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131-500: Sinclair was ranked as one of the largest privately owned American corporations. It owned and operated refineries, gas stations, hotels, a ski resort, and a cattle ranch. Sinclair has long been a fixture on American roads with its dinosaur logo and mascot, an Apatosaurus . During September 1919, Harry Sinclair restructured Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation, Sinclair Gulf Corporation , and 26 other related entities into Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation . In 1932, this new entity

262-421: A Camarasaurus skull cast. Apatosaurus skeletons were mounted with speculative skull casts until 1970, when McIntosh showed that more robust skulls assigned to Diplodocus were more likely from Apatosaurus . Apatosaurus is a genus in the family Diplodocidae. It is one of the more basal genera, with only Amphicoelias and possibly a new, unnamed genus more primitive. Although the subfamily Apatosaurinae

393-596: A fossil fuel , as well as a portmanteau between the " dinosaur " in Sinclair's logo and the suffixes of the " Amoco ", " Conoco ", and " Sunoco " franchises. The TV series Dinosaurs featured several characters with names derived from fossil fuel companies. The main character and his family had the surname Sinclair. Sinclair once had a service station in Montgomery, Alabama , in the Cloverdale neighborhood, that closed in

524-591: A Sinclair's garage in Urbandale, Iowa , where late at night the band would discuss their plans. Apatosaurus Apatosaurus ( / ə ˌ p æ t ə ˈ s ɔːr ə s / ; meaning "deceptive lizard") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period . Othniel Charles Marsh described and named the first-known species, A. ajax , in 1877, and

655-464: A bifurcate top. The neural spines of the dorsals would increase in height further towards the tail, creating an arched back. Apatosaurine neural spines compose more than half the height of the vertebrae. Medial surfaces of neural spines are gently rounded in B. yahnahpin , whereas in other B. spp. they are not. The dorsal ribs are not fused or tightly attached to their vertebrae, instead being loosely articulated. Ten dorsal ribs are on either side of

786-590: A dinosaur exhibit, "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different dinosaurs, including their signature Brontosaurus . Souvenirs from the exhibit included a brochure ("Sinclair and the Exciting World of Dinosaurs") and featured molded plastic dinosaur figurines. After the Fair closed, Dinoland remained as a traveling exhibit. Two of the replicas ( Tyrannosaurus and Brontosaurus ) are still on display at Dinosaur Valley State Park near Glen Rose, Texas. Another,

917-488: A heavily built shoulder girdle and pelvis . Several size estimates have been made, with the largest species B. excelsus reaching up to 21–22 m (69–72 ft) from head to tail and weighing in at 15–17 t (17–19 short tons), whereas the smaller B. parvus only got up to 19 m (62 ft) long. Juvenile specimens of Brontosaurus are known, with younger individuals growing rapidly to adult size in as little as 15 years. Brontosaurus has been classified within

1048-421: A long, whip-like tail, and forelimbs that were slightly shorter than its hindlimbs. The largest species, B. excelsus , measured up to 21–22 m (69–72 ft) long from head to tail and weighed up to 15–17 t (17–19 short tons); other species were smaller, measuring 19 m (62 ft) long and weighing 14 t (15 short tons). The skull of Brontosaurus has not been found but was probably similar to

1179-401: A maximum length of 11–30% greater than average and a mass of approximately 33 t (32 long tons; 36 short tons). The cervical vertebrae of Apatosaurus are less elongated and more heavily constructed than those of Diplodocus , a diplodocid like Apatosaurus , and the bones of the leg are much stockier despite being longer, implying that Apatosaurus was a more robust animal. The tail

1310-686: A model of a Trachodon , has been displayed at Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago, Illinois . A replica of a Triceratops is owned by the Kentucky Science Center in Louisville , Kentucky and after a 2022 restoration was mounted above their parking garage. The Stegasaurus is on display in front of the Visitor Center of Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. A copy of the Triceratops is also owned by

1441-531: A museum, that of the Carnegie. In 1995, the American Museum of Natural History followed suit, and unveiled their remounted skeleton (now labelled Apatosaurus excelsus ) with a corrected tail and a new skull cast from A. louisae . In 1998, Robert T. Bakker referred a skull and mandible of an apatosaurine from Como Bluff to Brontosaurus excelsus ( TATE 099-01) , though the skull is still undescribed. In 2011,

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1572-485: A nearly complete postcranial skeleton of an apatosaurine was collected in Utah by crews working for Brigham Young University (BYU 1252-18531) where some of the remains are currently on display. The skeleton is undescribed, but many of the features of the skeleton are shared with A. parvus . The species was placed in Brontosaurus Tschopp et al. in 2015 during their comprehensive study of Diplodocidae . In

1703-471: A paleontologist based in Philadelphia, about the discovery until eventually collecting several fossils and sending them to both paleontologists. Marsh named Atlantosaurus montanus based on some of the fossils sent and hired Lakes to collect the rest of the material at Morrison and send it to Yale, while Cope attempted to hire Lakes as well but was rejected. One of the best specimens collected by Lakes in 1877

