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62-745: Singapore Airlines' cabin service has been recognized with awards from magazines, travel and tourism industries, including the 'World's Best Cabin Crew Service' by the Business Traveller Asia-Pacific Awards for 23 consecutive years. The images and branding of the Singapore Girl were first established in 1972 when Singapore Airlines took over as successor of its predecessor Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA). The joint Malaysia and Singapore airline were set up to develop and expand an intercontinental network. An earlier traditional version of

124-551: A Community Service Fellowship program after Tina Eugenia Yeh, an alumna who perished in the accident. By 8 November 2000, several bodies were scheduled to be repatriated. Of the bodies: The bodies of 14 Taiwanese passengers and the others remained in Taipei to be collected by relatives. By 2 November 2000, 40 passengers and crew were hospitalized, of whom 11 were released later that night. On 5 November 2000, 34 passengers and crew remained hospitalized. Sixty-four were discharged from

186-435: A domestic network with regional and international routes being a secondary focus. MSA ceased operations in 1972, with its assets split between two new airlines; Malaysian Airline System Berhad (now Malaysia Airlines ), and Singapore Airlines . With Singapore Airlines determined to develop its international routes, it took the entire fleet of seven Boeing 707s and five Boeing 737s which would allow it to continue servicing

248-403: A major role in the circumstances leading to the accident, stated that the flight crew did not review the taxi route, despite having all the relevant charts, and as a result did not know the aircraft had entered the wrong runway. Upon entering the wrong runway, the flight crew had neglected to check the paravisual display and the primary flight display , which would have indicated that the aircraft

310-399: A temporary command centre. At the time of the crash, 179 passengers and crew, including three children and three infants, were on the aircraft. Of the 179 occupants, 83 were killed, 39 suffered from serious injuries, and 32 had minor injuries, while 25 were uninjured. Four crew members and 77 passengers died on impact immediately after the crash and two passengers died at hospital. Most of

372-443: A typhoon. The aircraft crashed into construction equipment on the runway, killing 83 of the 179 people aboard. Ninety-eight occupants initially survived the accident, but two passengers died later from injuries in hospital. It was the first fatal accident involving a Boeing 747-400 . The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-412 , registered as 9V-SPK with serial number 28023, powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW4056 engines. It

434-513: The Borneo Territories including Brunei , Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu ), Kuching , Sandakan and Sibu . The airline saw its name changed twice due to political shifts. In 1963, the creation of the Federation of Malaysia prompted a change of name to "Malaysian Airways". Singapore's expulsion from the federation in 1965 led to another name change to Malaysia–Singapore Airlines (MSA) when

496-666: The Singapore -based carrier flew on domestic routes between Kuala Lumpur , Ipoh , Penang and Singapore on an Airspeed Consul twin engined aeroplane. In April 1948, the airline flew direct international routes from Singapore to Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City ) in Vietnam; Batavia (now Jakarta ), Medan and Palembang in Indonesia; and to Bangkok in Thailand via Penang. It also flew a route connecting Penang with Medan. The airline grew rapidly in

558-463: The "Sarong Kebaya" uniform was first introduced by MSA and worn by the flight attendants since 1968. Subsequently, political acrimony between Singapore and Malaysia led to the split of Malaysia-Singapore Airlines. MSA ceased operations on 1 October 1972 and Singapore Airlines took over as its successor in Singapore. Initially when Singapore Airlines was created, its advertising and branding was handled by

620-479: The 18th Singapore Tourism Board's Tourism Award. Since 2014, Singapore Airlines has been sponsoring the Singapore Grand Prix . Since then, Singapore Airlines' assignment crew have been regularly deployed at the annual event. As part of efforts to build the image of the "Singapore Girl", the airline runs a rigorous training program for cabin and flight crew. The airline's repute, and the resulting prestige of

