". He became interested in using computers for his astrological work in the mid-1970s and founded a software company, Matrix, in 1977. In the early 1990s, as CDs replaced LPs as

943-408: The domain and port are that of the originating Gopher server (so that clients that do not support URL links will query the server and receive an HTML redirection page). Gopher+ is a forward compatible enhancement to the Gopher protocol. Gopher+ works by sending metadata between the client and the server. The enhancement was never widely adopted by Gopher servers. The client sends a tab followed by

984-502: The dominant format for recorded music, Erlewine purchased what he thought was a CD of early recordings by Little Richard . After buying it, he discovered it was a "flaccid latter-day rehash". Frustrated with the labeling, he researched using metadata to create a music guide. In 1990, in Big Rapids, Michigan , he founded All Music Guide with a goal to create an open-access database that included every recording "since Enrico Caruso gave

1025-532: The ground to reach a desired location. The World Wide Web was in its infancy in 1991, and Gopher services quickly became established. By the late 1990s, Gopher had ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gopher's stagnation: Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One attempt is The Overbite Project, which hosts various browser extensions and modern clients. The conceptualization of knowledge in "Gopher space" or

1066-621: The industry its first big boost". The first All Music Guide , published in 1992, was a 1,200-page reference book, packaged with a CD-ROM, titled All Music Guide: The Best CDs, Albums & Tapes: The Expert's Guide to the Best Releases from Thousands of Artists in All Types of Music . Its first online version, in 1994, was a text-based Gopher site. It moved to the World Wide Web as web browsers became more user-friendly. Erlewine hired

1107-433: The menu item points to. This helps the client decide what to do with it. Gopher's item types are a more basic precursor to the media type system used by the Web and email attachments . The item type is followed by the user display string (a description or label that represents the item in the menu); the selector (a path or other string for the resource on the server); the hostname (the domain name or IP address of

1148-560: The modern Internet: Examples of Internet services: The Gopher protocol ( / ˈ ɡ oʊ f ər / ) is a communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages , but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ). The Gopher ecosystem

1189-566: The music is sold. It then connects that data together, in a way that can intelligently tell you about an entire type of music, whether a massive genre like classical, or a tiny one like sadcore ." In 1996, seeking to further develop its web-based businesses, Alliance Entertainment Corp. bought All Music from Erlewine for a reported $ 3.5 million. He left the company after its sale. Alliance filed for bankruptcy in 1999, and its assets were acquired by Ron Burkle 's Yucaipa Equity Fund. In 1999, All Music relocated from Big Rapids to Ann Arbor , where

1230-425: The nominal star of the show is lost somewhere in the mix. It doesn't help that the 16-year-old has a thin, undeveloped voice that is easily overwhelmed. Slant Magazine gave two out of five stars, saying: "The largely synthetic-sounding Solo Star follows the growing industry standard in which the focus is on production rather songwriting", also adding that Solange's voice is uncannily similar to Beyoncé's. The album

1271-517: The sale, and as Rovi from 2009 until 2016). In 2012, AllMusic removed all of Bryan Adams ' info from the site per a request from the artist. In 2015, AllMusic was purchased by BlinkX, later known as RhythmOne . The AllMusic database is powered by a combination of MySQL and MongoDB . The All Media Network produced the All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide (at first released as The Experts' Guide ), which includes

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1312-409: The server), and the network port . All lines in a gopher menu are terminated by "CR + LF". Example of a selector line in a menu source: The following selector line generates a link to the "/home" directory at the subdomain gopher.floodgap.com, on port 70. The item type of 1 indicates that the linked resource is a Gopher menu itself. The string "Floodgap Home" is what the client will show to

1353-407: The staff expanded from 12 to 100 people. By February of that year, 350,000 albums and two million tracks had been cataloged. All Music had published biographies of 30,000 artists, 120,000 record reviews and 300 essays written by "a hybrid of historians, critics and passionate collectors". In late 2007, AllMusic was purchased for $ 72 million by TiVo Corporation (known as Macrovision at the time of

1394-427: The time of its creation in 1991 , and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. More recent Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia. Gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections. The Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and although it has been almost entirely supplanted by

1435-419: The time, and the ease of setup of Gopher servers to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites' online directories and resources, were the factors contributing to Gopher's rapid adoption. The name was coined by Anklesaria as a play on several meanings of the word "gopher". The University of Minnesota mascot is the gopher , a gofer is an assistant who "goes for" things, and a gopher burrows through

1476-438: The type of the gopher item could be determined by the url itself. Most gopher browsers still available, use these prefixes in their urls. Here is an example gopher session where the user requires a gopher menu ( /Reference on the first line): The gopher menu sent back from the server, is a sequence of lines each of which describes an item that can be retrieved. Most clients will display these as hypertext links, and so allow

1517-432: The user can access. The Gopher protocol was first described in RFC   1436 . Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has assigned Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port 70 to the Gopher protocol. The protocol is simple to negotiate, making it possible to browse without using a client. First, the client establishes a TCP connection with the server on port 70, the standard gopher port. The client then sends

1558-399: The user to navigate through gopherspace by following the links. This menu includes a text resource (itemtype 0 on the third line), multiple links to submenus (itemtype 1 , on the second line as well as lines 4–6) and a non-standard information message (from line 7 on), broken down to multiple lines by providing dummy values for selector, host and port. Historically, to create a link to

1599-448: The user when visiting the example menu. In a Gopher menu's source code, a one-character code indicates what kind of content the client should expect. This code may either be a digit or a letter of the alphabet; letters are case-sensitive . The technical specification for Gopher, RFC   1436 , defines 14 item types. The later gopher+ specification defined an additional 3 types. A one-character code indicates what kind of content

1640-408: Was available but is no longer maintained and does not work with the current (>23) releases. For Konqueror , Kio gopher is available. As the bandwidth-sparing simple interface of Gopher can be a good match for mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), the early 2010s saw a renewed interest in native Gopher clients for popular smartphones . Gopher popularity was at its height at

1681-556: Was released in December 2002 in Japan, while it was released in United States following month. It under-performed in the United States, selling 112,000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan , and dropped off the chart five weeks after its debut. The only two singles released from the album, the N.O.R.E. -featured " Feelin' You (Part II) " and the Neptunes -produced "Crush" (also known as "Don't Fight

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