24-625: Udayaditya Sindhuraja ( IAST : Sindhurāja) was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty , who ruled the Kingdom of Malwa in the late 10th century. He was the younger brother of Munja , and the father of Bhoja . No inscriptions issued by Sindhuraja have been discovered, although he is mentioned in several later Paramara inscriptions, including inscriptions of Bhoja . Much of the information about his life comes from Nava-sahasanka-charita , an eulogistic composition by his court poet Padmagupta. The work
48-615: A battle. The text was written by the Jain writer Jayasimha Suri, who was patronized by the Chaulukyas of Gujarat. However, the historicity of this claim is doubtful, since it does not appear in the earlier sources. The 1092 CE Sasbahu Temple inscription of the Kachchhapaghata ruler Mahipala states that his ancestor Kirtiraja defeated the prince of Malava, whose soldiers fled the battlefield, leaving behind their spears. Earlier scholars identified
72-490: A smaller version of the Saas temple. The Sas temple has a square sanctum attached to a rectangular two storey antarala and a closed three storey mandapa with three entrances. The temple main entrance porch has four carved Ruchaka ghatapallava -style pillars that are load-bearing. The walls and lintels are intricately carved, though much defaced. On the lintel of the entrances, friezes of Krishna -leela scenes are carved inside, while
96-539: A work composed by the Paramara court poet Dhanapala eulogizes Sindhuraja as a great hero and "a lion for the line of rutting elephants of Indra". The Nava-sahasanka-charita as well as the Udaipur prashasti inscription of a later Paramara king state that Sindhuraja defeated the king of Kuntala . This suggests that he recovered the territories on the Paramara kingdom's southern frontier, that his predecessor Munja had lost to
120-494: Is a fusion of history and mythology. Sindhuraja succeeded his brother Munja as the Paramara king. According to the 14th century poet Merutunga 's Prabandha-Chintamani , Sindhuraja was the biological son of Simhadantabhatta ( Siyaka ), while Munja was an adopted child. However, historians doubt the authenticity of this claim. Merutunga also states that Munja was succeeded by Sindhuraja's son Bhoja . However, according to Nava-Sahasanka-Charita and epigraphic evidence, Sindhuraja
144-646: Is a room which is currently closed. The entire temple is covered with carvings, notably 4 idols of Brahma , Vishnu and Saraswati above its entrance door. The pillar carvings show Vaishnavism , Shaivism and Shaktism related carvings. The larger temple ornamentation covers all the exterior walls and all surviving interior surfaces. The twin temple, unlike elsewhere in India, has historically been called Sas bahu temples . The word Sas bahu means "mother-in-law, or "a mother with her daughter-in-law", an association that implies their being together and interdependent. The Sas temple
168-773: Is depicted. On the reverse, the Devanagari legend, Shrimad Udayadeva is inscribed in three lines. Sasbahu Temple, Gwalior Sas Bahu Temples , also called the Sas aur Bahu ke Mandir , Sas-Bahu Twin Temples , are the 11th-century twin temples in Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh, India . Within the Gwalior Fort complex and dedicated to Vishnu & Shiva, like most Hindu and Jain temples in this region, they were mostly in ruins and were badly damaged from numerous invasions and Hindu- Muslim wars in
192-501: Is typically the larger older temple of the twin. The Gwalior's Sas Bahu Temples follows this style, the temples are dedicated to Vishnu & Shiva. Only the Sas temple has survived in some form, the Bahu temple is a shell structure of the original one storey with a highly ornate door frame and its defaced wall reliefs surviving. The remnants of the Bahu temple at Gwalior suggest that it may have been
216-543: The Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat states that their king Chamundaraja led an army against Sindhuraja. According to the inscription, when Sindhuraja saw Chamundaraja's army from a distance, he fled with his elephant forces, and lost his well-established fame. It appears that the ruler of Lata was a vassal of Chamundaraja, and Sindhuraja's invasion of Lata prompted Chamundraja to come to his rescue. The 14th century text Kumarapala-Charita states that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in
240-500: The Chaulukya king Karna . He formed matrimonial alliances with his Guhila , Kalachuri , Vaghela , and Chaulukya neighbours to strengthen his position. Udayaditya was Bhoja's brother, as attested by the Jainad inscription, which names Udayaditya as Jagadeva 's father and Bhoja as Jagadeva's paternal uncle. He had three sons - Lakshmadeva , Naravarman , and Jagadeva; and one daughter - Shyamaladevi. His daughter Shyamaladevi married
264-540: The Kalyani Chalukya king Tailapa II . However, it is not clear if Sindhuraja fought against Tailapa's successor Satyashraya . The Nava-sahasanka-charita narrates a partly-mythological story about Sindhuraja defeating the demon king Vajrankusha to win over the Naga princess Shashiprabha; in this campaign he is supported by the vidyadhara leader Shashikhanda. Historian V. S. Pathak theorizes that Shashikhanda represents
SECTION 10