1834-426: A paper on diplodocoid systematics, and proposed that genera could be diagnosed by thirteen differing characters, and species separated based on six. The minimum number for generic separation was chosen based on the fact that A.   ajax and A.   louisae differ in twelve characters, and Diplodocus carnegiei and D.   hallorum differ in eleven characters. Thus, thirteen characters were chosen to validate

1965-526: A premaxilla and maxilla from Lakes' original quarry in Morrison and referred the material to Apatosaurus ajax. Almost all modern paleontologists agreed with Riggs that the two dinosaurs should be classified together in a single genus. According to the rules of the ICZN (which governs the scientific names of animals), the name Apatosaurus , having been published first, has priority as the official name; Brontosaurus

2096-477: A redescription of the brachiosaurid material found at the Felch Quarry. During a Carnegie Museum expedition to Wyoming in 1901, William Harlow Reed collected another Brontosaurus skeleton, a partial postcranial skeleton of a young juvenile (CM 566), including partial limbs. However, this individual was found intermingled with a fairly complete skeleton of an adult (UW 15556). The adult skeleton specifically

2227-562: A result, the East Coast operations of Sinclair were sold to BP (which has since purchased ARCO). After the ARCO acquisition, many Sinclair stations in the Midwest continued to use the dinosaur logo and opted out of using ARCO's "diamond spark" logo. Some northwest Sinclair stations partially retained the Sinclair brand for a time, using ARCO's blue rectangular logo, including the "spark" graphic, but with

2358-660: A second species, A. louisae , was discovered and named by William H. Holland in 1916. Apatosaurus lived about 152 to 151 million years ago (mya), during the late Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian age, and are now known from fossils in the Morrison Formation of modern-day Colorado , Oklahoma , New Mexico , Wyoming , and Utah in the United States. Apatosaurus had an average length of 21–23 m (69–75 ft), and an average mass of 16.4–22.4 t (16.1–22.0 long tons; 18.1–24.7 short tons). A few specimens indicate

2489-576: A separate genus again. The conclusion was based on a comparison of 477 morphological characteristics across 81 different dinosaur individuals. Among the many notable differences are the wider – and presumably stronger – neck of Apatosaurus species compared to B.   excelsus . Other species previously assigned to Apatosaurus , such as Elosaurus parvus and Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin were also reclassified as Brontosaurus . Some features proposed to separate Brontosaurus from Apatosaurus include: posterior dorsal vertebrae with

2620-540: A service-station attendant in advertisements. Some locations have a life-size model of the mascot straddling the building's entrance. In the early 1960s, Sinclair, along with Henry W. Peters and his son Eric Woods, developed the Turbo-S aircraft oils used for reliability in commercial jets , military jets, guided missiles and space exploration rockets . At the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 , Sinclair again sponsored

2751-417: A single large claw on each forelimb, a feature shared by all sauropods more derived than Shunosaurus . The first three toes had claws on each hindlimb. The phalangeal formula is 2-1-1-1-1, meaning the innermost finger (phalanx) on the forelimb has two bones and the next has one. The single manual claw bone ( ungual ) is slightly curved and squarely truncated on the anterior end. The pelvic girdle includes

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2882-789: A single station in Arkansas and Wisconsin . Sinclair continued to use the green dinosaur, affectionately called "Dino", and marketed all its products under the logo. Sinclair patented the gasoline additive SG-2000. The high-octane fuel blend was called "Dino Supreme" and regular gas was "Dino", trade names used since 1961 when many oil companies still used trade names for their fuels instead of generic terms such as "regular," "premium," or "unleaded". Before that time, Sinclair's trade names for its gasoline products included "Power X" for high-octane fuel and "Sinclair H-C" for regular gas. Sinclair also has marketed products such as Dino, Dino Supreme, and Opaline motor oils. In August 2021, HollyFrontier announced

3013-517: A study that analyzed the species and specimen relationships of Apatosaurus . They found that A.   louisae was the most basal species, followed by FMNH   P25112, and then a polytomy of A.   ajax , A.   parvus , and A.   excelsus . Their analysis was revised and expanded with many additional diplodocid specimens in 2015, which resolved the relationships of Apatosaurus slightly differently, and also supported separating Brontosaurus from Apatosaurus . The cladogram below

3144-523: A synonym". Nonetheless, before the mounting of the American Museum of Natural History specimen, Henry Fairfield Osborn chose to label the skeleton " Brontosaurus ", though he was a strong opponent of Marsh and his taxa. In 1905, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) unveiled the first-ever mounted skeleton of a sauropod, a composite specimen (mainly made of bones from AMNH 460) that they referred to as Brontosaurus excelsus . The AMNH specimen

3275-461: A third refinery in Tulsa, Oklahoma , until it was sold to Holly Corporation on December 1, 2009. Sinclair's other operations included 1,000 miles of pipeline. In the mid-2010s, Sinclair fuel stations began actively spreading across southern California, including Los Angeles , San Diego , and Fresno , with holders offering attractive deals for potential clients to make the switch from a private brand to

