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51-734: Sindi may refer to: Sindi people , an ancient people of the Taman Peninsula, nowadays Russia Sindi, Estonia , a town in Pärnu County, Estonia Sindi, Maharashtra , a town and municipal council in Wardha District, Maharashtra, India Persons with the surname Sindi [ edit ] Hayat Sindi , Saudi Arabian medical scientist Kamil Sindi (born 1932) Karoj Sindi (born 1989), Iraqi footballer Rena Kirdar Sindi (born 1969), Iraqi author, socialite and party hostess Persons with

102-611: A Romani people of Central Europe Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sindi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindi&oldid=1119560660 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

153-515: A breastplate, pectorals, a silver shield, three iron daggers, seven iron lance-heads, bronze disc-shaped shield bosses belonging to the guards, bows and arrows, gold and bronze vases, pottery, horse gear, a decorated silver chamfron, sculpted ivory, and jewelry belonging to the queen. The objects of the Ziwiye hoard had been made over the 7th century BC, and were placed in the burial at the end of that century or possibly around 600 BC. The hoard also contained

204-516: A bronze sarcophagus on which was represented the deceased, dressed as an Assyrian high official, towards whom Median, Urartian and Mannaean tribute-bearers were being led. According to Tadeusz Sulimirski , this burial belonged to the Scythian king Bartatua , and was the first West Asian-influenced Scythian burial whose model would be emulated by subsequent Scythian rulers. The custom of performing human sacrifices during funerals had itself been adopted from

255-415: A caucasian origins and were a proto-circassian ( Adyghe ) tribe. Others, like Oleg Trubachyov were talking about the indo-arian origins of sinds, but today this opinion is rejected by the majority of scholars. Modern historians and archeologists like Andrei Michailovich Novichihin believe Sindi were of a mixed origins, some of them were indo-iranian, others caucasian (proto-circassian). Archaeologically,

306-794: A long Time, and it was then annexed by the Bosporan Kingdom . Unlike the majority of the Sindi, who remained in the northern Caucasus, a smaller section of the Sindi migrated westwards and settled into the Hungarian Plain as part of the expansion of the Scythian into Central Europe during the 7th to 6th centuries BC, and they soon lost contact with the Scythians who remained in the Pontic Steppe. The 3rd century BC Greek author Apollonius of Rhodes located

357-608: A population of the Sindi living alongside the Sigynnae and the otherwise unknown Grauci in the "plain of Laurion", which is likely the eastern part of the Pannonian Basin . The Scythian ruling class in the Maeotian country initially buried their dead in kurgans while the native Maeotian populace were buried in flat cemeteries. Burials in Sindica continued this tradition, and members of

408-564: A wreath made of electrum which adorned a bronze helmet, and an animal-shaped Ionian Greek vase from Samos . The Scythian kurgan from Temir-gora  [ uk ] similarly dated from the 7th century BC. The painted Greek pottery found in the Krivorozhye and Temir-gora kurgans were the earliest examples of Greek imported Greek goods in Scythian burials. Attesting to the movements of the Scythians into West Asia and from there into Ciscaucasia are archaeological records of Scythian presence to

459-785: Is attested in the form of a migration of a section of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture to the west into the Pontic steppe, to the south towards the northern foothills of the Caucasus mountains, and to the south along the western coast of the Caspian Sea into Transcaucasia and the Iranian plateau. Although the Early Scythians initially belonged to a pre-Scythian archaeological culture, their original Srubnaya culture which contained significant admixture from

510-568: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sindi people The Sindi were a tribe of the North Caucasus who established themselves on the Taman peninsula , where they formed a ruling class over the indigenous North Caucasian Maeotians . Some scholars still debate their ethnicity and the origins of sindic language are unclear. Some soviet scholars, like Nikita Anfimov , believed they were of

561-590: The Andronovo culture evolved into the Scythian culture from coming in contact with the peoples of Transcaucasia and the Urartians, and further contacts with the civilisation of West Asia, and especially with that of Mesopotamia , would also have an important influence on the formation of Scythian culture; the Early Scythian culture thus possessed several Central Asian elements, but developed into its definitive form under

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612-710: The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk Culture of the west Eurasian steppe, which itself showed strong influences originating from the east in Central Asia and Siberia (more specifically from the Karasuk , Arzhan , and Altai cultures), as well as from the Kuban culture of the Caucasus which contributed to its development. Materially, the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture is difficult to distinguish from

663-523: The 6th century BC would continue showing significant West Asian influences, including human sacrifices and burnt horse hecatombs , which were absent from the contemporary Scythian royal burials within the Pontic Steppe itself; the Royal Scythian kurgans in the Ciscaucasia often contained the skeletons of between 16 and 24 immolated horses, which were usually riding-horses, along with their harnesses, with

