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66-450: Channing and Jane Murdock took control of the area in 1963, naming the area Butternut Basin after the large groves of butternut trees in the basin of the mountain. The Kennedys, family friends of the Murdocks, visited Butternut. The mountain has 22 trails, ten ski lifts including three quad lifts, two terrain parks , an area for tubing in winter, and a PSIA -affiliated ski school. In

132-408: A 40–80 cm (16–31 in) stem diameter, with light gray bark . The leaves are alternate and pinnate , 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, with 11–17 leaflets, each leaflet 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 3–5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 –2 in) broad. Leaves have a terminal leaflet at the end of the leafstalk and have an odd number of leaflets. The whole leaf is downy-pubescent, and

198-707: A butternut pest when populations are high. Butternut is very susceptible to fire damage, and although the species is generally wind firm, it is subject to frequent storm damage. The species is not listed as threatened federally in the US, but is listed as "Special Concern" in Kentucky , "Exploitably Vulnerable" in New York State , and "Threatened" in Tennessee . This species is also listed as "Endangered" in Illinois . The Committee on

264-400: A car tire rotating against a metal mesh. Some take a thick plywood board and drill a nut-sized hole in it (from one to two inches in diameter) and smash the nut through using a hammer. The nut goes through and the husk remains behind. American pioneers let the nuts dry in the sun, then removed the husks and let the kernels dry—making them less bitter. The shell itself is thicker than that of

330-529: A change of salt water every other day for a week, and a subsequent seasoning of at least two weeks. The sap can be used to make syrup. Butternut wood is light in weight and takes polish well, and is highly rot resistant, but is much softer than black walnut wood. Oiled, the grain of the wood usually shows much light. It is often used to make furniture , and is a favorite of woodcarvers. Butternut bark and nut rinds were once often used to dye cloth to colors between light yellow and dark brown. The husks contain

396-504: A cooler climate than black walnut and its range does not extend into the Deep South. Its northern range extends into Wisconsin and Minnesota where the growing season is too short for black walnut. Butternut grows best on stream banks and on well-drained soils. It is seldom found on dry, compact, or infertile soils. It grows better than black walnut , however, on dry, rocky soils, especially those of limestone origin. Butternut's range includes

462-565: A decline of walnut trees in some regions. Black walnut is allelopathic , releasing chemicals from its roots and other tissues that may harm other organisms and give the tree a competitive advantage, but there is no scientific consensus that this is a primary competitive factor. Black walnut is an important tree commercially, as the wood is a deep brown color and easily worked. Walnut seeds ( nuts ) are cultivated for their distinctive and desirable taste. Walnut trees are grown for lumber and food, and processors have found additional markets for even

528-494: A filtering agent in scrubbers in smoke stacks, cleaning jet engines, cosmetics, and oil well drilling and water filtration. Additionally, the husks are ground into an ingredient in exfoliating cosmetics. Black walnut is highly prized for its dark-colored, straight grained, true heartwood. It is heavy, strong, shock resistant and yet can be easily split and worked. Along with cedars ( Thuja spp. ), chestnut ( Castanea spp .), and black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia ) black walnut

594-517: A natural yellow-orange dye. To produce the darker colors, the bark is boiled to concentrate the color. This appears to never have been used as a commercial dye, but rather was used to color homespun cloth. In the mid-19th century, inhabitants of areas such as southern Illinois and southern Indiana – many of whom had moved there from the Southern U.S. – were known as " butternuts " from the butternut-dyed homespun cloth that some of them wore. Later, during

660-535: A number of home walnut-cracking devices have been produced, involving vices, cams, or levers. While the flavor of the Juglans nigra kernel is prized, the difficulty in preparing it may account for the wider popularity and availability of the English walnut. J. nigra is also grown as a specimen ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, growing to 30 m (100 ft) tall by 20 m (65 ft) broad. It has gained

726-423: A somewhat brighter, yellower green than many other tree leaves. Like other members of the family Juglandaceae , butternut's leafout in spring is tied to photoperiod rather than air temperature and occurs when daylight length reaches 14 hours. This can vary by up to a month in the northern and southernmost extents of its range. Leaf drop in fall is early and is initiated when daylight drops to 11 hours. The species

