79-645: Sioux City ( / s uː / ) is a city in Woodbury and Plymouth counties in the U.S. state of Iowa . The population was 85,797 in the 2020 census , making it the fourth-most populous city in Iowa. The county seat of Woodbury County, Sioux City is the primary city of the five-county Sioux City metropolitan area , which had 149,940 residents in 2020. Sioux City and the surrounding areas of northwestern Iowa, northeastern Nebraska and southeastern South Dakota are sometimes referred to collectively as Siouxland . Sioux City
158-528: A Supreme Court justice from 1844 until his death. The first county seat of Wahkaw County was the now-extinct village of Thompsonville; when the Legislature changed the county name to Woodbury, the new county seat became Sergeant's Bluff (now Sergeant Bluff ). The county seat was moved to Sioux City in 1856. The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska ( Ho-Chunk ) owns reservation land in Woodbury County. The county
237-514: A "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills. Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect Richard Meier , such as his museum in Rome to house the ancient Roman Ara Pacis , or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier. Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in
316-429: A "white" light bulb, one might buy one labeled 2700K, 6000K, etc., which produce light having very different spectral distributions, and yet this will not prevent the user from identifying the color of objects that those light bulbs illuminate. Color vision allows us to distinguish different objects by their color . In order to do so, color constancy can keep the perceived color of an object relatively unchanged when
395-544: A family was US$ 45,751. Males had a median income of US$ 31,385 versus US$ 22,470 for females. The per capita income for the city was US$ 18,666. About 7.9% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. This compares with a median household income for the state of Iowa of US$ 54,736 and an Iowa median family income of US$ 69,382. (current data from State of Iowa, see also List of U.S. states by income for historical data). As of
474-422: A high quantity of white calcium carbonate from tiny bits of seashells ground to fine sand by the action of the waves. The White Cliffs of Dover take their white color from the large amount of chalk , made of limestone , which they contain, which reflects the sunlight. Snow is a mixture of air and tiny ice crystals. When white sunlight enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of
553-516: A long and laborious process. A plain white toga , known as a toga virilis , was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14–18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a toga praetexta , with a broad purple stripe. In the time of the Emperor Augustus , no Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga. The ancient Romans had two words for white; albus ,
632-441: A low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below annually. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 1 through April 26, allowing a growing season of 157 days. Extreme temperatures officially range from −35 °F (−37 °C) on 12 January 1912 up to 111 °F (44 °C) on 4 July 1936 and 17 July 1936, as well as 11 July 1939; the record cold daily maximum is −22 °F (−30 °C) on 8 February 1899, while, conversely,
711-520: A member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , died here on August 20, 1804, the only death during the two and a half-year expedition. Sioux City was laid out in the winter of 1854–1855. It became a major transportation hub to the western Plains, including Mormons heading to Salt Lake City and speculators heading to Wyoming goldfields. In 1891, the Sioux City Elevated Railway was opened and became
790-408: A mirror rather than a white surface. Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without hue . The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic. Color constancy
869-471: A plain white, (the source of the word albino ); and candidus, a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a toga candida , the origin of the word candidate . The Latin word candere meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words candle and candid . In ancient Rome , the priestesses of the goddess Vesta dressed in white linen robes,
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#1732845555801948-482: A population density of 120.8749/sq mi (46.67008/km ). 90.93% of the population reported being of one race. There were 42,701 housing units, of which 39,904 were occupied. The 2010 census recorded a population of 102,172 in the county, with a population density of 117.062/sq mi (45.1980/km ). There were 41,454 housing units, of which 39,052 were occupied. As of the census of 2000, there were 103,877 people, 39,151 households, and 26,426 families residing in
1027-465: A powder pressed into sticks. Bianco di San Giovanni is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter Cennino Cennini in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with calcium hydroxide . It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in
1106-427: A red and cyan laser or yellow and blue lasers. This light will however have very few practical applications since color rendering of objects will be greatly distorted. The fact that light sources with vastly different spectral power distributions can result in a similar sensory experience is due to the way the light is processed by the visual system. One color that arises from two different spectral power distributions
1185-593: A series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting Symphony in White No. 1 – The White Girl , which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty. The White movement was the opposition that formed against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War , which followed