714-401: The 6th century BC, and the inhumation of the dead among the Scythians was done in kurgans consisting of rectangular or square pits dug into the ground and covered with wood or of stone or wooden vaults built on the surface, over which were raised mounds of earth whose sizes depended on the status of the deceased; the dead themselves were placed into these burials resting on their backs; and during

765-528: The 8th century BC. Since the Scythians were nomads who did not create permanent settlements, the Early Scythian culture is known primarily from Scythian funerary sites. The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of Central Asia , possibly around the 9th century BC, as a section of the population of the Srubnaya culture , to which the Scythians themselves initially belonged. The population of

816-547: The 8th to 7th century BC, which corresponded to the period when the Scythian kingdom was centred in the Ciscaucasian Steppe and extended into West Asia and the Pontic Steppe, the older Novocherkassk Culture was replaced by a new Scythian Culture. The transition from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture to the Scythian culture appears to have itself been a continuous process, and the Cimmerians cannot be distinguished from

867-797: The Andronovo burials of Central Asia, and near whom was a feline-headed whetstone similar to sculptures from the Minusinsk Hollow in southern Siberia, showing that he was a Srubnaya-Khvalynsk Scythian of Andronovo descent. Another of the Sé Girdan kurgans contained three coeval bronze axes from the Late Bronze Age, thus attesting to connections between the Transcaucasian and Ciscaucasian Scythian groups. The lavish equipment which included West Asian-manufactured grave goods and animal and human sacrifices of

918-585: The Caucasus Mountains also show significant West Asian influence. Examples of Early Scythian burials in the Near East include those of Norşuntepe and İmirler . Objects of Early Scythian type have been found in Urartian fortresses such as Teishebaini , Bastam and Ayanis-kale. Near Eastern influences are probably explained through objects made by Near Eastern craftsmen on behalf of Scythian chieftains. During

969-465: The Early Scythian period are grave goods imported from Ciscaucasia and Transcaucasia which found in the earlier burials of the Tiasmyn group, and Scythian burials in the territory of the Tiasmyn and Kyiv groups which included large numbers of equipment, jewelry, and weapons originating from West Asia, as well as articles originating from West Transcaucasia, more precisely from Georgia, all manufactured during

1020-491: The Early Scythian period, the tribe of the Royal Scythians would primarily bury their dead at the edges of the territories they occupied, especially in the western Cisaucasian region, instead of within the steppe region that was the centre of their kingdom; due to this, several Scythian kurgans nekropoleis were located in Ciscaucasia, with some of them being significantly wealthy and belonging to aristocrats or royalty, and

1071-546: The Late Koban Culture . More than one hundred settlements, cemeteries and kurgan groups belonging to this culture have been found, and pottery belonging to "early Scythian ware" and Scythian elements have been found in many of these, showing that the Scythians lived alongside the local native population in these settlements. Inhumation was the main mode of final disposition in Scythia, and Scythian kurgans started spreading in

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1122-558: The Late Srubnaya Scythians, who introduced Siberian bronze horse harness bits with stirrup-shaped terminals; the spread of the latter to the west corresponded to the migration of the Scythians in that direction. Horse harness bits of both the North Caucasian and Siberian types as well as Novocherkassk type swords, daggers and articles were in turn introduced into Central Europe by Ciscaucasian populations who migrated there under

1173-531: The Late Srubnaya culture of the early Scythians who later became dominant in the Pontic steppe and replaced the Cimmerians in the Caucasian steppe, with both the Cimmerians and the Scythians being part of the larger Chernagorovsk-Arzhan cultural complex, and both Scythians and the Cimmerians used Novocherkassk objects when the Scythians initially arrived into the Caucasian and Pontic steppes. The grave goods within

1224-459: The Medes also makes it difficult to archaeologically distinguish the Scythians from the Medes. Attesting to these movements are archaeological records of Scythian presence to the south of the Caucasus range in the 7th century BC, which predate the earliest Scythian material remains to the north of the Caucasus Mountains, which are from the 6th century BC; the earliest Scythian antiquities from the north of

1275-529: The Mesopotamian and Transcaucasian peoples. However, many of the objects claimed to be from Ziwiye by museums have turned out to be forgeries or from other origins. One Scythian burial in the steppe region dating from the Scythian period in West Asia is a 7th-century BC kurgan from Krivorozhye  [ ru ] , which contained a bull head-shaped silver terminal which had once been part of an Assyrian stool,

1326-414: The Pontic steppe in the 6th century BC, corresponding with the northwards migration of the Royal Scythians from West Asia to the Pontic steppe. The burials and funeral rites across Scythia varied on a regional and class basis, and also evolved with time, especially due to the immigration of new nomadic groups into Scythia: The earliest Scythian antiquities from the north of the Caucasus Mountains date from

