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79-476: The Iron Gate gorge was notorious for the riverbed boulders and river rapids, which were hard to navigate through even for the most seasoned ferrymen. During the Ottoman rule, the ships were guided through by the local navigators who were familiar with the routes. They were called kalauz (from Turkish kalavuz , meaning guide, travel leader). During the rule of prince Miloš Obrenović, local Serbs gradually took over from

158-497: A PTO winch, controlled via the car's transmission , a secondary clutch maybe used so the vehicle does not need to be moving while winching. Some winches are powered by the pressure generated in the hydraulic steering system . The high lift jack or come-along is used for manual winching. Gliders are often launched using a winch mounted on a trailer or heavy vehicle. This method is widely used at many European gliding clubs, as an inexpensive alternative to aerotowing. The engine

237-468: A mechanical brake or ratchet and pawl which prevents it unwinding unless the pawl is retracted. The rope may be stored on the winch. When trimming a line on a sailboat , the crew member turns the winch handle with one hand, while tailing (pulling on the loose tail end) with the other to maintain tension on the turns. Some winches have a "stripper" or cleat to maintain tension. These are known as "self-tailing" winches. The earliest literary reference to

316-430: A backup plan to disable the canal. The tugging locomotives with freight cars were to be crashed into the canal, with cars being filled with cement. Above them, two barges filled with stones were to be demolished in explosion and to fall down on the train compositions, blocking the canal. The barges were to be tugged by the "Vitez" tugboat, from Tekija. Other railway and canal facilities were also planned for demolition. After

395-409: A book of over 100 lyrical and epic songs learned as a child and written down from memory. He also published the first dictionary of vernacular Serbian. For his work he received little financial aid, at times living in poverty, though in the very last 9 years he did receive a pension from prince Miloš Obrenović . In some cases Karadžić hid the fact that he had not only collected folk poetry by recording

474-413: A conventional truck in many jurisdictions is the presence of a winch, which is used to either extract disabled or immobilized vehicles, or to load them onto flatbed/tilt and load type tow trucks. These may be electrically or hydraulically powered from a power take-off , and is wound with a wire cable and equipped with a hook. Snatch blocks may be used to change direction or increase the pulling power and

553-529: A political point of view, Obrenović saw the works of Karadžić as a potential hazard due to a number of apparent reasons, one of which was the possibility that the content of some of the works, although purely poetic in nature, was capable of creating a certain sense of patriotism and a desire for freedom and independence, which very likely might have driven the populace to take up arms against the Turks. This, in turn, would prove detrimental to Prince Miloš's politics toward

632-506: A scribe for Jakov Nenadović and sometime later for Jevta Savić Čotrić as a customs officer all during the time of the War of Independence (1804-1813). After the founding of Belgrade 's Grande école ( University of Belgrade ), Karadžić became one of its students. Soon afterwards, he grew ill and left for medical treatment in Pest and Novi Sad , but was unable to receive treatment for his leg. It

711-451: A transmission. Lever winches are winches that use self-gripping jaws instead of spools to move rope or wire through the winch. Powered by moving a handle back and forth, they allow one person to move objects several tons in weight. This is a vertical spool with a ratchet mechanism similar to a conventional winch, but with no crank handle or other form of drive. The line is wrapped around the spool and can be tightened or reeled in by pulling

790-531: A variety of specialized hooks may be attached to the main hook, including hooks which attach to specific parts of the car. J-hooks, which look somewhat like blunt meat hooks are used to hook around axles. Mini-J hooks can be used if there is a tow loop provided, and R and T hooks are designed to hook into slots cut by the manufacturer in the underside of the frame on many cars. Axle straps may also be used, when there are few other places to attach. Off-road vehicles may be equipped with recovery tools such as winches on

869-602: A while, some German institutions were interested into dragging the locomotives out of the water, as they are the last remaining locomotives of this design today, and to exhibit them in some of the Berlin's museums. Today, with the artificial lake and flooded gorge, the navigation through Danube is easy and safe. Vuk Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87 Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Вук Стефановић Караџић , pronounced [ʋûːk stefǎːnoʋitɕ kâradʒitɕ] ; 6 November 1787 (26 October OS) – 7 February 1864)