682-561: The MSA initials, but that was blocked following protests by Malaysia. Eventually, Singapore subsequently named the new entity as SIA, creating a new initial that would eventually be an airline icon itself within the following decades. In 2024, Izham Ismail, the Executive Director of Malaysia Airlines, alleged that the decline of its airline when compared to Singapore Airlines was not due to the emergence of low-cost carriers (LCCs), but rather

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744-493: The ROC. Despite a Taiwanese high prosecutor's decision to not prosecute the pilots for the first three years after the crash, Singapore Airlines subsequently fired the captain and first officer involved in the SQ006 crash in 2000. Singapore Airlines offered immediate financial relief of US$ 5,000 to each survivor a few days after the incident. Singapore Airlines also offered US$ 400,000 to

806-680: The Singaporeans who died were the mother of a Singapore Turf Club horse trainer; an assistant professor of the National University of Singapore 's Department of Computer Science and his wife; and a Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot on his way to attend the Advanced Fighter Weapons Instructor Course organised by the Air National Guard . In addition, four of the dead were Motorola employees. One of

868-610: The aft economy section survived. Of the passengers on the continuing sector to Los Angeles, 77 flew from Singapore and 82 flew from Taipei. Of the passengers originating from Singapore, 37 died. Of the passengers originating from Taipei, 42 died. Three male passengers identified as infants all died, including two Indians originating from Singapore and one Taiwanese originating from Taipei. The Department of Forensic Pathology Institute of Foreign Medicine, Ministry of Justice performed seven autopsies. One person died from impact injuries, and six people died from severe burns. Many passengers on

930-413: The aircraft before all passengers were accounted for. The New Paper stated that the pilots attempted to help the passengers. The Taiwanese report stated that the relief pilot (crew member 3, or CM-3) said in an interview that he was the first to leave the cockpit and the last to leave the aircraft. A passenger sitting in seat 17A stated that the right upper-deck door flight attendant directed him to

992-479: The aircraft to taxi to runway 05L via taxiways SS, WC, and NP. At 23:15:22, the aircraft was cleared for takeoff on runway 05L. After a six-second hold, at 23:16:36, the crew attempted takeoff on runway 05R—which had been closed for repairs—instead of the assigned runway 05L (which ran parallel to 05R). The captain correctly acknowledged that he needed to take off at 05L, but he turned the aircraft 215 m (705 ft) too soon and lined up with 05R. The airport at

1054-457: The aircraft. Singapore Airlines also clarified that the paravisual display was meant to help the flight crew maintain the runway centreline in poor visibility, rather than to identify the runway in use. The statement by Kay Yong ( Chinese : 戎凱 ; pinyin : Rēng Kǎi ), managing director of the Republic of China's Aviation Safety Council , implied that pilot error played a major role in

1116-577: The airline introduce another special livery, this time on two of its Airbus A380 aircraft in conjunction with Singapore's 50th National Day celebrations. About two weeks after the accident, Singapore Airlines changed the Singapore–Taipei–Los Angeles route flight number from SQ006 to SQ30. The return flight to Singapore, SQ005, was also changed to SQ29. After the release of the ASC report, Republic of China (ROC) public prosecutors called upon

1178-850: The break up of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines. In the 1960s, Malaysian Airways was headquartered in Raffles Place, Singapore. By 1971, the headquarters had moved to the MSA Building at Robinson Road in Singapore. The building later became the SIA building. Over the years, the airline operated many aircraft including: Borneo Airways and Malaysian Airways each had one aircraft accident while operating. Aircraft operated by successor Malaysia–Singapore Airlines were involved in five accidents resulting in hull loss. [REDACTED] Media related to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines at Wikimedia Commons Singapore Airlines Flight 006 Singapore Airlines Flight 006

1240-490: The cabin crew members who died in the crash was a former Singapore national footballer and brother of Subhas Anandan , a prominent criminal lawyer in Singapore. Among passengers of other nationalities were the president and two vice-presidents of Buena Park, California -based Ameripec Inc. A professor at UC Davis survived the crash with 12% second-degree burns. William Wang , who later founded Vizio , suffered carbon monoxide poisoning, but survived. John Diaz, who at