#1732858347019288-692: The Northern Shilahara king Aparajita , while Vajrankusa represents the Southern Shilahara king Rattaraja. Pathak also believes that the Nagas of the story represent the Sinda dynasty of Karahata (modern Karad ), which claimed descent from the mythical Nagas. The text credits Sindhuraja with several other victories, including those over the countries of Hunas , Vagada , Murala, Lata , Aparanta , and Kosala : The 1151 CE Vadnagar prashasti inscription of
312-476: The Paramara throne. The Udaypur Prashasti inscription says that at Bhoja 's death " Dhara was filled with a dense darkness by his foes and his hereditary warriors become infirm in body. Then arose king Udayaditya, another sun as it were, destroying the dense darkness......and gladdening the sight of his people by his splendour". According to the Nagpur inscription, "when he(Bhoja) had become Indra's companion, when
336-507: The Rawal of Mewar, The Guhila prince Vijaysinha, and gave birth to Alhandevi, who married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna . Inscriptions recording grants made by and military achievements of both Lakshmadeva and Naravarman have been discovered. According to one theory, Lakshmadeva succeeded Udayaditya on the throne. An alternative view is that Lakshmadeva's grants and military successes happened during
360-419: The defeated king as Sindhuraja's son and successor Bhoja , but it is more likely that this king was Sindhuraja. Udayaditya Udayāditya (reigned c. 1070–1093) was a Paramara ruler of Malwa region of central India , who succeeded Jayasimha I . He was succeeded by his son, either Lakshmadeva or Naravarman . Udayāditya was a brother of Bhoja , the most renowned king of the Paramara dynasty. At
384-535: The earliest historical record of his successor Bhoja's reign. The Chintamani-Sarnika (1055 CE) was composed by Bhoja's court poet Dasabala. Based on this, scholars such as Pratipal Bhatia assign Bhoja's reign to 1010-1055 CE, and therefore Sindhuraja's reign to 997-1010 CE. However, Merutunga's Prabandha-Chintamani states that Bhoja ruled for 55 years. Assuming this information to be correct, scholars such as Kailash Chandra Jain assume Bhoja's reign as 1000-1055 CE, and Sindhuraja's reign as 995-1000 CE. Tilaka-Manjari ,
408-400: The outer side narrate legends from other Hindu texts. Above the lintel is Garuda , the vahana of Vishnu. The Bahu temple also has a square sanctum with 9.33 feet (2.84 m) side, with four central pillars. Its maha-mandapa is also a square with 23.33 feet (7.11 m) side, with twelve pillars. The temple, like most Malwa and Rajputana historic temples, provides multiple entrances to
432-551: The realm was overrun by floods in which its sovereign was submerged, his relative Udayaditya become king delivering the earth which was troubled by kings and taken possession of by Karna ...... joined by Karnatas." During Udayaditya's reign, Vikramaditya VI - who now held the Kalyani Chalukya throne - invaded the Paramara kingdom, and captured the territory to the south of the Godavari River . Udayaditya repulsed an invasion by
456-508: The region. They were built in 1093 by King Mahipala of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty, the larger one (Saas) was constructed for his wife and the smaller one ( Bahu) was constructed for his daughter-in-law, according to an inscription found in the larger of the twin temple. The twin temples are situated in the Gwalior Fort. The temple's tower and sanctum has been destroyed, but its architecture and damaged carvings can still be appreciated from
480-407: The reign of his father, and Naravarman succeeded Udayaditya on the throne. Udayaditya appears to have had the hereditary fondness for literature and art, and to have brought up his sons as scholars, and his son Naravarman is believed to have been the author of more than one Prashasti. The gold coins issued by Udayaditya are of 4.05 g weight. On the obverse of these coins the image of seated Lakshmi
504-423: The ruins. The jagati platform is 100 feet (30 m) long and 63 feet (19 m) wide, on a square plan. The temple was three-storeyed, which was one of its distinguishing features and sophistication. It followed a central cluster concept, states Adam Hardy. The surviving elements of the temple are the entrance porch and the mandapa. According to James Harle, though the prasada (tower, spire) no longer exists,
SECTION 20
#1732858347019528-403: The time of Bhoja's death, the Paramara kingdom suffered simultaneous invasions from its Chaulukya and Kalachuri neighbours. Bhoja's successor Jayasimha , possibly his son, appears to have ascended the Paramara throne with the support of the Kalyani Chalukya prince Vikramaditya VI ; he was probably dethroned by Vikramaditya's rival brother Someshvara II . After Jayasimha, Udayaditya ascended
552-406: The triple storey plan with a cruciform foundation and balconies suggests that it had a North Indian Bhumija style architecture. This style, states Harle, is marked by a well proportioned superstructure, its "regularly arranged little subordinate sikharas strung out like gigantic beaded garlands". This temple mainly has three entrances from three different directions. In the fourth direction, there
576-521: Was the successor of Munja. Sindhuraja adopted the titles "Kumara-Narayana" and "Nava-Sahasanka". Padmagupta also uses the titles Avantishvara (lord of Avanti ), Malava-raja (king of Malava ), and Paramamahibhrta for him. His other names include Sindhula and Sindhala. In the inscriptions of his successor Bhoja, he has been called "Sindhu-raja-deva". The exact period of Sindhuraja's reign is not certain. His predecessor Munja died some time between 994 CE and 998 CE. The Modasa copper plates (1010 CE) are
#18981