3406-416: A whip to create loud noises, or, as more recently suggested, as a sensory organ. The skull of Apatosaurus was confused with that of Camarasaurus and Brachiosaurus until 1909, when the holotype of A. louisae was found, and a complete skull just a few meters away from the front of the neck. Henry Fairfield Osborn disagreed with this association, and went on to mount a skeleton of Apatosaurus with

3537-456: Is a member of the family Diplodocidae , a clade of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs . The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the earth, including Diplodocus , Supersaurus , and Barosaurus . Apatosaurus is sometimes classified in the subfamily Apatosaurinae , which may also include Suuwassea , Supersaurus , and Brontosaurus . Othniel Charles Marsh described Apatosaurus as allied to Atlantosaurus within

3668-562: Is a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus , but not all paleontologists agree with this division. As it existed in North America during the late Jurassic, Apatosaurus would have lived alongside dinosaurs such as Allosaurus , Camarasaurus , Diplodocus , and Stegosaurus . Apatosaurus was a large, long-necked, quadrupedal animal with a long, whip-like tail. Its forelimbs were slightly shorter than its hindlimbs . Most size estimates are based on specimen CM   3018,

3799-454: Is longer and slenderer than the tibia. The foot of Brontosaurus has three claws on the innermost digits; the digit formula is 3-4-5-3-2. The first metatarsal is the stoutest, a feature shared among diplodocids. B. excelsus' astragalus differs from other species in that it lacks a laterally directed ventral shelf. Brontosaurus is a member of the family Diplodocidae, a clade of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs . The family includes some of

3930-456: Is squared, with only Nigersaurus having a squarer skull. The braincase of Apatosaurus is well preserved in specimen BYU   17096, which also preserved much of the skeleton. A phylogenetic analysis found that the braincase had a morphology similar to those of other diplodocoids. Some skulls of Apatosaurus have been found still in articulation with their teeth. Those teeth that have the enamel surface exposed do not show any scratches on

4061-783: Is still used as the group name. In 2011, John Whitlock published a study that placed Apatosaurus a more basal diplodocid, sometimes less basal than Supersaurus . Cladogram of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). Amphicoelias altus Unnamed species Apatosaurus ajax Apatosaurus louisae Brontosaurus excelsus Brontosaurus yahnahpin Brontosaurus parvus Unnamed species Tornieria africana Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis Supersaurus vivianae Leinkupal laticauda Brontosaurus Brontosaurus ( / ˌ b r ɒ n t ə ˈ s ɔːr ə s / ; meaning "thunder lizard" from

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4192-477: Is the presence of a depression on the posterior face of the scapula, which the latter lacks. The scapula of Brontosaurus also has a rounded extension off of its edge, a characteristic unique to Brontosaurus among Apatosaurinae. The coracoid anatomy is closely akin to that of Apatosaurus , with a quadratic outline in dorsal view. Sterna have been preserved in some specimens of Brontosaurus, which display an oval outline. The hip bones include robust ilia and

4323-648: Is the result of an analysis by Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). The authors analyzed most diplodocid type specimens separately to deduce which specimen belonged to which species and genus. YPM 1840 (" Atlantosaurus " immanis type) NSMT-PV 20375 AMNH 460 YPM 1860 ( Apatosaurus ajax type) CM 3018 ( Apatosaurus louisae type) YPM 1861 ( Apatosaurus laticollis type) YPM 1980 ( Brontosaurus excelsus type) YPM 1981 ( Brontosaurus amplus type) AMNH 5764 ( Amphicoelias altus type) FMNH P25112 Tate-001 ( Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin type) CM 566 ( Elosaurus parvus type) UM 15556 BYU 1252-18531 Apatosaurus

4454-406: Is well known, with fossils demonstrating that it was large, long-necked, and quadrupedal with a long tail terminating in a whip-like structure. The cervical vertebrae are notably extremely robust and heavily-built, in contrast to its lightly built relatives Diplodocus and Barosaurus . The forelimbs were short and stout whereas the hindlimbs were elongated and thick, supported respectively by

4585-576: The Grand River Valley near Fruita, Colorado , Field Museum of Natural History specimen P25112. Riggs thought that the deposits were similar in age to those of the Como Bluff in Wyoming from which Marsh had described Brontosaurus . Most of the skeleton was found, and after comparison with both Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus ajax , Riggs realized that the holotype of A.   ajax was immature, and thus

4716-710: The Greek words βροντή , brontē "thunder" and σαῦρος , sauros "lizard") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived in present-day United States during the Late Jurassic period. It was described by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879, the type species being dubbed B. excelsus , based on a partial skeleton lacking a skull found in Como Bluff , Wyoming . In subsequent years, two more species of Brontosaurus were named: B. parvus in 1902 and B. yahnahpin in 1994. Brontosaurus lived about 156 to 146 million years ago (mya) during