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948-647: A winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars ( Histories 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BCE. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria . By the 4th century BCE, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use ( Mech . 18; 853b10-13). The yacht Reliance , American defender of

1027-423: Is made of cable made up of a braided synthetic rope, or a steel cable wrapped around a motorized drum. Each is controlled electronically, allowing the operator to control the winch speed. Modern vehicles typically use electric winches running off the car's 12V starter or 24V secondary battery. The winch is either controlled with a detachable cable, a button inside the car or wireless remote. Older vehicles may have

1106-535: Is often seen in Serbian schools. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro awarded a state Order of Vuk Karadžić . Vuk's Foundation maintains the legacy of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić in Serbia and Serb diaspora as well. A student of primary (age six or seven to fourteen or fifteen) or secondary (age fourteen or fifteen to eighteen or nineteen) school in Serbia, that is awarded best grades for all subjects at

1185-607: Is spoken in the purest and most correct way in Herzegovina and in Bosnia." Karadžić never visited those lands, but his family roots and speech came from Herzegovina. Ultimately, Vuk Karadžić's ideas and linguistic standard won against his clerical and scientific opponents. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid

1264-481: Is usually a gas/petrol, LPG or diesel , though hydraulic fluid engines and electrical motors are also used. The winch pulls in 1,000 to 1,600 m (3,300 to 5,200 ft) of high-tensile steel wire or a synthetic fibre cable, attached at the other end to the glider. The cable is released at a height of about 400 to 700 m (1,300 to 2,300 ft) after a short, steep climb. Search and Rescue helicopters are often equipped with winches to avoid having to get

1343-669: The Congress of Berlin in 1878, Serbia was recognized as a fully independent state, while Austria-Hungary was given a task of constructing the future Sip Canal. The task was then relegated to the Hungarian government. Hungarian government has been drafting the projects already in 1831. Several plans were later made by the Austrio-Hungarian government and the Austro-Ottoman commission, but the Hungarian government formed its own commission for

1422-455: The New Testament into the reformed form of the Serbian spelling and language. He was well known abroad and familiar to Jacob Grimm , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and historian Leopold von Ranke . Karadžić was the primary source for Ranke's Die serbische Revolution (" The Serbian Revolution "), written in 1829. Karadžić was born to Serbian parents Stefan and Jegda (née Zrnić ) in

1501-652: The Yugoslav coup d'état that toppled the pro-German government on 27 March 1941, the charges for demolition were set, as it was expected war might broke out any moment. In the World War II the strategic importance of the canal was significant as the connection with the Black Sea, and especially because much of the Romanian oil shipments from Ploiești to Germany passed through it. Thanks to their spy network, Germans found out about

1580-535: The gymnasium at Sremski Karlovci , for which 19-year-old Karadžić was too old, he left for Petrinja where he spent a few months learning Latin and German. Later on, he met highly respected scholar Dositej Obradović in Belgrade, which was now in the hands of the Revolutionary Serbia , to ask Obradović to support his studies. Obradović dismissed him. Disappointed, Karadžić left for Jadar and began working as

1659-482: The winch . During the World War I , German occupational forces in Serbia constructed a railway next to the canal, on the embankment. It was 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long and the locomotives began tugging the boats instead of the tugboat. Open in 1916, the rail was originally served by three switcher locomotives which used the steel cables for tugging. Each had 400 hp. During their withdrawal in 1918, Germans disabled

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1738-661: The 1830s. He arrived in Montenegro in the fall of 1834. Infirm, he descended to the Bay of Kotor to winter there, and returned in the spring of 1835. It was there that Karadžić met Vuk Vrčević , an aspiring littérateur, born in Risan . From then on, Vrčević became Karadžić's faithful and loyal collaborator who collected folk songs and tales and sent them to his address in Vienna for many years to come. Another equally diligent collaborator of Vuk Karadžić

1817-409: The 1903 America's Cup , was the first racing boat to be fitted with modern winches below decks. The Reliance's competitors relied on muscle power using topside mounted capstans and windlasses , which would soon be replaced in most applications by winches, including on fishing boats , where they are used to bring in the fishing nets . The main feature that legally distinguishes a tow truck from