1302-459: The company. The theme music for the television advertising campaign was composed by Kevin Peek . The Singapore Girl has become a visual trademark and brand for Singapore Airlines together with the slogan "A Great Way to Fly". The Singapore Girl is said to engender "Asian values and hospitality" and has been described as "caring, warm, gentle, elegant and serene". A wax figure of the Singapore Girl

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1364-433: The country, as well as the remaining fleet of Fokker F27 Friendships and Britten-Norman BN-2 Islanders . It began flights on 1 October 1972. The initials MSA were well regarded as an airline icon and both carriers tried to emulate them. Malaysian went for MAS by just transposing the last two letters and choosing the name Malaysian Airline System, whereas Singapore originally used the name Mercury Singapore Airlines to keep

1426-482: The crash of the Boeing 747-400, which led to the deaths of 83 people. He stated that the airport should have placed markers stating that the runway was closed to takeoffs and landings. Runway 05R was not blocked off by barriers because part of the strip was used by landing planes to taxi back to the airport terminal . The pilot confirmed twice with the control tower that he was on the correct runway; controllers did not know

1488-558: The crash; the airline statement was later revised to state that fatalities had occurred. The airline initially stated that reports of the aircraft taking the wrong runway were untrue before they were proven to be true. A relative whose sister and parents died in the SQ006 accident criticised the airline for taking too much time to notify relatives. A counselling centre opened at Los Angeles International Airport to deal with relatives of passengers. In Taipei, relatives of victims provided blood samples to identify bodies. The report by ASC

1550-456: The families of each of the dead. However, more than 30 survivors and families of the dead rejected the offer and sued Singapore Airlines for higher damages. Forty lawsuits were filed against Singapore Airlines in Singapore while more than 60 passenger lawsuits were filed in the United States. All the lawsuits were settled out of court. The Association of Asian American Yale Alumni named

1612-412: The fire. Chemical extinguishing agents were deployed on the aircraft approximately three minutes after the impact. At 23:35, the fire was brought under control. At 23:40, nonairport ambulances and emergency vehicles from other agencies congregated at the north gate. At 00:00 Taipei time on 1 November, the fire was mostly extinguished and the front part of the aircraft was destroyed. Authorities established

1674-602: The first-class passengers, one received a minor injury and four received no injuries. Of the business-class passengers, 14 (two on lower deck, 12 on upper deck) died, two (one on lower deck, one on upper deck) received serious injuries, seven (two on lower deck, five on upper deck) received minor injuries, and eight (four on lower deck, four on upper deck) were uninjured. Of the economy-class passengers, 65 died, 33 received serious injuries, 14 received minor injuries, and 11 were uninjured. The lower-deck passengers who died were seated in rows 22 through 38. Sixty-four of 76 passengers in

1736-433: The flight crew of SQ006 to return to the ROC for questioning and the three-member crew complied. Rumours abounded at the time that the pilots might be detained in the ROC and charged with negligence. IFALPA had previously stated that it would advise its members of the difficulties of operating into the ROC if the flight crew of SQ006 were prosecuted. The prosecutors did not press charges and the flight crew were allowed to leave

1798-403: The flight sustained burns due to jet fuel splashing onto them. A 45-year-old Taiwanese passenger with over 86% burns succumbed to his injuries at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou , Taipei County (now New Taipei City ) on Sunday 5 November 2000. A 30-year-old Singaporean woman who suffered 95% burns succumbed to her injuries in a Taiwanese hospital on 24 November 2000. Among

1860-402: The forward economy section were killed by the explosion of the centre fuel tank, which resulted in intense fire. In the upper deck of the business-class section, 12 of 19 passengers and one of two flight attendants died from smoke inhalation and fire; 10 bodies, originating from the upper deck of business class, were found between the stairwell and the 2L exit on the main deck. All passengers in