4847-497: The Kimmeridgian and Tithonian ages in the Morrison Formation of what is now Utah and Wyoming. For decades, the animal was thought to have been a taxonomic synonym of its close relative Apatosaurus , but a 2015 study by Emmanuel Tschopp and colleagues found it to be distinct. It has seen widespread representation in popular culture, being the archetypal "long-necked" dinosaur in general media. The anatomy of Brontosaurus

4978-566: The Morrison Formation , the location of the excavations of Marsh and Cope. After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. The competition to mount the first sauropod skeleton specifically was the most intense, with the American Museum of Natural History , Carnegie Museum of Natural History , and Field Museum of Natural History all sending expeditions to

5109-559: The Paleontological Society of America , yet he left the Carnegie Museum mount headless. While some thought Holland was attempting to avoid conflict with Osborn, others suspected that Holland was waiting until an articulated skull and neck were found to confirm the association of the skull and skeleton. After Holland's death in 1934, a cast of a Camarasaurus skull was placed on the mount by museum staff. No apatosaurine skull

5240-837: The Smithsonian Institution and is on display as " Uncle Beazley " in the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. In 1955, Sinclair ranked 21st on the Fortune 500 ; by 1969, it had fallen to 58th. In 1969, Sinclair merged with the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) after an attempted acquisition by the Gulf+Western Industries Corporation. Federal antitrust provisions required the new entity to divest itself of certain Sinclair assets. As

5371-602: The Sun Valley and Snowbasin ski resorts. These properties were not part of the sale to HollyFrontier, and continue to be owned by the Holding Family. In March 2022, the sale to HollyFrontier was completed, and HF Sinclair Corporation traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol DINO. The "Sinclair's Dino" balloon first appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 1963, returning to

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5502-589: The Tate Geological Museum , also from the Morrison Formation of central Wyoming. The specimen consisted of a partial postcranial skeleton, including a complete manus and multiple vertebrae, and was described by James Filla and Pat Redman a year later. Filla and Redman named the specimen Apatosaurus yahnahpin ("yahnahpin-wearing deceptive lizard"), but Robert T. Bakker gave it the genus name Eobrontosaurus in 1998. Bakker believed that Eobrontosaurus

5633-416: The chevron bones, which are dissimilar to those of other dinosaurs; instead, the chevron bones of Apatosaurus showed similarities with those of mosasaurs , most likely that of the representative species Mosasaurus . By the end of excavations at Lakes' quarry in Morrison, several partial specimens of Apatosaurus had been collected, but only the type specimen of A. ajax can be confidently referred to

5764-434: The humerus of Apatosaurus resembles that of Camarasaurus , as well as Brontosaurus . However, the humeri of Brontosaurus and A.   ajax are more similar to each other than they are to A.   louisae . In 1936, Charles Gilmore noted that previous reconstructions of Apatosaurus forelimbs erroneously proposed that the radius and ulna could cross; in life they would have remained parallel. Apatosaurus had

5895-448: The radius and ulna could cross, when in life they would have remained parallel. Brontosaurus had a single large claw on each forelimb which faced towards the body, whereas the rest of the phalanges lacked unguals . Even by 1936, it was recognized that no sauropod had more than one hand claw preserved, and this one claw is now accepted as the maximum number throughout the entire group. The metacarpals are elongated and thinner than

6026-651: The type specimen of A.   louisae , reaching 21–23 m (69–75 ft) in length and 16.4–22.4 t (16.1–22.0 long tons; 18.1–24.7 short tons) in body mass. A 2015 study that estimated the mass of volumetric models of Dreadnoughtus , Apatosaurus , and Giraffatitan estimates CM   3018 at 21.8–38.2 t (21.5–37.6 long tons; 24.0–42.1 short tons), similar in mass to Dreadnoughtus . Some specimens of A.   ajax (such as OMNH   1670) represent individuals 11–30% longer, suggesting masses twice that of CM   3018 or 32.7–72.6 t (32.2–71.5 long tons; 36.0–80.0 short tons), potentially rivaling

6157-481: The 1903 edition of Geological Series of the Field Columbian Museum, Elmer Riggs argued that Brontosaurus was not different enough from Apatosaurus to warrant a separate genus, so he created the new combination Apatosaurus excelsus for it. Riggs stated that "In view of these facts the two genera may be regarded as synonymous. As the term ' Apatosaurus ' has priority, ' Brontosaurus ' will be regarded as

6288-510: The 1970s when John Stanton McIntosh and David Berman redescribed the skulls of Diplodocus and Apatosaurus . They found that though he never published his opinion, Holland was almost certainly correct, that Apatosaurus had a Diplodocus -like skull. According to them, many skulls long thought to pertain to Diplodocus might instead be those of Apatosaurus . They reassigned multiple skulls to Apatosaurus based on associated and closely associated vertebrae. Even though they supported Holland, it

6419-416: The 1970s. That location was remodeled in 1992 into a restaurant named Sinclair's in honor of the former neighborhood station. The ownership group also opened two other locations, one at Lake Martin and one on the eastside. The lake and Cloverdale locations were closed by 2018, while the eastside location has flourished for nearly 30 years as of 2023. Joey Jordison , founding drummer of Slipknot , worked at