1896-573: The Croatian nation based on Catholicism. In addition to his linguistic reforms, Karadžić also contributed to folk literature, using peasant culture as the foundation. Because of his peasant upbringing, he closely associated with the oral literature of the peasants, compiling it to use in his collection of folk songs, tales, and proverbs. While Karadžić hardly considered peasant life romantic, he regarded it as an integral part of Serbian culture. He collected several volumes of folk prose and poetry, including

1975-679: The Danube from Romanian side by boats. Members of the special Brandenburgers regiment, they were commanded by colonel Richard Bazing  [ fr ] . Majority headed directly to the canal, while a smaller group went to the mayor's house in Kladovo. Germans killed all the officers, even those fully drugged. However, not all of them were asleep, so there was a short shootout, enough to alarm others in town. Remaining soldiers in two artillery batteries and some gendarmes and infantry, though without commanders, resisted surprisingly strong, especially compared to

2054-515: The German grammarian and philologist Johann Christoph Adelung . Karadžić merely used that principle to push through his language reform. The attribution of the quote to Karadžić is a common misconception in Serbia, Montenegro and the rest of the former Yugoslavia . Due to that fact, the entrance exam to the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology occasionally contains a question on the authorship of

2133-504: The Orthodox, Catholic and Mohammedan, citing general similarities in local traditions that only differed because of the local religion and, in the case of Catholicism and Islam, foreign influences. However, Karadžić wrote later that he gave up this view because he saw that the Croats of his time did not agree with it, and he switched to the definition of the Serbian nation based on Orthodoxy and

2212-621: The Ottoman Empire, with whom he had recently forged an uneasy peace. In Montenegro, however, Njegoš's printing press operated without the archaic letter known as the " hard sign ". Prince Miloš was to resent Njegoš's abandonment of the hard sign, over which, at that time, furious intellectual battles were being waged, with ecclesiastical hierarchy involved as well. Karadžić's works, however, did receive high praise and recognition elsewhere, especially in Russian Empire . In addition to this, Karadžić

2291-625: The Ottoman defeat of the Serbian rebels in 1813, he left for Vienna and later met Jernej Kopitar , an experienced linguist with a strong interest in secular Slavistics . Kopitar's influence helped Karadžić with his struggle in reforming the Serbian language and its orthography. Another important influence on his linguistic work was Sava Mrkalj . In 1814 and 1815, Karadžić published two volumes of Serbian Folk Songs , which afterwards increased to four, then to six, and finally to nine tomes. In enlarged editions, these admirable songs drew towards themselves

2370-499: The Ottomans. The Serbian navigators were officially appointed by prince Miloš. To alleviate the Ottomans, the prince named Serbian navigators by a Turkish name, dumendžibaša , from dümen (rudder) and baş (head, chief, master). The navigation fee was divided in three parts, among dumendžibaša , loc (river pilots) and the local municipalities. The local navigators were described in the works of Vuk Karadžić and Mateja Nenadović . At

2449-429: The Serbian clergy with a base in the area around modern Novi Sad , who viewed grammar and vocabulary of Eastern Herzegovinian dialect as almost a foreign tongue that was unacceptable as basis for a modern language. But Karadžić successfully insisted that his linguistic standard was closer to popular speech and could be understood and written by more people. He called his dialect Herzegovinian because, as he wrote, "Serbian

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2528-631: The Serbian language simpler. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which was published in 1847. Because the Slavonic-Serbian written language of the early 19th century contained many words connected to the Orthodox church and a large number of loanwords from Russian Church Slavonic, Karadžić proposed to abandon this written language and to create a new one, based on the Eastern Herzegovina dialect which he spoke. Some Serbian clergy and other linguists opposed him, for example,

2607-548: The Serbs . Besides his greatest achievement on literary field, Karadžić gave his contribution to Serbian anthropology in combination with the ethnography of that time. He left notes on physical aspects of the human body alongside his ethnographic notes. He introduced a rich terminology on body parts (from head to toes) into the literary language. It should be mentioned that these terms are still used, both in science and everyday speech. He gave, among other things, his own interpretation of

2686-515: The artificial Lake Đerdap was created (circa 1970). Works in the gorge section were done by the Hungarian Technical Administration, over the period of 11 years, starting in 1889. The works were divided in two sectors, the upper and the lower Iron Gates. The canals in the upper section, at the town of Orșova (the tripoint between Austria-Hungary, Romania and Serbia at the time) were up to 60 m (197 ft) wide and 2 m (7 ft) deep, at

