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32-547: The Krujë Castle , which houses the museum, is a historic citadel. Ottoman troops attacked it thrice, in 1450, 1466 and 1467, but failed to take control until a fourth siege in 1476 . It was this impregnable fortress that helped George Kastrioti Skanderbeg defend Albania from the Ottoman invasion for more than two decades. The Skanderbeg Museum project was based on the conceptual platform designed by Aleks Buda in September 1976, which

64-441: A state as guarantor of the value: either as trustworthy guarantor of the kind and amount of metal in a coin , or as powerful guarantor of the continuing acceptance of token coins . Traditionally, most states have been monarchies where the person of the monarch and the state were equivalent for most purposes. For this reason, the obverse side of a modern piece of currency is the one that evokes that reaction by invoking

96-431: A book or other paper document. The obverse is usually assumed to be the side visible when the hoist , the edge attached to the mast , is on the viewer's left and the opposite fly side to their right, while the reverse is the side visible with the hoist on the right and the fly on the left. Most flags reversed feature a mirror copy of the obverse, a format accommodated by most flag manufacturers. The flag of Saudi Arabia

128-605: A building which would be stylistic to the Albanian medieval towers, mainly built in northern Albania. After the museum's draft idea was approved by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the ISP working group started work on the project implementation of this work. The works for the construction of the museum began in September 1978 and they were directed by Robert Kote. In March 1980, the Ministry of Education and Culture set up two working groups for

160-697: Is a castle in the city of Krujë , Albania and the center of Skanderbeg 's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire . Inside the castle is the Teqe of Dollme of the Bektashi (an Islamic Sufi sect), the National Skanderbeg Museum , the remains of the Fatih Sultan Mehmed mosque and its minaret , an ethnographic museum and a Turkish bath . Krujë castle was built in the 5th or 6th century, perched above

192-447: Is an exception to both conventions, with a right-hoisted ("sinister" [REDACTED] ) obverse and an equal reverse to correctly arrange the calligraphic Shahada on both sides. Truly two-sided flags include the flag of Paraguay and the flag of Oregon , but are otherwise rare in the modern day. Some national flag protocols include provisions for when and how the reverse should be displayed. The United States flag code states that

224-473: Is regarded as the obverse of those coins. The opposite side may have varied from time to time. In ancient Greek monarchical coinage, the situation continued whereby a larger image of a deity , is called the obverse, but a smaller image of a monarch appears on the other side which is called the reverse. In a Western monarchy , it has been customary, following the tradition of the Hellenistic monarchs and then

256-511: The Roman emperors , for the currency to bear the head of the monarch on one side, which is almost always regarded as the obverse. This change happened in the coinage of Alexander the Great , which continued to be minted long after his death. After his conquest of ancient Egypt , he allowed himself to be depicted on the obverse of coins as a god-king , at least partly because he thought this would help secure

288-538: The Six Kalimas (the Islamic profession of faith) is usually defined as the obverse. A convention exists typically to display the obverse to the left (or above) and the reverse to the right (or below) in photographs and museum displays, but this is not invariably observed. The form of currency follows its function, which is to serve as a readily accepted medium of exchange of value . Normally, this function rests on

320-508: The Britains' – that is, Britain and its dominions) and, before 1949, IND[IAE] IMP[ERATOR] (' Emperor of India '). The United States specifies what appears on the obverse and reverse of its currency. The specifications mentioned here imply the use of all upper-case letters, although they appear here in upper and lower case letters for the legibility of the article. The United States government long adhered to including all of

352-615: The State Arms, as on its earlier issues. In Japan, from 1897 to the end of World War II , the following informal conventions existed: The Chrysanthemum Crest was no longer used after the war, and so (equally informally): Following ancient tradition, the obverse of coins of the United Kingdom (and predecessor kingdoms going back to the Middle Ages ) almost always feature the head of the monarch. By tradition, each British monarch faces in

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384-535: The allegiance of the Egyptians, who had regarded their previous monarchs, the pharaohs , as divine. The various Hellenistic rulers who were his successors followed his tradition and kept their images on the obverse of coins. A movement back to the earlier tradition of a deity being placed on the obverse occurred in Byzantine coinage , where a head of Christ became the obverse and a head or portrait (half or full-length) of

416-455: The castle's small defenses until 1478, 10 years after the death of Skanderbeg. Today it is a center of tourism in Albania, and a source of inspiration to Albanians. Krujë Castle is situated at an elevation of 557 metres (1,827 ft). The Albanian people are identified with the history of Kruje Castle. This castle is one of the most visited places in Albania. Within the fortress is located one of

448-545: The castle. The castle is depicted on the reverse of the Albanian 1000 lekë banknote of 1992–1996, and of the 5000 lekë banknote issued since 1996. This article about a castle in Albania is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Obverse and reverse The obverse and reverse are the two flat faces of coins and some other two-sided objects, including paper money , flags , seals , medals , drawings , old master prints and other works of art, and printed fabrics. In this usage, obverse means

480-537: The city with the same name as today. During the Albanian Revolt of 1432-1436 the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Andrea Thopia and Ottoman rule was restored. After Skanderbeg's rebellion in 1443 the castle withstood three massive sieges from the Turks respectively in 1450, 1466 and 1467 with garrisons usually no larger than 2,000-3,000 men under Skanderbeg's command. Mehmed II "The Conqueror" himself could not break

512-462: The city's skyline. Another attraction for tourists is the Ethnographic Museum , located in the south side of Kruje Castle. This museum is designed based on a typical house of 19th century. It reveals the sustainable methods of tools, food, drink and furniture production in a typical household. There are also objects and old wood and metal supplies that represent the lifestyle back then in