6550-546: The 20th and early 21st centuries. It was not until 1909 that an Apatosaurus skull was found during the first expedition, led by Earl Douglass , to what would become known as the Carnegie Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument . The skull was found a short distance from a skeleton (specimen CM   3018) identified as the new species Apatosaurus louisae , named after Louise Carnegie , wife of Andrew Carnegie , who funded field research to find complete dinosaur skeletons in

6681-610: The American West. The skull was designated CM   11162; it was very similar to the skull of Diplodocus . Another smaller skeleton of A.   louisae was found nearby CM   11162 and CM   3018. The skull was accepted as belonging to the Apatosaurus specimen by Douglass and Carnegie Museum director William H. Holland, although other scientists – most notably Osborn – rejected this identification. Holland defended his view in 1914 in an address to

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6812-559: The Depression with the remaining supply of cash. Between 1921 and 1922, Sinclair leased oil production rights to Teapot Dome in Wyoming without competitive bidding. This led to the Teapot Dome scandal . At the same time, Sinclair Oil was approached by the Italian fascist government. Benito Mussolini 's government wanted to increase competition in the Italian oil market, which was controlled by

6943-512: The Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus , and Benson (2015): Amphicoelias altus Unnamed species Apatosaurus ajax Apatosaurus louisae Brontosaurus excelsus Brontosaurus yahnahpin Brontosaurus parvus Unnamed species Tornieria africana Supersaurus lourinhanensis Supersaurus vivianae Leinkupal laticauda Galeamopus hayi Diplodocus carnegii Diplodocus hallorum Kaatedocus siberi Barosaurus lentus The cladogram below

7074-454: The Italian colonies". The deal was reported in a press release by the Head of Government (Mussolini) issued on the night of May 15, 1924, and published by most newspapers on the following day. The press release assured the public that Sinclair Oil had been awarded its contract on a competitive basis and had provided guarantees it had no relations with the international oil trust. This case of corruption

7205-744: The Italo-American Petroleum Society (SIAP), which in turn was fully dominated by Standard Oil . As the Teapot Dome scandal unfolded in the United States and reached the international press, Mussolini accelerated the negotiations, with a deal signed on May 4, 1924 (although without an official meeting, to avoid public outcry). Because of this, Sinclair Oil Company is known for having made "large payments to leading Fascists — all acting as intermediaries for Benito Mussolini — in return for an exclusive monopoly to drill for oil on Italian soil and in

7336-461: The Morrison Formation had become the center of the Bone Wars , a fossil-collecting rivalry between Marsh and another early paleontologist, Edward Drinker Cope . Because of this, the publications and descriptions of taxa by Marsh and Cope were rushed at the time. Brontosaurus excelsus ' type specimen ( YPM 1980) was one of the most complete sauropod skeletons known at the time, preserving many of

7467-566: The Paleontological Society of America, yet he left the Carnegie Museum mount headless. While some thought Holland was attempting to avoid conflict with Osborn, others suspected Holland was waiting until an articulated skull and neck were found to confirm the association of the skull and skeleton. After Holland's death in 1934, museum staff placed a cast of a Camarasaurus skull on the mount. While most other museums were using cast or sculpted Camarasaurus skulls on Apatosaurus mounts,

7598-536: The Sinclair name brand. By 2018, Sinclair gas stations were widely distributed across the United States, with dozens of gas stations in California, Colorado , Iowa , Idaho , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , Oklahoma, Oregon , South Dakota , Utah , and Wyoming; smaller numbers in Arizona , Connecticut , Kansas , Kentucky , North Dakota , New Mexico , New York , Texas , and Washington ; and

7729-462: The Yale Peabody Museum decided to sculpt a skull based on the lower jaw of a Camarasaurus , with the cranium based on Marsh's 1891 illustration of the skull. The skull also included forward-pointing nasals – something unusual for any dinosaur – and fenestrae differing from both the drawing and other skulls. No Apatosaurus skull was mentioned in literature until

7860-587: The acquisition of Sinclair Oil. A new company named HF Sinclair Corporation would be formed in 2022. Under the agreements, Sinclair Oil's branded marketing business and all related commercial activities and its refineries and related operations and assets in Casper and Sinclair, Wyoming, would be combined with HollyFrontier. Sinclair Oil's logistics and storage assets, including approximately 1,200 miles of pipelines, two crude oil terminals and eight light product terminals, would be combined with Holly Energy Partners (HEP). It

7991-695: The assets of Prairie Oil and Gas' pipeline and producing companies in the southern United States , and the Rio Grande Oil Company in California. The purchase of Prairie also gave Sinclair a 65% interest in Producers and Refiners Corporation (or Parco), which Sinclair subsequently acquired when Parco entered receivership in 1934. Lastly, in 1936, Sinclair purchased the East Coast marketing subsidiary of Richfield Oil Company, which had operated in receivership for several years. Richfield then reorganized, resulting in