2765-400: The artillery battery, and Stevan Marković, commander of the anti-aircraft unit. After the closing time was announced in the restaurant, Čudnovski invited officers to move to his place and continue the party. There, he poured the sleeping drug in their drinks. In the meantime, Germans executed their elaborate and surprise attack. Wearing a typical Serbian folk attire, 54 German commandos crossed

2844-465: The attention of all literary Europe and America. Goethe characterized some of them as "excellent and worthy of comparison with Solomon's Song of Songs ." In 1824, he sent a copy of his folksong collection to Jacob Grimm , who was enthralled particularly by The Building of Skadar which Karadžić recorded from singing of Old Rashko . Grimm translated it into German and the song was noted and admired for many generations to come. Grimm compared them with

2923-416: The boarder in at a speed ranging from 25 to 40 kilometres per hour (16 to 25 mph). The winch may be mounted to a vehicle, set into the ground by stakes, or tied to a tree. The cable may also be run through pulleys mounted offshore so that it pulls the person away from where the winch is located, and multiple pulleys may be used to multiply the force applied by a small but high revving motor instead of using

3002-402: The connection between environment and inhabitants, with parts on nourishment, living conditions, hygiene, diseases and funeral customs. All in all this considerable contribution of Vuk Karadžić is not that famous or studied. Literary historian Jovan Deretić summarized his work as "During his fifty years of tireless activity, he accomplished as much as an entire academy of sciences." Karadžić

3081-509: The convoy on the river. At the Ada Kaleh island, a German boat opened fire on "Vitez". The fire was reciprocated, but it was just a decoy as the Germans withdrew, making the convoy even more late. Two helmsmen, Aca Ristić and Krsta Veljošević, managed to steer the barges into the canal and to sink them. However, as the locomotives and freight cars weren't sunk before them, it had no effect, except in

3160-442: The end of a school year, for each year in turn, is awarded at the end of his final year a "Vuk Karadžić diploma" and is known (in common speech) as "Vukovac", a name given to a member of an elite group of the highest performing students. Translations: Write as you speak and read as it is written. Although the above quotation is often attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić in Serbia, it is in fact an orthographic principle devised by

3239-495: The foundation for the Serbo-Croatian language ; Karadžić himself only ever referred to the language as "Serbian". The Vukovian effort of language standardization lasted the remainder of the century. Before then the Serbs had achieved a fully independent state (1878), and a flourishing national culture based in Belgrade and Novi Sad. Despite the Vienna agreement, the Serbs had by this time developed an Ekavian pronunciation , which

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3318-491: The front and back bumpers, usually mounted to a winch bar or frame mounted metal bumper. Less commonly it is mounted on a specialised metal plate "hidden winch mount" behind the vehicle's stock bumper, this is referred to as a "hidden winch" as the hook and fairlead hides behind a flip-up front number plate, the winch itself is not visible. The snubbing winch is used to pull vehicles out of mud, snow, sand, rocks, and water, and to pull vehicles through or over obstacles. The winch

3397-406: The gorge, regardless of the flag under which the ship navigates, the captains were handing over the ship commands to the loc . They were so esteemed, that insurance companies were not paying for the damages on the ships which had no loc . Bad calculations followed the ending of Sip Canal, too. The Sip Locomotive Tugging facilities were flooded by the rising Đerdap Lake in 1969, six months before it

3476-614: The grave of Dositej Obradović , in front of St. Michael's Cathedral (Belgrade) . During the latter part of the eighteenth- and the beginning of the nineteenth century, most nations in Western and Eastern Europe underwent a period of language reforms with Germany's Johann Christoph Gottsched and Johann Christoph Adelung , Norway's Aasmund Olavsson Vinje , Ivar Aasen , and Knud Knudson, Sweden's Carl Gustaf af Leopold , Italy's Alessandro Manzoni , Spain's Andrés Bello , Greece's Adamantios Korais , Russia 's Yakov Grot and others. At about

3555-412: The helicopter dangerously close to obstacles, or into ocean troughs, allowing rescue teams to be lowered and evacuees to be extricated while the helicopter hovers overhead. Helicopter winches are also used for heli-logging and for airlifting oversized cargo, such as vehicles and other aircraft, although the winch in these cases is only used to reduce the hazards to flying with a loose cable hanging below