1264-540: A symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of monachist France from 1815 to 1830 , and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek temples and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in
1343-469: A white palla or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the penates of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity. The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during Mass, the color worn by monks of the Cistercian Order , and, under Pope Pius V , a former monk of
1422-446: A wide variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white. Sanskrit has specific words for bright white, the white of teeth, the white of sandalwood , the white of the autumn moon, the white of silver, the white of cow's milk, the white of pearls, the white of a ray of sunlight, and the white of stars. Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if
1501-469: Is a centralized private Catholic School System that includes six schools: They teach preschool through twelfth grade. Siouxland Christian School educates grades pre-K-12 and began in 1959. Sioux City is home to Briar Cliff University , Morningside University , Western Iowa Tech Community College , St. Luke's College of Nursing, and the Bellevue University outreach center. Sioux City Transit ,
1580-629: Is achieved by chromatic adaptation . The International Commission on Illumination defines white (adapted) as "a color stimulus that an observer who is [chromatically] adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity. The color stimulus that is considered to be the adapted white may be different at different locations within a scene. Beaches with sand containing high amounts of quartz or eroded limestone also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it. Tropical white sand beaches may also have
1659-541: Is also the color of mourning. The word white continues Old English hwīt , ultimately from a Common Germanic * χ ītaz also reflected in OHG (h)wîz , ON hvítr , Goth. ƕeits . The root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *k id- , surviving also in Sanskrit śveta "to be white or bright" and Slavonic světŭ "light". The Icelandic word for white, hvítur ,
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#17328455558011738-469: Is called a metamerism . Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various Color temperatures ). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths". A range of spectral distributions of light sources can be perceived as white—there is no single, unique specification of "white light". For example, when buying
1817-473: Is directly derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr . Common Germanic also had the word * blankaz ("white, bright, blinding"), borrowed into Late Latin as * blancus , which provided the source for Romance words for "white" (Catalan, Occitan and French blanc , Spanish blanco , Italian bianco , Galician-Portuguese branco , etc.). The antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have
1896-509: Is in the tallgrass prairie of the North American Great Plains , historically inhabited by speakers of Siouan languages . The area of Sioux City was inhabited by Yankton Sioux when it was first reached by Spanish and French furtrappers in the 18th century. The first documented US citizens to record their travels through this area were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during the summer of 1804. Sergeant Charles Floyd ,
1975-439: Is indeed a unique specification of "white object", or, more specifically, "white surface". A perfectly white surface diffusely reflects ( scatters ) all visible light that strikes it, without absorbing any, irrespective of the light's wavelength or spectral distribution. Since it does not absorb any of the incident light, white is the lightest possible color. If the reflection is not diffuse but rather specular , this describes
2054-726: Is located at the navigational head of the Missouri River . The city is home to several cultural points of interest including the Sioux City Public Museum , Sioux City Art Center and Sergeant Floyd Monument , which is a National Historic Landmark . The city is also home to Chris Larsen Park, commonly referred to as "the Riverfront", which includes the Anderson Dance Pavilion, Sergeant Floyd River Museum & Welcome Center and Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center. Iowa
2133-420: Is made out of titanium dioxide , from the minerals brookite , anatase , rutile , or ilmenite , currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most toothpaste and sunscreen . Zinc white is made from zinc oxide . It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some foods to enrich them with zinc, an important nutrient . Chinese white
2212-413: Is on the western edge of Iowa, with its western border being the Missouri River . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 878 square miles (2,270 km ), of which 873 square miles (2,260 km ) is land and 4.9 square miles (13 km ) (0.6%) is water. It is the third-largest county by area in Iowa. The 2020 census recorded a population of 105,941 in the county, with
2291-498: Is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue ). It is the color of objects such as snow , chalk , and milk , and is the opposite of black . White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light . White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red , blue , and green light. The color white can be given with white pigments , especially titanium dioxide . In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as
2370-566: The Dominican Order , it became the official color worn by the pope himself. Monks of the Order of Saint Benedict dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence. Postclassical history art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described Christ as the lamb of God , who took