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8122-401: The body. Expanded excavations within the sacrum are present making it into a hollow cylinder-shape. Sacral neural spines are fused together into a thin plate. The posteriormost caudal vertebra was lightly fused to the sacral vertebrae, becoming part of the plate. Internally, the neural canal was enlarged. The shape of the tail was typical of diplodocids, being comparatively slender, due to

8253-424: The body. The large neck was filled with an extensive system of weight-saving air sacs. Apatosaurus , like its close relative Supersaurus , has tall neural spines, which make up more than half the height of the individual bones of its vertebrae. The shape of the tail is unusual for a diplodocid; it is comparatively slender because of the rapidly decreasing height of the vertebral spines with increasing distance from

8384-446: The bones which aided in keeping the animal lighter. Within the vertebrae as well, smooth bone walls in addition to diverticula would make pockets of air to keep the bones light. Similar structures are observable in birds and large mammals. The cervical vertebrae were stouter than those of other diplodocids, as in Apatosaurus . On the lateral sides of the cervicals, apatosaurines had well-developed and thick parapophyses (extensions on

8515-413: The carnivorous theropods Allosaurus , Marshosaurus and Ceratosaurus . This formation was a hotspot of sauropod biodiversity, with over 16 recognized genera, which resulted in niche partitioning between different sauropods. The discovery of a large and fairly complete sauropod skeleton was announced in 1879 by Othniel Charles Marsh , a professor of paleontology at Yale University . The specimen

8646-422: The centrum longer than wide; the scapula rear to the acromial edge and the distal blade being excavated; the acromial edge of the distal scapular blade bearing a rounded expansion; and the ratio of the proximodistal length to transverse breadth of the astragalus 0.55 or greater. Sauropod expert Michael D'Emic pointed out that the criteria chosen were to an extent arbitrary and that they would require abandoning

8777-541: The characteristic but fragile cervical vertebrae. Marsh believed that Brontosaurus was a member of the Atlantosauridae , a clade of sauropod dinosaurs he named in 1877 that also included Atlantosaurus and Apatosaurus . A year later in 1880, another partial postcranial Brontosaurus skeleton was collected near Como Bluff by Reed, including well-preserved limb elements. Marsh named this second skeleton Brontosaurus amplus ("large thunder lizard") in 1881, but it

8908-626: The concession." Matteotti's theses were echoed in the notes of Epifanio Pennetta, who contributed to the preliminary investigation on the murder: "To all appearances," companies like Nafta and Saper "were in competition with the Sinclair company, while in fact they were in cahoots with Sinclair" and added that Sinclair Oil was actually working "in concert" with Standard Oil. During the Great Depression, Sinclair saved many other petroleum companies from receivership or bankruptcy and acquired others to expand its operations. In 1932, Sinclair purchased

9039-536: The creation of the Richfield Oil Corporation. Sinclair was instrumental in transferring capital and managerial assets into Richfield. Thirty years later, Richfield merged with Atlantic Refining , located on the East Coast, forming Atlantic Richfield . At the Chicago World's Fair of 1933–1934 , Sinclair sponsored a dinosaur exhibit meant to play on the link between the formation of petroleum deposits and

9170-642: The divestiture. They continued as part of ARCO until ARCO pulled out of those states in the 1980s. Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Sinclair was the 94th-largest private company in the United States . There were 2,607 Sinclair filling stations in 20 states in the Western and Midwestern United States . As of 2010, the corporation operated two refineries—one in Casper, Wyoming , and one in Sinclair, Wyoming . Sinclair operated

9301-704: The family Diplodocidae , which was a group of sauropods that had shorter necks and longer tails compared to other families like brachiosaurs and mamenchisaurs . Diplodocids first evolved in the Middle Jurassic but peaked in diversity during the Late Jurassic with forms like Brontosaurus before becoming extinct in the Early Cretaceous. Brontosaurus is a genus in the subfamily Apatosaurinae , which includes only it and Apatosaurus, which are distinguished by their firm builds and thick necks. Although Apatosaurinae

9432-502: The features distinguishing the genera were not valid. Since Apatosaurus was the earlier name, Brontosaurus should be considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus . Because of this, Riggs recombined Brontosaurus excelsus as Apatosaurus excelsus . Based on comparisons with other species proposed to belong to Apatosaurus , Riggs also determined that the Field Columbian Museum specimen was likely most similar to A.   excelsus . Despite Riggs' publication, Henry Fairfield Osborn , who

9563-400: The first specimen of Apatosaurus where a skull was found articulated with its cervical vertebrae was described. This specimen, CMC VP 7180, was found to differ in both skull and neck features from A. louisae , and the specimen was found to have a majority of features related to those of A. ajax . Another specimen of an Apatosaurine now referred to Brontosaurus was discovered in 1993 by

9694-453: The fused pubes and ischia . The limb bones were also very robust, with the humerus resembling that of Camarasaurus , and those of B. excelsus being nearly identical to those of Apatosaurus ajax . The humerus had a thin bone shaft and larger transverse ends. Its anterior end bears a large deltopectoral crest , which was on the extremities of the bone. Charles Gilmore in 1936 noted that previous reconstructions erroneously proposed that