3634-756: The helicopter. Stationary balloons, such as the barrage balloons used during the Second World War to discourage marauding aircraft, and the Kite balloons used during the First World War for artillery spotting are usually tethered with a winch, which can be used to lower the balloon, either to relocate it, or to bring it down quickly to prevent it being shot down by enemy aircraft. Larger man carrying kites often used winches to raise and lower them. Towed gunnery targets, used to train anti-aircraft gunners , and both fighter pilots and aircraft gunners, are run out behind

3713-472: The later events of the April War , but to no avail. Germans captured the entire security stuff and intact tugging machinery, so they removed the demolition charges. They also cut phone and telegraph lines, but the shootout from Kladovo alarmed other officers. Janko Grgić, the captain of "Vitez", presuming what the shooting means, alarmed the crew, but it took two hours to start and warm all ship engines, and to take

3792-590: The myth. He mostly published oral songs, with special reference to the heroic deeds of Prince Marko and the Kosovo Battle-related events, just like the singers sang without changes or additions. Karadžić collected most of the poems about Prince Lazar near the monasteries on Fruška Gora , mostly because the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church was moved there after the Great Migrations of

3871-532: The navigation of large river ships. Unlike other canals, which were dug into the rocky riverbed of the Deanube, the Sip Canal was cut into the bank. The upstream navigation lasted for 24 minutes, while downstream it took only 3 minutes to pass through the canal. As the canal was located close to the village of Sip, it was named after it. The village was flooded in 1969 and the new settlement, called Novi Sip ("New Sip")

3950-464: The navigation project which finished its work in 1883. Hungarian government enlisted a large number of workers and engaged a numerous and heavy machinery. The construction was a massive enterprise which resulted in construction of several canals: In total, 15,465 m (50,738 ft) of navigable canals was created. Total length of all canals was 16.9 km (10.5 mi) while 19.2 km (11.9 mi) of embankments were also built. They were flooded when

4029-724: The noblest flowers of Homeric poetry, and of The Building of Skadar he said: " one of the most touching poems of all nations and all times. " The founders of the Romantic School in France, Charles Nodier , Prosper Mérimée , Lamartine , Gerard de Nerval , and Claude Fauriel translated a goodly number of them, and they also attracted the attention of Russian Alexander Pushkin , Finnish national poet Johan Ludwig Runeberg , Czech Samuel Roznay, Pole Kazimierz Brodzinski , English writers Walter Scott , Owen Meredith , and John Bowring , among others. Karadžić continued collecting song well into

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4108-557: The official historic version after the war was that the Invasion of Yugoslavia began in the morning of 6 April 1941, with massive bombing of major cities, especially of Belgrade , the war in Yugoslavia started on the night 5/6 April with the raid on Sip canal. The profession of loc , a river pilot, survived until the area was flooded. At one point, there were 29 of them in Sip. At the entrance into

4187-514: The oral literature but transcribed it from manuscript songbooks of other collectors from Syrmia . His work had a chief role in establishing the importance of the Kosovo Myth in Serbian national identity and history. Karadžić collected traditional epic poems related to the topic of the Battle of Kosovo and released the so-called "Kosovo cycle", which became the final version of the transformation of

4266-594: The periods of really low water levels when the canal was out of use during the war. Captain Grgić was wounded, but he managed to take "Vitez" out of the hail of German bullets and to sink the tugboat several kilometres downstream, to avoid Germans capturing it. A mock re-staging of the attack by fully uniformed troops in broad daylight was later shot for the German propaganda newsreel about the Balkans campaign, showed on 2 May 1941. Though

4345-520: The plan for disabling the canal. Main traitors were the mayor of Kladovo, Leonid Čudnovski, and the local restaurant owner whose name is still not known today. The border and the canal were guarded by the 8th Artillery Regiment of the Krajina Division. On 5 April 1941, Čudnovski invited regiment's officers to a drinking party he personally organized for them in the restaurant "Dubrovnik". Among the officers were 2nd lieutenants Bora Todorović, commander of