1922-444: The forward section of the fuselage and the wings. 77 of 159 passengers and four of 20 crew members died at the site of the accident. Many of the dead were seated in the middle section of the aircraft. The fuel stored in the wings exploded and incinerated that section. At 23:17:36, the emergency bell sounded and 41 firefighting vehicles, 58 ambulances, 9 lighting units, and 436 personnel were dispatched to assist survivors and extinguish

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1984-569: The hospitals. A Taiwanese passenger died the same day. On 8 November 2000, 24 passengers and crew remained hospitalized: 20 in Taiwan, 3 in Singapore and 1 in the United States. The Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed a specially configured Boeing KC-135R for the medical evacuation of critical Singaporean victims; 73 survivors, 40 of whom were not hospitalized, and 33 of whom were discharged, had either returned home or continued with their travel. The accident and its subsequent investigation process

2046-421: The inaccuracy of the term Girl, the concept has been accused of being a stereotype of Asian women as being subservient. However, the marketing concept is unlikely to be replaced altogether in any future marketing campaigns: "To remove the Singapore Girl icon from SIA is like removing Mickey Mouse from Disneyland ..." Malaysia-Singapore Airlines Malaysia–Singapore Airlines ( abbreviation MSA )

2108-438: The investigation felt that the lighting and signage at the airport did not measure up to international standards. Some critical lights were missing or not working. No barriers or markings were put up at the start of the closed runway, which would have alerted the flight crew that they were on the wrong runway. The Singapore team felt that these two factors were given less weight than was proper, as another flight crew had almost made

2170-594: The job, has allowed it to be highly selective during its recruitment process as it receives numerous applications locally and from around the region. Singapore Airlines used to recruit only Singaporeans and Malaysians as cabin crew, but since 1995, in line with its global expansion, recruitment extended to other countries such as China , India , Indonesia , Japan , Korea , Taiwan and Thailand . This minimises language barriers between cabin crew and travellers and also maintains its essence as an Asian carrier. A training batch typically consists of 20 cabin crew trainees, and

2232-442: The main deck via the stairs; the flight attendant later died. Upper deck passengers and flight attendants stated that the chief flight attendant went upstairs after the first impact and later died. The 3R and 3L flight attendants also died; they were seated in the middle of the aircraft. The accident aircraft 9V-SPK was painted in a special livery called "Rainbow" (commonly referred to as "Tropical" or "Tropical Megatop") at

2294-412: The next few years, boosted by rising demand for air travel during the post-war period, when flying was no longer a privilege for the very rich. By 12 April 1960, the airline was operating Douglas DC-3s , Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and Vickers Viscounts on new routes from Singapore to Hong Kong and from Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok via Penang. Flights were also introduced from Singapore to cities in

2356-502: The passengers onboard the flight were Taiwanese or Americans. The captain, co-pilot, and relief pilot originated from Singapore on another SQ006 flight the day before the accident, rested at a hotel in Taipei, and boarded SQ006 on 31 October. All three flight crew members survived the crash. The pilot and relief pilot sustained no injuries, while the co-pilot received minor injuries. Of the 17 cabin crew members, four died, four received serious injuries, and 9 received minor injuries. Of

2418-406: The passengers, 79 died, 34 received serious injuries, 22 received minor injuries, and 24 were uninjured. 4 of the 20 aircraft crew members had died in the crash. A total of 83 fatalities, and 96 survived the fatal crash out of the 179 occupants. The flight carried five first-class passengers, 28 business-class passengers (9 on lower deck and 19 on upper deck), and 126 economy-class passengers. Of

2480-407: The plane had actually gone on to the wrong runway because the airport lacked ground radar and the plane was out of sight of the tower at the time of its takeoff attempt. One survivor of the accident stated in a USA Today article that some of the cabin crew were unable to help the passengers escape from the aircraft because they were frozen by fear or lack of competence in emergency procedures; he