544-458: The coin value) is the reverse . This rule does not apply to the collector coins as they do not have a common side. A number of the designs used for obverse national sides of euro coins were taken from the reverse of the nations' former pre-euro coins. Several countries (such as Spain and Belgium ) continue to use portraits of the reigning monarch, while the Republic of Ireland continues to use

576-461: The emperor became considered the reverse. The introduction of this style in the gold coins of Justinian II from the year 695 provoked the Islamic Caliph , Abd al-Malik , who previously had copied Byzantine designs, replacing Christian symbols with Islamic equivalents, finally to develop a distinctive Islamic style , with just lettering on both sides of their coins. This script alone style then

608-409: The following: The ten-year series of Statehood quarters , whose issue began in 1999, was seen as calling for more space and more flexibility in the design of the reverse. A law specific to this series and the corresponding time period permits the following: In vexillology , the obverse of a flag is the side taken as the default illustration of a flag, for example the side used to display a design in

640-427: The front face of the object and reverse means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called heads , because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse tails . In numismatics , the abbreviation obv. is used for obverse , while ℞, )( and rev. are used for reverse . Vexillologists use the symbols "normal" [REDACTED] for the obverse and "reverse" [REDACTED] for

672-543: The main attractions, the National Museum " George Castroti Skanderbeg " (Muzeu Kombetar " Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu" in Albanian) . This museum was built in early 1980s by architects Pranvera Masha and Pirro Vaso. Inside the museum a lot of original bibliography, documents, objects and authentic reproductions that represent the history of Albanian people in the fifteenth century are displayed. This museum has become an icon of

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704-692: The opposite direction of his or her predecessor; this is said to date from 1661, with Charles II turning his back on Oliver Cromwell . Hence, George VI faced left and Elizabeth II faced right. The only break in this tradition almost occurred in 1936 when Edward VIII , believing his left side to be superior to his right (to show the parting in his hair), insisted on his image facing left, as his father's image had. No official legislation prevented his wishes being granted, so left-facing obverses were prepared for minting. Very few examples were struck before he abdicated later that year, and none bearing this portrait were ever issued officially. When George VI acceded to

736-538: The preparation of the museum content model, pavilions, mural paintings , and so on. The group of historians led by professor Kristo Frasheri and the group of painters led by Bashkim Ahmeti completed this design in the end of 1980. On 1 November 1982, the museum opened to the public. The museum contains objects dating back to Skanderbeg's time. The exhibits have been arranged in a way that chronicles his life and military feats. Paintings, armor, and other artifacts dating back to his time have been exhibited to showcase one of

768-525: The proudest periods of Albanian history. An interesting display is the replica of the hero's famous goat head-topped helmet, the original of which is on display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum . The memorial building was designed by Pirro Vaso and Pranvera Hoxha. 41°30′27″N 19°47′38″E  /  41.5075°N 19.7939°E  / 41.5075; 19.7939 Kruj%C3%AB Castle The Krujë Castle ( Albanian : Kalaja e Krujës )

800-453: The reverse is her owl. Similar versions of these two images, both symbols of the state, were used on the Athenian coins for more than two centuries. In the many republics of ancient Greece, such as Athens or Corinth , one side of their coins would have a symbol of the state, usually their patron goddess or her symbol, which remained constant through all of the coins minted by that state, which

832-492: The reverse. The "two-sided" [REDACTED] , "mirror" [REDACTED] , and "equal" [REDACTED] symbols are further used to describe the relationship between the obverse and reverse sides of a flag. In fields of scholarship outside numismatics, the term front is more commonly used than obverse , while usage of reverse is widespread. The equivalent terms used in codicology , manuscript studies , print studies and publishing are "recto" and "verso" . Generally,

864-407: The side of a coin with the larger-scale image will be called the obverse (especially if the image is a single head) and, if that does not serve to distinguish them, the side that is more typical of a wide range of coins from that location will be called the obverse. Following this principle, in the most famous of ancient Greek coins , the tetradrachm of Athens, the obverse is the head of Athena and

896-478: The state's territory. Regarding the euro , some confusion regarding the obverse and reverse of the euro coins exists. Officially, as agreed by the informal Economic and Finance Ministers Council of Verona in April 1996, and despite the fact that a number of countries have a different design for each coin, the distinctive national side for the circulation coins is the obverse and the common European side (which includes

928-400: The strength of the state, and that side almost always depicts a symbol of the state, whether it be the monarch or otherwise. If not provided for on the obverse, the reverse side usually contains information relating to a coin's role as a medium of exchange (such as the value of the coin). Additional space typically reflects the issuing country's culture or government, or evokes some aspect of

960-540: The throne, his image was placed to face left, implying that, had any coins been minted with Edward's portrait the obverses would have depicted Edward facing right and maintained the tradition. Current UK coinage features the following abbreviated Latin inscription: D[EI] G[RATIA] REX F[IDEI] D[EFENSOR] (' By the Grace of God King, Defender of the Faith '). Earlier issues, before 1954, included BRIT[ANNIARUM] OMN[IUM] ('of all

992-555: Was sent as a design assignment to the Institute of Studies and Projets (ISP) No.1 Tirana, under the direction of architect Pirro Vaso . After reviewing three variants, the ISP decided to continue the work on designing a building based on these variants and decided that the site where the museum would be built was in the interior of the walls of the old Kruja Castle . The design team consisted of Pirro Vaso , Pranvera Hoxha , F. Stermasi, K. Meka, L. Gashi, Gjarçani and R. Agalliu, who designed

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1024-561: Was used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period. The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of the Byzantine Iconoclasm , and with variations remained the norm until the end of the Empire. Without images, therefore, it is not always easy to tell which side will be regarded as the obverse without some knowledge. After 695, Islamic coins avoided all images of persons and usually contained script alone. The side expressing

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