1377-458: The Royal Scythians' burials in the Kuban Steppe were the most lavish of all Scythian funerary monuments during the Early Scythian period. These earliest Scythian remains to the north of the Caucasus would continue to show significant West Asian influence due to the preceding period of Scythian presence in West Asia, and Scythian material remains from royal burials in Ciscaucasia from the rest of

1428-401: The Scythians during the period of transition from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture to the Scythian culture. Although the pre-Scythian Transcaucasian tombs showed no significant social stratification among the local population, by the 8th century BC, sumptuously furnished tombs of Scythian aristocrats containing human sacrifices appeared in the area. These were different from the tombs of

1479-618: The Scythians in turn introduced these customs into the Steppe. Within the earlier Scythian kurgans of the Kuban Steppe were also buried articles which had been produced by Assyrian and Urartian workshops during the Scythians' presence in West Asia, but once the Scythians had retreated from West Asia and into the Kuban steppe, they came into contact with Greek colonists, and therefore instead had to obtain their grave goods from Greek and Bosporan artisans, who combined West Asian motifs with local ones according to

1530-546: The Scythians, who buried their dead in kurgans; this resulted in the older Novocherkassk type material culture was replaced by a new Scythian culture consisting of kurgans in the steppe and of settlements and earthworks in the Kuban River valley.. During the 6th century BC, the Scythians built several earthworks along the right bank of the Kuban River which were inhabited by both Scythians and Maeotians. This native Ciscaucasian population, who were primarily agriculturists, belonged to

1581-489: The Sindi belonged to the Scythian culture or Maeotian culture and they progressively became Hellenised due to contact with the Bosporan Kingdom . Sindi were present in the area called Sindica ( Ancient Greek : Σινδικη , romanized :  Sindikē ; Latin : Sindica ) by the Greeks and which corresponded to the area west of present-day Krasnodar , in the Taman peninsula . The kingdom of Sindica existed for only

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1632-517: The Sindi ruling class continued being buried in kurgans while the Maeotians continued to be buried in flat graves. After earlier Scythian earthworks built in the 6th century BC along the right bank of the Kuban river were abandoned in the 4th century BC, when the Sauromatians took over most of Ciscaucasia, the Sindi built a new series of earthworks on their eastern borders. One of the Sindi earthworks

1683-575: The Srubnaya culture was among the first truly nomadic pastoralist groups, who themselves emerged in the Central Asian and Siberian steppes during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions. Archaeologically, the Scythians proper as well as a related people from the Caspian and Caucasian steppes, the Cimmerians, both belonged to pre-Scythian cultures, with

1734-545: The Srubnaya culture with the native cultures of Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia. Therefore, the Cimmerians in West Asia are considered to have materially belonged to the Early Scythian culture, and archaeological remains of the Scythians and Cimmerians are difficult to distinguish from each other, with "Scythian" arrowheads have been found among the weapons of besieging armies of ruined cities in parts of Anatolia where Cimmerians are attested have operated but where Scythians were not active. The adoption of Scythian techniques by

1785-509: The earliest Scythians belonging to the Srubnaya culture in its Srubnaya-Khvalynsk form. The Srubnaya culture expanded into the territory to the west of the Volga in two to three waves, with the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituting the latest of these waves, which occurred in the 9th century BC. The Scythian movement into Transcaucasia

1836-479: The given name Sindi [ edit ] Sindi Dlathu (born 1974), a South African actress Sindi Hawkins (born 1958), a Canadian politician Sindi Watts , a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours , played by Marisa Warrington Sindisiwe van Zyl (1976–2021), a South African physician See also [ edit ] Sindhi (disambiguation) Cindy (disambiguation) Sinti ,

1887-461: The influence of the cultures of Ciscausia, with some minor influences from ancient West Asian cultures as well. The Scythians who had expanded into the Pontic steppe meanwhile maintained their Srubnaya culture in its Srubnaya-Khvalynsk form, which is also called the Late Srubnaya culture, which spread over the territory of the Catacomb culture in the Pontic Steppe. The Cimmerians are associated with

1938-525: The late 7th century BC and brought by the West Asian and Transcaucasian Scythians during their retreat from Asia. The Royal Scythian burials in the forest-steppe were similar to those in Ciscaucasia, and consisted of pits covered with wood, or of wooden vaults either built over the surface of the earth or placed into the pits, with the vaults sometimes having been set on fire before the mounds of earth were raised over them, being thus similar but not identical to

1989-531: The later Scythian kurgans (barrow-graves) in Ciscaucasia reflected practices borrowed from the peoples of West Asia by the Scythians during the 7th century BC. These were present in neither the pre-Scythian kurgans of the Pontic Steppe nor in those of the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures ancestral to the Scythians and Sarmatians, and they also were not found among the Saka tribes to the east of the Ural Mountains. Among