4424-409: The planners miscalculated. The river flow was still fast, actually it increased to 18 km/h (11 mph) and remained an obstacle for the ships navigating upstream. In order to make the navigation easier, a steam-powered tugboat "Vaškap" was employed in 1899 to tug the boats upstream. The "Vaškap" was specifically built by Austria-Hungary for this purpose and the steam engine was winding the cable on

4503-456: The quote (as a sort of trick question ). Winch A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or otherwise adjust the tension of a rope or wire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form, it consists of a spool (or drum) attached to a hand crank . Traditionally, winches on ships accumulated wire or rope on the drum; those that do not accumulate, and instead pass on

4582-420: The railway. After the war, the canal and the railway were reconstructed, with the rail being extended for additional 400 m (1,300 ft). A total of 11 locomotives was used during the period when the rail was operational. Locomotives were followed by a steam wagon, which had its own operator. The wagon had a steam operated winch on which the ship cables were hooked. After the war, Serbian military devised

4661-479: The road from Karadžić's home to Tronoša monastery was built. Karadžić's birth house was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia . Recently, rural tourism has become popular in Tršić, with many families converting their houses into buildings designed to accommodate guests. TV series based on his life were broadcast on Radio Television of Serbia . His portrait

4740-683: The same period, Vuk Karadžić reformed the Serbian literary language and standardized the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of the Serbian literary language modernized it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic and brought it closer to common folk speech. For example, Karadžić discarded earlier signs and letters that had no match in common Serbian speech, and he introduced 6 Cyrillic letters to make writing

4819-403: The stage floor and used to move large set pieces on and off. Wakeskate winching is a sport where a person on a waterski or snowboard is propelled across the water with a winch. The winch consists of a gas-powered engine, spool, rope, frame, and sometimes a simple transmission. The person being towed walks (or swims) away from the winch, while extending the rope. When the winch is engaged, it pulls

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4898-473: The tail line. The winch takes the load once the pull is stopped with little operator tension needed to hold it. These also allow controlled release of the tension by the operator using the friction of the line around the ratcheted spool. They are used on small sailing boats and dinghies to control sheets and other lines, and in larger applications to supplement and relieve tension on the primary winches. An air winch, sometimes known as an air hoist or air tugger,

4977-495: The target tug aircraft for practice, and winched in for take-off and landing. Before advances were made in antennas in the 1950s, radio aerials were quite long, and needed to be winched out for use, and winched back in for landing. Failure to do so would then damage the aerial, as happened to Amelia Earhart on one of the legs of her last flight. Winches are frequently used as elements of backstage mechanics to move scenery in large theatrical productions. They are often embedded in

5056-537: The view that all South Slavs that speak the Shtokavian dialect were Serbs or of Serbian origin, and considered all of them to speak the Serbian language (for consequences of such idea see Greater Serbia#Vuk Karadžić's Pan-Serbism ), which was by then and still is today disputed by linguists and historians (see Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of Shtokavian dialect ). He personally considered Serbs to be of three different creeds ( Serbian : zakona ), specifically of

5135-528: The village of Tršić , near Loznica , which was at the time in the Ottoman Empire . His family settled from Drobnjaci ( Petnjica, Šavnik ), and his mother was born in Ozrinići , Nikšić (in present-day Montenegro .) His family had a low infant survival rate, thus he was named Vuk ("wolf") so that witches and evil spirits would not hurt him (the name was traditionally given to strengthen the bearer). Karadžić

5214-459: The whole region, regular schooling was not widespread at that time and his father at first did not allow him to go to Austria. Since most of the time, while in the monastery Karadžić was forced to pasture the livestock instead of studying, his father brought him back home. Meanwhile, the First Serbian uprising seeking to overthrow the Ottomans began in 1804. After unsuccessful attempts to enroll in

5293-399: The wire/rope (see yacht photo above), are called capstans . Despite this, sailboat capstans are most often referred to as winches. Winches are the basis of such machines as tow trucks , steam shovels and elevators . More complex designs have gear assemblies and can be powered by electric, hydraulic , pneumatic or internal combustion drives. It might include a solenoid brake and/or

5372-451: The year of Vuk Karadzić. Karadžić was also named an honorary citizen of the city of Zagreb . On the 100th anniversary of Karadžić's death (in 1964) student work brigades on youth action "Tršić 64" raised an amphitheater with a stage that was needed for organizing the Vukov sabor , and students' Vukov sabor. In 1987 Tršić received a comprehensive overhaul as a cultural-historical monument. Also,