9825-412: The ground than in diplodocines, and have vertebrae and ribs that are narrower towards the top of the neck, making the neck nearly triangular in cross-section. In Apatosaurus louisae , the atlas - axis complex of the first cervicals is nearly fused. The dorsal ribs are not fused or tightly attached to their vertebrae and are instead loosely articulated. Apatosaurus has ten dorsal ribs on either side of

9956-694: The group name. Originally named by its discoverer Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879, Brontosaurus had long been considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus ; its type species, Brontosaurus excelsus , was reclassified as A. excelsus in 1903. However, an extensive study published in 2015 by a joint British-Portuguese research team concluded that Brontosaurus was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus . Nevertheless, not all paleontologists agree with this division. The same study classified two additional species that had once been considered Apatosaurus and Eobrontosaurus as Brontosaurus parvus and Brontosaurus yahnahpin respectively. Cladogram of

10087-489: The hips. Apatosaurus also had very long ribs compared to most other diplodocids, giving it an unusually deep chest. As in other diplodocids, the tail transformed into a whip-like structure towards the end. The limb bones are also very robust. Within Apatosaurinae , the scapula of Apatosaurus louisae is intermediate in morphology between those of A.   ajax and Brontosaurus excelsus . The arm bones are stout, so

10218-617: The illustration was featured again in Marsh's landmark publication, The Dinosaurs of North America , in 1896. At the Yale Peabody Museum , the skeleton of Brontosaurus excelsus was mounted in 1931 with a skull based on the Marsh reconstruction of the Felch Quarry skull. While at the time most museums were using Camarasaurus casts for skulls, the Peabody Museum sculpted a completely different skull based on Marsh's recon. Marsh's skull

10349-608: The innermost digits; the digit formula is 3-4-5-3-2. The first metatarsal is the stoutest, a feature shared among diplodocids. The first Apatosaurus fossils were discovered by Arthur Lakes, a local miner, and his friend Henry C. Beckwith in the spring of 1877 in Morrison, a town in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Jefferson County, Colorado . Arthur Lakes wrote to Othniel Charles Marsh , Professor of Paleontology at Yale University , and Edward Drinker Cope ,

10480-458: The largest titanosaurs . However, the upper size estimate of OMNH   1670 is likely an exaggeration, with the size estimates revised in 2020 at 30 m (98 ft) in length and 33 t (36 short tons) in body mass based on volumetric analysis. The skull is small in relation to the size of the animal. The jaws are lined with spatulate (chisel-like) teeth suited to an herbivorous diet. The snout of Apatosaurus and similar diplodocoids

10611-453: The lateral expansion of unbifurcated neural spines in B. parvus. Its dorsal vertebrae had short centra with large fossae (shallow excavations) on their lateral sides, though not as extensively as the cervicals’. Neural canals, which contain the spinal cord of the vertebral column, are ovate and large in the dorsals. The diapophyses protrude outward and curve downward in a hook-shape. Neural spines are thick in anterior-posterior view with

10742-532: The lateral sides of the vertebrae that attached to cervical ribs) which would point ventrally under the centrum . These parapophyses in conjunction with dense diapophyses and cervical ribs were strong anchors for neck muscles, which could sustain extreme force. The cervicals were also more boxy than in other sauropods due to their truncated zygapophyses and tall build. These vertebrae are triangular in anterior view, whereas they most often are rounded or square in genera like Camarasaurus. Despite its pneumaticy,

10873-481: The longest and largest creatures ever to walk the earth, including Diplodocus , Supersaurus , and Barosaurus . Diplodocids first evolved during the Middle Jurassic in what is now Georgia , spreading to North America during the Late Jurassic. Brontosaurus is classified in the subfamily Apatosaurinae, which also includes Apatosaurus and possibly one or more unnamed genera. Othniel Charles Marsh described Brontosaurus as being allied to Atlantosaurus , within

11004-524: The manus bones vary within Apatosaurinae as well, with B. yahnahpin 's ratio of longest metacarpal to radius length around 0.40 or greater compared to a lower value in Apatosaurus louisae . The femora of Brontosaurus are very stout and represent some of the most robust femora of any member of Sauropoda. The tibia and fibula bones are different from the slender bones of Diplodocus but are nearly indistinguishable from those of Camarasaurus . The fibula

11135-443: The museum thought the skull of this massive creature might look like was made. This was not a delicate skull like that of Diplodocus  – which was later found to be more accurate – but was based on "the biggest, thickest, strongest skull bones, lower jaws and tooth crowns from three different quarries". These skulls were likely those of Camarasaurus , the only other sauropod for which good skull material

11266-538: The name Brontosaurus again if newer analyzes obtained different results. Mammal paleontologist Donald Prothero criticized the mass media reaction to this study as superficial and premature, concluding that he would keep "Brontosaurus" in quotes and not treat the name as a valid genus. Many species of Apatosaurus have been designated from scant material. Marsh named as many species as he could, which resulted in many being based upon fragmentary and indistinguishable remains. In 2005, Paul Upchurch and colleagues published