2542-469: The previous uniform of business jackets and grey trousers, with jackets distinguishing their ranks: In April 2001, the shoes were replaced by Pierre Balmain-designed safety shoes, in light of safety reviews after the Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crash where flight attendants complained of missing sandals. The Singapore Girl marketing concept has been criticized as being sexist – apart from

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2604-554: The ranking of the Singapore Girls: Although the uniform of the Singapore Girl has remained largely unchanged (aside from the addition of the green kebaya in 1992), the uniform for male cabin crew was updated on 30 June 2008. All male cabin crew wear the same, distinctive navy blue suits to complement the Singapore Girl's cobalt blue kebaya , their ranks differentiated by the colours of their ties. The four tie colours that distinguish male cabin crew: This update replaces

2666-485: The regional and long-haul international routes. Since most of MSA's international routes were flown out of Singapore, the vast majority of international routes were in the hands of Singapore Airlines. In addition, MSA's headquarters, which was located in Singapore, became the headquarters of Singapore Airlines. Malaysian Airline System, on the other hand, took all domestic routes within Malaysia and international routes out of

2728-454: The return of the last MSA de Havilland Comet 4s leased from British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) being returned to that airline. The different needs of the two shareholders, however, led to the break-up of the airline just six years later. The Singapore government preferred to significantly develop the airline's international routes, while the Malaysian government preferred to develop

2790-432: The runway contained concrete Jersey barriers and pits. About 41 seconds after applying full throttle, the aircraft collided with the machinery and broke into three major pieces. The fuselage was torn in two, and the engines and landing gear were then separated. A crane tore the left wing from the aircraft, forcing the aircraft back onto the ground. The nose struck a scoop loader , with a following large fire, destroying

2852-423: The same mistake of using runway 05R to take off days before the accident. Singapore Airlines also issued a statement after the release of the ASC report. In their statement, Singapore Airlines reiterated the points brought up by the Singapore investigators and added that the air traffic controller did not follow their own procedure when they gave clearance for SQ006 to take off despite their not being able to see

2914-399: The start-up Batey Inc, of Ian Batey. Singapore Girl was coined in 1972 when Pierre Balmain , a French haute couture designer, was hired to construct and update the " Sarong Kebaya " as part of the cabin crew's uniform. Since then, the uniform has gained worldwide recognition as part of the airline's branding. Since 1972, the image of the Singapore Girl has appeared in advertisements for

2976-572: The time of the accident. The pilot-in-command of the aircraft was Captain Foong Chee Kong (41) ( Chinese : 方志剛 ; pinyin : Fāng Zhìgāng ). He was an experienced pilot with a total of 11,235 flight hours, of which 2,017 were logged on the Boeing 747-400 aircraft. The co-pilot , First Officer Latiff Cyrano (36), had logged 2,442 total flight hours, including 552 hours on the Boeing 747-400. The third and nonoperating crew member for this sector

3038-457: The time of the accident. The livery was unveiled in September 1998 in conjunction with the launch of Singapore Airlines' latest cabin product and service offerings across all of the airline's travel classes at the time. After the accident, 9V-SPL, another aircraft painted with the same livery, was removed from service and repainted with the standard Singapore Airlines livery. Only after 15 years did

3100-530: The time was an executive at MP3.com, suffered lung damage and "body shock", which resulted in compressed joints with soft-tissue damage. When he appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show , he used a walking frame . An investigation into the accident was conducted by the Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of Taiwan. The final report was issued by the ASC on 24 April 2002. The report section "Findings Related to Probable Causes", which detailed factors that played

3162-456: The time was not equipped with ASDE , which is a ground radar that enables air traffic controllers to detect potential runway conflicts by providing very detailed coverage of movement on both runways and taxiways . Because visibility was poor in the heavy rain, the pilots did not see the construction equipment, including two excavators, two vibrating rollers, one small bulldozer, and one air compressor, had been parked on runway 05R. In addition,

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3224-477: The training spans three-and-a-half months. This is one of the longest training programmes in the industry. Trainees undergo classes in flight safety and security, first aid, service, etiquette, grooming, deportment, communication and wine appreciation among others. During the training, Flight Stewardess trainees are assigned the hair styles, makeup colours and nail polish colours they are required to use when in uniform. There are four kebaya colours that represent