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792-516: A very limited set of dated research literature, which has not held up to scientific scrutiny. Anecdotally, records of walnut toxicity to other plants have been observed as far back as the first century when Pliny the Elder wrote: "The shadow of walnut trees is poison to all plants within its compass." Like other walnuts , the roots, inner bark, nut husks, and leaves contain a nontoxic chemical called hydrojuglone; when exposed to air or soil compounds it

858-433: Is monoecious . Male ( staminate ) flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green slender catkins that develop from axillary buds and female ( pistillate ) flowers are short terminal spikes on current year's shoots. Each female flower has a light pink stigma . The flowers of both sexes typically do not mature at the same time on an individual tree. The fruit is a lemon-shaped nut , produced in bunches of two to six together;

924-417: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Butternut (tree) Juglans cinerea , commonly known as butternut or white walnut , is a species of walnut native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada. J. cinerea is a deciduous tree growing to 30 metres (98 ft) tall, rarely more. Butternut is a slow-growing species, and rarely lives longer than 75 years. It has

990-581: Is absent from most of the Southern United States . The species also proliferates at middle elevations (about 610 m or 2,000 ft above sea level) in the Columbia River basin / Pacific Northwest , as an off-site species. Trees with 2.1 m or 7 ft (over mature) class range diameter at breast height were noted in the Imnaha River drainage as late as January 26, 2015. Butternut favors

1056-560: Is affected by European canker ( Neonectria galligena ). The infection spreads slowly but infected trees eventually die. The walnut caterpillar ( Datana integerrima ) and fall webworm ( Hyphantria cunea ) are two of the most serious pests, they commonly eat the foliage in midsummer and continue into autumn. Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) larvae eat walnut kernels, as well as apple and pear seeds. Important leaf sucking insects include species of aphids and plant lice including ( Monellia spp. and Monelliopsis spp.), which suck

1122-414: Is an exception and can achieve very rapid growth in the seedling stage, typically 90 cm (35 in) their first year and even more in the second year. Black walnut will not leaf out until temperatures have warmed sufficiently. Leafout in spring is initiated when daytime highs reach approximately 70 °F (21 °C) and leaf drop in fall when daytime highs fall below 65 °F (18 °C). As such,

1188-565: Is on a residential property on Sauvie Island , Oregon . It is 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) diameter at breast height and 112 ft (34 m) tall, with a crown spread of 144 feet (44 m). The tallest black walnut in Europe is located in the Woluwe Park in the city of Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium. It has a circumference of 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in), height of exactly 33.60 m (110.2 ft) (measured by laser), and

1254-482: Is one of the most durable hardwoods in the US. The wood can be kiln dried and holds its shape well after seasoning, which makes this wood even more attractive for wood working. Walnut wood has historically been used for gun stocks , furniture, flooring, paddles, coffins, and a variety of other wood products. Black walnut has a density of 660 kg per cubic meter (41.2 lb/cubic foot), which makes it less dense than oak. The U.S. national champion black walnut

1320-418: Is oxidized into juglone that is biologically active and acts as a respiratory inhibitor to some plants. Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree. Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as

1386-494: Is planted as part of reclaiming mines. When growing young trees weed control is critical for healthy establishment of the trees, without weed control the young trees are harmed significantly in their growth rate. Black walnuts are shelled commercially in the United States. With about 65% of the U.S.'s annual wild harvest, the U.S. state of Missouri is home to the world's largest processor and distributor of black walnuts, which

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1452-530: Is poor compared to varieties selected specifically as nut producers. Grafted , nut-producing trees are available from several nurseries operating in the U.S. Selections worth considering include Thomas, Neel #1, Thomas Myers, Pounds #2, Stoker, Surprise, Emma K, Sparrow, S127, and McGinnis. Several older varieties, such as Kwik Krop, are still in cultivation; while they make decent nuts, they would not be recommended for commercial planting. Pollination requirements should be considered when planting black walnuts. As

1518-458: Is presumed to have been transported from more southerly locations. The butternut log specimens found there were cut with European tools. Black walnut Juglans nigra , the eastern American black walnut , is a species of deciduous tree in the walnut family, Juglandaceae , native to central and eastern North America , growing mostly in riparian zones . Black walnut is susceptible to thousand cankers disease , which provoked