2449-469: The French Revolution , a more austere white ( blanc cassé ) became the most fashionable color in women's costumes which were modeled after the outfits of Ancient Greece and Republican Rome. Because of the rather revealing design of these dresses, the women wearing them were called les merveilleuses (the marvellous) by French men of that era. The Empire style under Emperor Napoléon I was modeled after
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2528-625: The Russian Revolution in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921–22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe. At the end of the 19th century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in Norway and the United States began to produce titanium white , made from titanium oxide . It had first been identified in the 18th century by
2607-830: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 59.63 sq mi (154.44 km), of which 58.46 sq mi (151.41 km) is land and 1.165 sq mi (3.02 km) is water. As is typical of Iowa, Sioux City has a humid continental climate , with very warm, humid summers, cold, dry winters, and wide temperature extremes; it is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5a. The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 20.0 °F (−6.7 °C) in January to 74.2 °F (23.4 °C) in July. On average, there are 25 days that reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher, 52 days that do not climb above freezing, and 17 days with
2686-451: The 18th and 19th centuries. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was collected and turned into high-quality paper. The 19th-century American painter James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created
2765-458: The 18th century, with the advent of neoclassical architecture , white became the most common color of new churches, capitols, and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also widely used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity and simplicity. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection,
2844-452: The 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white. White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white wigs and white stockings , and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns. After
2923-661: The 2018-2019 school year; there are three public high schools West High School , North High School , East High School (grades 9-12), three public Middle Schools, West Middle, North Middle, and East Middle (grades 6-8), and 19 Elementary Schools (grades K-5). Because of sprawl, districts around Sioux City continue to grow at dramatic rates. South Sioux City , Hinton , North Sioux City , Lawton , Bronson , Elk Point , Jefferson , Vermillion , Le Mars , Hawarden , Akron , Westfield , Ponca , Sergeant Bluff , Wayne , Sioux Center , along with other school districts that serve many metro-area students. Bishop Heelan Catholic Schools
3002-538: The 2020 census, the Sioux City Metropolitan Area had 149,940 residents in four counties. As defined by the Office of Management and Budget , the counties comprising the metropolitan area are (in descending order of population): Sioux City has a crime rate that is 91% higher than the average for Iowa and 63% higher than the national average. The violent crime rate is 90% above the Iowa average and 49% higher than
3081-408: The 39,151 households, 34.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.90% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.50% were non-families. 26.60% of households were one person and 11.20% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.13. The age distribution was 27.30% under
3160-565: The German chemist Martin Klaproth , who also discovered uranium . It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white. The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter Kazimir Malevich in his 1917 painting 'the white square,'
3239-528: The Virgin Mary. During the Postclassical history, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar Leon Battista Alberti encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add hilaritas , or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter. Until the 16th century, white
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3318-418: The age of 18, 10.20% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males. The median household income was $ 38,509 and the median family income was $ 46,499. Males had a median income of $ 31,664 versus $ 22,599 for females. The per capita income for
3397-512: The area. As of the census of 2010, there were 82,684 people, 31,571 households, and 20,144 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,441.7/sq mi (556.6/km). There were 33,425 housing units at an average density of 582.8/sq mi (225.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 80.6% White , 2.9% African American , 2.6% Native American , 2.7% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 7.4% from other races , and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.4% of
3476-410: The average family size was 3.14. Age spread: 27.1% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was US$ 37,429, and the median income for
3555-475: The average window for measurable (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) snowfall is November 8 through April 7, although snow in October occurs several times per decade. On 14 May 2013, the high temperature reached 106 °F (41 °C), setting a new all-time May record high, along with a 77 °F (43 °C) rise from the morning of the 12th. As of the census of 2020, there were 85,797 people. The racial makeup of
3634-405: The border between China and Korea. Chalk is a type of limestone , made of the mineral calcite , or calcium carbonate . It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called Coccolithophore . It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of gypsum or calcium sulphate,