3286-485: The two separate governments took joint ownership of the airline in 1966. On 1 April 1965, Borneo Airways Limited was officially amalgamated with Malaysian Airways and the merged company was renamed Malaysia–Singapore Airlines the following year to reflect the political changes between Malaysia and Singapore. The last of 30 Boeing 737-100s built was delivered to Malaysia–Singapore Airlines in October 1969. This resulted in

3348-435: Was a relief pilot , First Officer Ng Kheng Leng (38) ( Chinese : 黃慶龍 ; pinyin : Huáng Qìnglóng ), with about 5,508 total flight hours, including 4,518 hours logged on the Boeing 747-400. At 11:00pm Taipei local time (2:00pm UTC ) on the 31st of October, 2000, the aircraft left Bay B5 of Chiang Kai-shek International Airport during heavy rain caused by Typhoon Xangsane . At 23:05:57, ground control cleared

3410-431: Was an international scheduled passenger flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Los Angeles International Airport via Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now known as Taoyuan International Airport ) near Taipei , Taiwan. On 31 October 2000, at 11:18pm Taipei local time (2:18pm UTC ), the Boeing 747-412 operating the flight attempted to take off from the wrong runway at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport during

3472-617: Was created and shown at Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London in 1994, as the first figure to represent a commercial undertaking. This sculpture was sent to the Delta Air Lines shuttle concourse at LaGuardia Airport in New York City in 1995. A second wax figure was unveiled in Singapore in March 2015. In March 2004, the Singapore Girl won the "Outstanding Contribution to Tourism" award for

3534-576: Was deemed controversial by Singapore's Ministry of Transport , Singapore Airlines, and the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations (IFALPA), among others. Singaporean officials protested that the report did not present a full account of the incident and was incomplete, as responsibility for the accident appeared to have been placed mainly on the flight crew of SQ006, while other equally valid contributing factors had been played down. The team from Singapore that participated in

3596-490: Was lined up on the wrong runway. According to the ASC, these errors, coupled with the imminent arrival of the typhoon and the poor weather conditions, caused the flight crew to lose situational awareness and led them to attempt to take off from the wrong runway. Immediately after the accident occurred, a Singapore Airlines spokesperson in Los Angeles California, United States stated that no fatalities had occurred in

3658-416: Was seated in the upper-deck business-class area. The Straits Times carried reports of flight attendants saving lives of passengers. One story from the newspaper stated that a flight attendant initially escaped the crash, but she ran back into the aircraft to attempt to save passengers, and died. The Australian reported that some flight attendants helped passengers, while some flight attendants fled

3720-420: Was the 1,099th Boeing 747 built and its first flight took place on 12 January 1997. It was one of two Singapore Airlines 747-412s painted in a special "Rainbow" livery to promote Singapore Airlines' latest cabin product and service offerings across all of the airline's travel classes at the time. The aircraft performed its last maintenance check on 16 September 2000 and had no defects during the inspection and at

3782-429: Was the multinational flag carrier of Malaysia and Singapore . The airline was previously renamed twice, being founded as Malayan Airways from 1946 to 1963, Malaysian Airways from 1963 to 1965, and ultimately in 1966 as a result of a joint ownership of the airline by the governments of the two countries not long after Singapore was expelled from Malaysia. It was headquartered at Robinson Road in Singapore. MSA

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3844-538: Was ultimately short-lived due to disagreements between the Malaysian and Singaporean governments as to how to manage the airline. Consequently, the airline would cease operations after just six years in 1972 when both governments decided to set up their own national airlines instead, Malaysian Airline System (MAS) and Singapore Airlines (SIA). The airline traced its roots to the formation of Malayan Airways in 1946. With its first flight on 1 May 1947, piloted by Jimmy Brown with Ken Wood as his radio operator and navigator,

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