1584-725: Is the Midwest and east-central United States, the black walnut was introduced into Europe in 1629 and is also cultivated in Hawaii. It is cultivated there and in North America as a forest tree for its high-quality wood. Black walnut plantings can be made to produce timber, nuts, or both timber and nuts. Patented timber-type trees were selected and released from Purdue University in the early 1990s. These trees have been sporadically available from nurseries . Varieties include Purdue #1, which can be used for both timber and nut production, though nut quality

1650-550: Is typical of many species in Juglandaceae, J. nigra trees tend to be monoecious, i.e.. produce pollen first and then pistillate flowers or else produce pistillate flowers and then pollen. An early pollen-producer should be grouped with other varieties that produce pistillate flowers so all varieties benefit from overlap. Cranz, Thomas, and Neel #1 make a good pollination trio. A similar group for more northern climates would be Sparrow, S127, and Mintle. Sometimes black walnut

1716-462: Is unlikely. However, individual trees are commonly self-compatible; if they are not pollinated by neighboring trees, they may set self-fertilized seeds. For maximum seed germination, the seeds should be cold-moist stratified for 3–4 months, although the exact time depends on the seed source. The seedlings emerge in April or May. While most trees with taproots have a reputation for slow growth, black walnut

1782-481: The American Civil War , the term "butternut" was sometimes applied to Confederate soldiers. Some Confederate uniforms apparently faded from gray to a tan or light brown. It is also possible that butternut was used to color the cloth worn by a small number of Confederate soldiers. The resemblance of these uniforms to butternut-dyed clothing, and the association of butternut dye with home-made clothing, resulted in

1848-669: The B ;vitamins , B 6 (34% DV) and pantothenic acid (33% DV). Black walnut kernels are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of vitamin E and riboflavin . Analysis of black walnut fat content showed the most prevalent fatty acids are linoleic acid (33.8%), followed by oleic acid (15.3%), alpha-linolenic acid (2.7%), palmitic acid (1.9%), and stearic acid (1.5%). Black walnut drupes contain juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), plumbagin (yellow quinone pigments), and tannin . These compounds cause walnuts to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios, in addition to

1914-607: The Missouri Department of Conservation considers to be the state's most valuable timber. In 1990, Missouri named the "Eastern Black Walnut" as its official tree nut. Missouri's largest processing plant is operated by Hammons Products in Stockton, Missouri . NPR affiliate KCUR stated in an article that "Ralph Hammons began the company in 1946 with a nut cracking machine acquired from Tennessee." The Stockton Black Walnut Festival , which has been held annually since 1961, "brings

1980-596: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . Black walnut kernels are edible. The nut provides a robust, distinctive, natural flavor and crunch as a food ingredient. Common uses include ice cream, bakery goods and confections. Consumers include black walnuts in traditional treats, such as cakes , cookies , fudge , and pies , during the fall holiday season. The nuts are versatile for uses in other foods, such as salads , fish , pork , chicken , vegetables and pasta dishes. Tapped in spring,

2046-449: The leaf scars , or the place where the leaf meets the stem: butternut has a leaf scar with a flat upper edge and with a velvety ridge above that flat part, but black walnut has an indented leaf scar with no hairy ridge. The species is native to North America . It grows mostly in riparian zones , from southern Ontario , west to southeast South Dakota , south to Georgia , northern Florida and southwest to central Texas . Wild trees in

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2112-629: The Eastern Region National Forest genetics program, the Northern Research Station, and the Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center at Purdue University are involved in the project. The butternuts are edible and were made into a butter-like oil by Native Americans for various purposes. The young green nuts, while still soft, can be pickled; survivalist Bradford Angier recommends this be done with

2178-403: The English walnut, and there are additional, thick internal walls tightly surrounding the nutmeat. Walnuts are too tough and too large to be opened with a standard nutcracker, but simply cracking the shell open with a rock results in smashed and shattered nutmeats mixed with shell, unless done with some care and skill—and it is still nearly impossible to extract an intact half this way. As a result,