3713-438: The city was 76.3% White , 4.8% African American , 2.2% Native American , 2.9% Asian , 0.6% Pacific Islander , and 10.1% from other races or from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.9% of the population. The city has significant minority populations of West Africans, Somalis, Ethiopians, Vietnamese, Mexicans, and Guatemalans. This has been attributed to the many meat factories and manufacturing jobs in
3792-471: The city. There is no established water or rail passenger transportation in the area. The last passenger train was the Illinois Central 's Hawkeye, a daily train to Chicago via Waterloo, Dubuque and Rockford, discontinued in 1971. Big Soo Terminal offers barge transportation. Woodbury County, Iowa Woodbury County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa . As of the 2020 census ,
3871-427: The city. The population density was 1,551.3 inhabitants per square mile (599.0/km). There were 33,816 housing units at an average density of 617.1 per square mile (238.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 85.23% White , 2.41% African American , 1.95% Native American , 2.82% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 5.27% from other races , and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.89% of
3950-479: The color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk , sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings. In ancient Egypt , white
4029-453: The companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter Piet Mondrian . His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors. Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as Le Corbusier (1887–1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for
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#17328455558014108-474: The county was $ 18,771. About 7.20% of families and 10.30% of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.60% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over. For much of the second half of the 20th century, Woodbury County tilted Republican, albeit not as overwhelmingly as most of western Iowa. Between 1988 and 2012 Woodbury County was the quintessential swing county in Iowa. No candidate won it by more than 3.5% over that quarter-century. This
4187-449: The county. The population density was 119 inhabitants per square mile (46/km ). There were 41,394 housing units at an average density of 47 per square mile (18/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 87.48% White , 2.02% Black or African American , 1.69% Native American , 2.41% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 4.37% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. 9.11% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of
4266-477: The crash and ensuing fire due to outstandingly quick performances by fire and emergency local teams. According to a 2015 University of Iowa study for the Iowa Initiative for Sustainable Communities, blight and disinvestment are serious problems in the downtown core as investment has shifted to suburbs. Sioux City borders two states, South Dakota to the west-northwest and Nebraska to the west. According to
4345-428: The eye in roughly equal amounts. Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a diffuse way . In 1666, Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of multiple colors by passing it through a prism to break it up into components then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white
4424-647: The good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. White is an important color for almost all world religions. The pope , the head of the Roman Catholic Church , has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam , and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims. In Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses , symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white
4503-427: The illumination changes among various broad (whitish) spectral distributions of light. The same principle is used in photography and cinematography where the choice of white point determines a transformation of all other color stimuli. Changes in or manipulation of the white point can be used to explain some optical illusions such as The dress . While there is no single, unique specification of "white light", there
4582-410: The light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle. In the case of glaciers , the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so
4661-693: The light scattered will be bluish. Clouds are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud. Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly: Mauna Kea means white mountain in Hawaiian , Mont Blanc means white mountain in French. Changbai Mountains literally meaning perpetually white mountains , marks
4740-565: The local public transit organization, operates several bus lines within the city. Buses transfer downtown in the Martin Luther King Jr. Transportation Center at 505 Nebraska Street. The Sioux City Paratransit serves members of the community who would otherwise not be able to travel by providing door to door service. The city is served by Sioux Gateway Airport (SUX) 6 mi (9.7 km) to its south where United Airlines ' affiliate SkyWest Airlines has announced it plans to discontinue
4819-427: The more conservative outfits of Ancient Imperial Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth considering the more severe weather conditions of northern France; in 1814 the former wife of Napoleon, Joséphine de Beauharnais , caught pneumonia and died after taking a walk in the cold night air with Tsar Alexander I of Russia . White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in
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#17328455558014898-580: The national average, based on the FBI's uniform crime reports for 2020. According to the report, this represented a 12% decrease over the prior year. Statistics from Sioux City's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Golf courses, city parks, and aquatics: Sioux City is also home to several municipal public golf courses , including Floyd Park in Morningside, Green Valley near the Southern Hills, Sun Valley on