2040-491: The native population, and show significant social differences; the human remains within the tombs also reflected these social differences, with members of the native population being sacrificed on the graves of their Scythian overlords. Other Early Scythian remains in Transcaucasia include the kurgans of Sé Girdan, where a 7th-century BC tomb contained a crouched skeleton body of a Scythian aristocrat covered with ochre similar to

2091-418: The number of horses depending on the status of the deceased, although some draught-horses alongside chariots were also present in some of these burials. These funerary practices had been adopted by the Scythians from the native West Asian peoples, and were based on the notion of the divine origin of royal power, which was itself borrowed by the Scythians from the populations of Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia , and

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2142-563: The pre-Scythian cultures of the north Pontic region. By the time the Cimmerians had moved into West Asia, they had come into contact with the native cultures of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau, and the Armenian Highlands, under the influence of which their material culture became indistinguishable from the archaeological Scythian culture, which itself had developed from the contact of the Early Scythians who initially belonged to

2193-514: The pressure of the incoming Scythians. The initial Scythian movements of the 8th to 7th century BC into the eastern Pontic steppe had also destroyed most of the Sabatynivka culture  [ uk ] around c.  800 BC , although many of their settlements were rebuilt and lasted until the 6th century BC. Sections of the Sabatynivka culture nevertheless subsisted in the western part of

2244-448: The remains of the Scythian presence in West Asia is the Ziwiye hoard , within which was buried a Scythian king in a sarcophagus along with his queen, some female servants, several armed guards, and eleven horses, all immolated, as well as a chariot. The grave goods of the king included a ceremonial golden sword and its scabbard, which had been decorated with gold and silver and ivory, as well as

2295-519: The second half of the 6th century BC, during the Early Scythian period itself, the Royal Scythians started burying their dead in the northwestern edge of their territory, in the forest-steppe along the Dnipro River, which was located on the boundary of the steppe and the forest-steppe, and corresponded to the country of Gerrhos and to the eastern part of the territory of the Aroteres tribe. Dating from

2346-520: The south of the Caucasus range in the 7th century BC, which predate the earliest Scythian material remains to the north of the Caucasus Mountains, which are from the 6th century BC. With the arrival of the Scythians from West Asia into the Kuban Steppe around 600 BC in the country of the native sedentary Caucasian Maeotians , the Scythians formed a ruling class over the Maeotians, who lived in earthworks and settlements and practised agriculture and fishing, and who buried their dead in flat cemeteries, unlike

2397-523: The steppe, in the country of the Alazones , until around 450 to 400 BC, as well as in the region inhabited by the Georgoi, some of whose settlements corresponded to the later phases of the Sabatynivka culture. Early Scythian material remains were composed of a specific set of articles which exhibited minor regional differences: Some of the Early Scythian material remains also exhibits connections with those of

2448-793: The tastes of their Scythian patrons, and the Ciscaucasian kurgans' West Asian grave goods would thus later be replaced by objects made locally for the Scythian market by Greek artisans, and mirrors made in the Greek colony of Pontic Olbia were commonly placed in the burials of Scythian women during the earlier phases of the Pontic Scythian kingdom. The most important Scythian kurgans of Ciscaucasia were located at Kelermes  [ ru ] . Novozavedennoye  [ ru ] , Krasnoye Znamya  [ ru ] , Nartan , Ulski  [ ru ] , and Kostromskaya  [ ru ] : In

2499-836: The tombs in Ciscaucasia during the 8th to 7th centuries BC, such as those of Khutor Kubanskiy and Krasnoarmeyskoye, show differences resulting from the invasion of the Scythians into the region. The initial westward migration of the Scythians from Central Asia was accompanied by the introduction into the north Pontic region of articles originating in the Siberian Karasuk culture and which were characteristic of Late Srubnaya archaeological culture, consisting of cast bronze cauldrons, daggers, swords, and horse harnesses. The Late Srubnaya culture thus consisted of North Caucasian populations, who manufactured standard bronze horse harness bits adapted from West Asian types in Koban metallurgical workshops, and of

2550-564: Was an Iron Age archaeological culture which flourished on the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe from about 700 BC to 200 AD. It is associated with the Scythians , Cimmerians , and other peoples inhabiting the region of Scythia , and was part of the wider Scytho-Siberian world . The Scythian Culture can be divided into three stages: The Early Scythian Culture emerged during

2601-864: Was located at Yelizavetinskaya  [ ru ] , where was located a c.  400 BC kurgan in which several humans were buried and which contained the skeletons of 200 horses. The Hungarian Sindi had almost equal proportions of Neolithic origin and steppe, associated with the Yamnaya culture, there is also a minor contribution of WHG. Scythian culture Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Scythian culture

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