2244-693: The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada placed the butternut on the endangered species list in Canada in 2005. Approximately 60 grafted butternut trees were planted in a seed orchard in Huntingburg, Indiana , in 2012 as part of a larger effort by the USDA Forest Service to conserve the species and to breed resistance to butternut canker disease. Forest Service staff from the Hoosier National Forest ,

2310-638: The butternut trees have been killed. The disease is reported to be spreading rapidly in Wisconsin. By contrast, black walnut seems to be resistant to the disease. Butternut hybridizes readily with Japanese walnut. The hybrid between butternut and the Japanese walnut is commonly known as the 'buartnut' and inherits Japanese walnut's resistance to the disease. Researchers are back-crossing butternut to buartnut, creating 'butter-buarts" which should have more butternut traits than buartnuts. They are selecting for resistance to

2376-431: The community together for a 3-day event jam-packed with activities including a carnival, tractor pull, nut roll and 2-hour parade," stated Alexa Hodges in a VOX article. The extraction of the kernel from the fruit of the black walnut is difficult. The thick, hard shell is tightly bound by tall ridges to a thick husk. Rolling the nut underfoot on a hard surface such as a driveway is a common method; commercial huskers use

2442-424: The crop. Some non-chemical controls also exist, such as removing and disposing of infested nuts. The walnut weevil ( Conotrachelus retentus ) grows to 5 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 16  in) long as an adult. The adult sucks plant juices through a snout. The eggs are laid in fruits in the spring and summer. Many nuts are lost due to damage from the larvae, which burrow through the nut shell. Black walnut

2508-456: The derisive nickname. Crushed fruits can be used to poison fish, though the practice is illegal in most jurisdictions. Bruised fruit husks of the closely related black walnut can be used to stun fish. The American Forest National Champion is located in Oneida, New York . In 2016 its circumference at breast height was 288 in (7,300 mm), the height was 67 ft (20 m), and the spread

2574-503: The diet of eastern fox squirrels . The nuts are also eaten by species of birds. The leaves are browsed by white tailed deer , although they are not a preferred food. Where the range of the eastern black walnut overlaps that of the Texas black walnut ( J. microcarpa ), the two species sometimes interbreed, producing populations with characteristics intermediate between the two species. J. nigra and J. cinerea often grow in

2640-642: The disease. Most butternuts found as landscaping trees are buartnuts rather than the pure species. Bunch disease also attacks butternut. Currently, the causal agent is thought to be a mycoplasma -like organism. Symptoms include a yellow witches' broom resulting from sprouting and growth of auxiliary buds that would normally remain dormant. Infected branches fail to become dormant in the fall and are killed by frost; highly susceptible trees may eventually be killed. Butternut seems to be more susceptible to this disease than black walnut. The common grackle has been reported to destroy immature fruit and may be considered

2706-668: The eastern US, particularly the Northeast, and its numbers are increasing due to epidemics that have affected other tree species, including emerald ash borer, chestnut blight, butternut canker, wooly hemlock adelgid, dogwood anthracnose, Dutch elm disease, and spongy moth infestations. Widespread clear-cutting of oaks due to spongy moth damage in the 1970s–1980s particularly aided in the tree's spread. The aggressive competitive strategy of black walnut such as its fast growth, alleopathic chemicals, and rodent-dispersed seeds, have also contributed. The nuts are food for many rodents and make up to 10% of

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2772-472: The eastern US. It is absent from the coastal plain south of North Carolina as well as the Mississippi Valley, and does not occur in the northern tier of the eastern US, where the frost-free season is too short for the nuts to develop. Its western range extends all the way to the eastern Great Plains, beyond which climate conditions become too dry for it. Black walnut is one of the most abundant trees in

2838-420: The exact timing will vary in different regions of the U.S. and depending on the weather conditions from year to year, leafout is typically early April in the southern part of its range and sometimes not until the end of May or beginning of June in cooler areas. Leaf drop in fall may begin in late September in cooler regions and not until November in southern areas. Black walnut has a strong taproot , which makes

2904-506: The hands of anyone attempting to shell them. The brownish-black dye was used by early American settlers to dye hair. According to Eastern Trees in the Petersen Guide series, black walnuts make a yellowish-brown dye, not brownish-black. The apparent confusion is easily explained by the fact that the liquid (dye) obtained from the inner husk becomes increasingly darker over time, as the outer skin darkens from light green to black. Extracts of