5451-453: The zero water level in Orșova. In the southern section, the canals were 60 m (197 ft) wide and 3 m (10 ft) deep, except for the Sip Canal, which was wider and deeper. Construction of the canal began on 17 September 1890. It was cut in the right bank of the Danube and cost 10 million golden dinars at the time. Some 465.000 m (16,421.3 cu ft) of high quality stone was used. The canal

5530-416: Was a Serbian philologist , anthropologist and linguist . He was one of the most important reformers of the modern Serbian language . For his collection and preservation of Serbian folktales, Encyclopædia Britannica labelled Karadžić "the father of Serbian folk-literature scholarship." He was also the author of the first Serbian dictionary in the new reformed language. In addition, he translated

5609-494: Was another namesake from Boka Kotorska the Priest Vuk Popović. Both Vrčević and Popović were steadily and unselfishly involved in the gathering of the ethnographic, folklore and lexical material for Karadžić. Later, other collaborators joined Karadžić, including Milan Đ. Milićević . The majority of Karadžić's works were banned from publishing in Serbia and Austria during the rule of Prince Miloš Obrenović . As observed from

5688-568: Was built instead. It is located 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest from Kladovo . The first boat which navigated through the Sip Canal was a 600 hp tugboat . Among the first ships on the opening day was also a steamboat "Franz Joseph I". An elegant, 33 m (108 ft) long ship was built in 1873. A technical marvel of its day, as of 2016 it was still in use. It operated on the Wolfgangsee , at St. Gilgen in Austria. It soon became evident that

5767-418: Was ceremonially open on 27 September 1896, with cannon salvo. The ceremony was attended by the king Alexander I of Serbia , emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and king Carol I of Romania . The Sip Canal had a total length of 2,133 m (6,998 ft), it was 73 m (240 ft) wide and up to 3.9 m (13 ft) deep. At the lowest water level it was still 3 m (9.8 ft) deep, which allowed

5846-524: Was fortunate to be a relative of Jevta Savić Čotrić, the only literate person in the area at the time, who taught him how to read and write. Karadžić continued his education in the Tronoša Monastery in Loznica. As a boy he learned calligraphy there, using a reed instead of a pen and a solution of gunpowder for ink. In lieu of proper writing paper, he was lucky if he could get cartridge wrappings. Throughout

5925-536: Was granted a full pension from the Emperor of All Russia in 1826. He was married to Ana Maria Kraus from 1818 until the end of his life. They had 13 children together, but only two of them outlived the parents. Vuk Karadžic died in 1864 in Vienna. He was survived by his wife, by his daughter Mina Karadžić , who was a painter and writer, and by his son Dimitrije Karadžić, a military officer. His remains were relocated to Belgrade in 1897 and buried with great honours next to

6004-486: Was honored across Europe. He was chosen as a member of various European learned societies, including the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna , Prussian Academy of Sciences and Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences . He received several honorary doctorates. and was decorated by Russian and Austro-Hungarian monarchs, Prussian king , Order of Prince Danilo I and Russian academy of science. UNESCO proclaimed 1987

6083-403: Was projected. The water rushed one morning into the facility, flooding everything. The entire railway and the last two locomotives are today on the bottom of the lake. The locomotives, JŽ class 30 locomotive 30-031 and 30-034, called berlinke ("she-Berliners"), were built in 1930. They had three-cylinder steam engines and were produced in the A.Borsig factory  [ de ] in Berlin. For

6162-408: Was rumored that Karadžić deliberately refused to undergo amputation, instead deciding to make do with a prosthetic wooden pegleg , of which there were several sarcastic references in some of his works. Karadžić returned to Serbia by 1810, and as unfit for military service, he served as the secretary for commanders Ćurčija and Hajduk-Veljko . His experiences would later give rise to two books. With

6241-489: Was the native speech of their two cultural capitals as well as the great majority of the Serbian population. Vuk Karadžić greatly influenced South Slavic linguists across southeast Europe. Serbian journals in Austria-Hungary and in Serbia proper began to use his linguistic standard. In Croatia, the linguist Tomislav Maretić acknowledged Karadžić's work as foundational to his codification of Croatian grammar. Karadžić held

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