4977-547: The northern West Side, and Hidden Acres in nearby Plymouth County. Sioux City also has a number of private golf clubs, including Sioux City Country Club, and Whispering Creek Golf Club. The city has over 1,132 acres (5 km) of public parkland located at 53 locations, including the riverfront and many miles of recreation trails. Five public swimming pools/aquatics centers are located within Sioux City neighborhoods. The Sioux City Community School District served 14,569 students in
5056-619: The one flight per day each to Chicago and Denver it currently offers. As those flights are federally subsidized under the Essential Air Service program, SkyWest is required to continue those flights until a replacement is found. FBO and jet charter services are currently offered by Hawthorne Global Aviation Services. Jefferson Lines runs long-distance bus routes to Sioux City. Non-Transfer destinations include Winnipeg , Kansas City , Minneapolis , and Omaha . Sioux City also has several private taxi companies that operate within
5135-512: The population was 105,941, making it the sixth-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Sioux City . Woodbury County is included in the Sioux City metropolitan area . Originally established in 1851 as Wahkaw County, the Iowa Legislature in 1853 changed the name to Woodbury County in honor of Levi Woodbury (1789–1851), a senator and governor of New Hampshire who served as
5214-441: The population. There were 31,571 households, of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
5293-404: The population. There were 32,054 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and
5372-485: The record warm daily minimum is 86 °F (30 °C) on 18 August 1936. Precipitation is greatest in May and June and averages 29.27 in (743 mm) annually, but has ranged from 14.33 in (364 mm) in 1976 to 41.10 in (1,044 mm) in 1903. Snowfall averages 36.0 in (91 cm) per season, and has historically ranged from 6.9 in (18 cm) in 1895–1896 to 65.9 in (167 cm) in 1961–1962;
5451-501: The rose. The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was considered a fundamental color. According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , Apelles (4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black. For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment lead white , made by
5530-553: The sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck . White was also the symbolic color of the transfiguration . The Gospel of Saint Mark describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of
5609-431: The sun. Lead white was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is Pliny the Elder , Vitruvius and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus . Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with vinegar . The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into lead carbonate . It
5688-555: The third steam-powered elevated rapid transit system in the world, and later the first electric-powered elevated railway in the world after conversion in 1892. However, the system fell into bankruptcy and closed within a decade. The city gained the nickname "Little Chicago" during the Prohibition era due to its reputation for being a purveyor of alcoholic beverages. On July 19, 1989, United Airlines Flight 232 crash-landed at Sioux Gateway Airport , killing 111 people, but 184 survived
5767-508: The transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in Florence , Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light gold background , placed in an almond-shaped halo. The white unicorn was a common subject of Postclassical history manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of
5846-437: Was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 24% were from 45 to 64, and 12.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 85,013 people, 32,054 households, and 21,091 families residing in
5925-418: Was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by zinc white and titanium white . Titanium white is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It
6004-526: Was commonly worn by widows as a color of mourning. The widows of the kings of France wore white until Anne of Brittany in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the king or Church. White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the Baroque period and especially the Rococo style that followed it in
6083-458: Was connected with the goddess Isis . The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap mummies . In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In Greek mythology , the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea. In the Talmud , milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and
6162-496: Was the fundamental color of light . White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as fluorescent lamps, white LEDs and incandescent bulbs . On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the primary colors of light: red, green and blue ( RGB ) at full intensity, a process called additive mixing (see image above). White light can be fabricated using light with only two wavelengths, for instance by mixing light from
6241-550: Was the only county in Iowa that Barack Obama won in 2012 that he failed to carry in 2008. However, in 2016, Woodbury County swung over dramatically to Donald Trump , who carried it by a 19 percent margin, the largest margin of victory since Lyndon Johnson 's landslide election in 1964. The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Woodbury County. † county seat 42°23′29″N 96°03′03″W / 42.39139°N 96.05083°W / 42.39139; -96.05083 White White
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