2970-479: The husk are common, though more a nuisance than a serious problem for amateurs, who may simply remove the affected husk as soon as infestation is noticed. The maggots develop entirely within the husk, thus the quality of the nutmeat is not affected. However, infestations of maggots are undesirable because they make the husk difficult to remove and are unsightly. Maggots can be serious for commercial walnut growers, who tend to use chemical treatments to prevent damage to

3036-580: The juices from leaves and often deposit a sticky substance called "honey-dew" on the leaf surface that may turn black and prevent photosynthesis; and the walnut lace bug ( Corythucha juglandis ), which causes damage when the adults and nymphs suck the sap from the lower surfaces of walnut leaflets. A disease complex known as thousand cankers disease has been threatening black walnut in several western states. This disease has recently been discovered in Tennessee, and could potentially have devastating effects on

3102-399: The lower crown. Spores developing on these dying branches are spread by rainwater to tree stems. Stem cankers develop 1 to 3 years after branches die. Tree tops killed by stem-girdling cankers do not resprout. Diseased trees usually die within several years. Completely free-standing trees seem better able to withstand the fungus than those growing in dense stands or forest. In some areas, 90% of

3168-687: The mixed mesophytic forest. It is an associated species in the following four northern and central forest cover types: sugar maple–basswood, yellow poplar–white oak–northern red oak, beech–sugar maple, and river birch–sycamore. Commonly associated trees include basswood ( Tilia spp.), black cherry ( Prunus serotina ), beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), elm ( Ulmus spp.), hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ), hickory ( Carya spp.), oak ( Quercus spp.), red maple ( Acer rubrum ), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), yellow poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), and yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ). In

3234-479: The northeast part of its range, it is often found with sweet birch ( Betula lenta ) and in the northern part of its range it is occasionally found with white pine ( Pinus strobus ). Forest stands seldom contain more than an occasional butternut tree, although in local areas, it may be abundant. In the past, West Virginia , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Tennessee have been the leading producers of butternut timber. Although young trees may withstand competition from

3300-469: The nut is oblong-ovoid, 3–6 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long and 2–4 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) broad, surrounded by a green husk before maturity in midautumn. Rodents such as squirrels help distribute the seeds. The distribution range of J. cinerea extends east to New Brunswick , and from southern Quebec west to Minnesota , south to northern Alabama and southwest to northern Arkansas . It

3366-461: The off-season, the mountain hosts a number of summer concerts and festivals, including the annual Berkshires Arts Festival. This article about a ski area or resort is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Berkshire County, Massachusetts geography–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a sports venue in Massachusetts

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3432-417: The outer, soft part of the drupe are still used as a natural dye for handicrafts. The tannins present in walnuts act as a mordant , aiding in the dyeing process, and are usable as a dark ink or wood stain. Walnut shells are often used as an abrasive in sand blasting or other circumstances where a medium hardness grit is required. The hard black walnut shell is also used commercially in abrasive cleaning,

3498-482: The primary causal organism of the disease has been identified as another species of fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum . The fungus is spread by wide-ranging vectors , so isolation of a tree offers no protection. Butternut canker first entered the U.S. around the beginning of the 20th century, when it arrived on imported nursery stock of Japanese walnut. Symptoms of the disease include dying branches and stems. Initially, cankers develop on branches in

3564-513: The rocky soils of New England where black walnut is largely absent. Butternut is found most frequently in coves, on stream benches and terraces, on slopes, in the talus of rock ledges, and on other sites with good drainage. It is found up to an elevation of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the Virginias – much higher altitudes than black walnut. The nuts are eaten by wildlife. Butternut is found with many other tree species in several hardwood types in

3630-530: The roots decay. Well drained and aerated soils will host a healthy community of soil microbes and these microbes will help to break down the juglone. Symptoms of juglone poisoning include foliar yellowing and wilting. A number of plants are particularly sensitive. Apples, tomatoes, pines, and birch are poisoned by juglone, and as a precaution, should not be planted in proximity to a black walnut. Horses are susceptible to laminitis from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding. While its primary native region

3696-555: The same range as well but they do not hybridize naturally. The tree's roots often form endomycorrhizal relationships with fungi in the genus Glomus . Some endomycorrhizal relations improve the plant's growth. Species often associated with J. nigra include yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), black cherry ( Prunus serotina ), basswood ( Tilia americana ), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), oaks ( Quercus spp.), and hickories ( Carya spp.). Near

3762-666: The seedlings resilient, but difficult to transplant. Black walnut is more resistant to frost than J. regia (the English or Persian walnut), but thrives best in the warmer regions of fertile, lowland soils with high water tables, although it will also grow in drier soils, but much more slowly. Some specimens have been found to survive frosts down to −43 °C (−45 °F). Some soils preferred by black walnut include alfisol and entisol soil types. Black walnut grows best on sandy loam, loam, or silt loam type soils but will also grow well on silty clay loam soils. It prefers these soils because they hold large quantities of water, which

3828-421: The side, butternut does not survive under shade from above. It must be in the overstory to thrive. Therefore, it is classed as intolerant of shade and competition. The most serious disease of J. cinerea is butternut decline or butternut canker . In the past, the causal organism of this disease was thought to be a fungus, Melanconis juglandis . Now this fungus has been associated with secondary infections and

3894-672: The species in the eastern United States. Vectored by the walnut twig beetle ( Pityophthorus juglandis ), a fungus, Geosmithia morbida , spreads into the wood around the galleries carved by the small beetles. The fungus causes cankers that inhibit the movement of nutrients in black walnut, leading to crown and branch dieback, and ultimately death. While black walnut is considered allelopathic , meaning it excretes chemicals into its environment that harm competition, research from 2019 has questioned whether this long-held belief holds up to scientifically rigorous examination. Many publications that have repeated claims of black walnut allelopathy cite

3960-569: The tough outer hulls by finely grinding them for use in products such as abrasive cleansers. Many cultivars have been developed for improved quality wood or nuts. In 2017, the United States Department of Agriculture valued U.S. walnut timber at $ 530 billion. A significant amount is grown in Missouri . The fruit production tends to occur irregularly with some years producing larger crops than others (see mast year ). Fruiting may begin when

4026-422: The tree draws from during rainless periods. Visually, black walnut is similar to the butternut ( Juglans cinerea ) in leaf shape, and the range also overlaps significantly. The fruits are quite different, and their presence makes an identification easy, as black walnut fruits are round (spherical) and butternuts are more oval-oblong shaped. When a fruit is not available, two species can be differentiated based on

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4092-423: The tree is 4–6 years old, but large crops take 20 years. Total lifespan of J. nigra is about 130 years. Like other trees of the order Fagales , such as oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and birches, it is monoecious, with wind-pollinated catkins. Male and female flowers are in separate spikes , and the female flowers typically appear before the male on a single tree ( dichogamy ). As a consequence, self-pollination

4158-538: The tree yields a sweet sap that can be drunk or concentrated into syrup or sugar that is not unlike the sap of sugar maple . Black walnut kernels are 5% water, 59% fat , 24% protein , and 10% carbohydrates . In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), walnuts supply 619 calories and several micronutrients in "rich" amounts (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV), including the dietary minerals manganese (169% DV) and copper (156% DV), among others, and

4224-520: The upper Ottawa Valley may be an isolated native population or may have derived from planted trees. Black walnut is primarily a pioneer species similar to red and silver maple and black cherry . Because of this, black walnut is a common weed tree found along roadsides, fields, and forest edges in the eastern US. It will grow in closed forests, but is classified as shade intolerant; this means it requires full sun for optimal growth and nut production. Black walnut's native range extends across much of

4290-425: The western edge of its range, black walnut may be confined to floodplains, where it grows either with American elm ( Ulmus americana ), common hackberry ( Celtis occidentalis ), green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ), and boxelder ( Acer negundo ), or with basswood and red oak ( Quercus rubra ) on lower slopes and other favorable sites. Maggots (larvae of Rhagoletis completa and Rhagoletis suavis ) in

4356-469: Was 88 ft (27 m). The Bush butternut tree was planted by settler George Bush (1845) in current Tumwater, Washington , brought from Missouri. It was seriously damaged in a windstorm in 2015, and collapsed on May 1, 2021, at the age of 176 years. Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland , an island where butternut does not grow and to which it therefore

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