11397-457: The neck of Brontosaurus is thought to have been double the mass of that of other diplodocids due to the former’s sturdiness. Brontosaurus differs from Apatosaurus in that the base of the posterior dorsal vertebrae's neural spines are longer than they are wide. The cervicals of species within Brontosaurus also vary, such as the lack of tubercules on the neural spines of B. excelsus and

11528-458: The neck were deeply bifurcated on the dorsal side; that is, they carried paired spines, resulting in a wide and deep neck. The spine and tail consisted of 15 cervicals, ten dorsals, five sacrals, and about 82 caudals, based on Apatosaurus . The number of caudal vertebrae has been noted to vary, even within a species. Vertebrae in the neck, torso, and sacrum of sauropods bore large pneumatic foramina on their lateral sides. These are used to lighten

11659-551: The now defunct group Atlantosauridae . In 1878, Marsh raised his family to the rank of suborder, including Apatosaurus , Brontosaurus , Atlantosaurus , Morosaurus (= Camarasaurus ), and Diplodocus . He classified this group within Sauropoda. In 1903, Elmer S. Riggs mentioned that the name Sauropoda would be a junior synonym of earlier names, and grouped Apatosaurus within Opisthocoelia . Most authors still use Sauropoda as

11790-426: The now-defunct group Atlantosauridae . In 1878, Marsh raised his family to the rank of suborder, including Apatosaurus , Atlantosaurus , Morosaurus (= Camarasaurus ) and Diplodocus . He classified this group within Sauropoda, a group he erected in the same study. In 1903, Elmer S. Riggs said the name Sauropoda would be a junior synonym of earlier names; he grouped Apatosaurus within Opisthocoelia . Sauropoda

11921-457: The parade in 2015 after a nearly 40-year absence. The balloon is an honorary member of New York's Museum of Natural History as of 1977. It is 36 feet (11 m) tall, 72 feet (22 m) long, and 24 feet (7.3 m) wide. The Brontosaurus logo is parodied in the Toy Story and Cars franchise films as being the "Dinoco" gas station chain, perhaps an allusion to gasoline and its origin as

12052-409: The phalanges, bearing boxy articular ends on its proximal and distal faces. The single front claw bone is slightly curved and squarely shortened on the front end. The phalangeal formula is 2-1-1-1-1, meaning the innermost finger (phalanx) on the forelimb has two bones and the next has one. The single manual claw bone ( ungual ) is slightly curved and squarely truncated on the anterior end. Proportions of

12183-423: The robust ilia , and the fused (co-ossified) pubes and ischia . The femora of Apatosaurus are very stout and represent some of the most robust femora of any member of Sauropoda. The tibia and fibula bones are different from the slender bones of Diplodocus but are nearly indistinguishable from those of Camarasaurus . The fibula is longer and slenderer than the tibia. The foot of Apatosaurus has three claws on

12314-567: The separation of genera. The six differing features for specific separation were chosen by counting the number of differing features in separate specimens generally agreed to represent one species, with only one differing character in D.   carnegiei and A.   louisae , but five differing features in B.   excelsus . Therefore, Tschopp et   al. argued that Apatosaurus excelsus , originally classified as Brontosaurus excelsus , had enough morphological differences from other species of Apatosaurus that it warranted being reclassified as

12445-404: The site. Later in 1884, Othniel Marsh named Diplodocus lacustris based on a chimeric partial dentary, snout, and several teeth collected by Lakes in 1877 at Morrison. In 2013, it was suggested that the dentary of D. lacustris and its teeth were actually from Apatosaurus ajax based on its proximity to the type braincase of A. ajax . All specimens currently considered Apatosaurus were from

12576-403: The skull of the closely related Apatosaurus . Several skulls of Apatosaurus have been found, all of which are very small in proportion to the body. Their snouts were squared off and low, in contrast to macronarians' . Jaws of Apatosaurus and other diplodocids were lined with spatulate (chisel-like) teeth which were adapted for herbivory. Like those of other diplodocids , the vertebrae of

12707-607: The species. During excavation and transportation, the bones of the holotype skeleton were mixed with those of another Apatosaurine individual originally described as Atlantosaurus immanis ; as a consequence, some elements cannot be ascribed to either specimen with confidence. Marsh distinguished the new genus Apatosaurus from Atlantosaurus on the basis of the number of sacral vertebrae, with Apatosaurus possessing three and Atlantosaurus four. Recent research shows that traits usually used to distinguish taxa at this time were actually widespread across several taxa, causing many of

12838-725: The surface; instead, they display a sugary texture and little wear. Like those of other sauropods, the neck vertebrae are deeply bifurcated; they carried neural spines with a large trough in the middle, resulting in a wide, deep neck. The vertebral formula for the holotype of A.   louisae is 15   cervicals, 10   dorsals , 5   sacrals , and 82   caudals . The caudal vertebra number may vary, even within species. The cervical vertebrae of Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus are stouter and more robust than those of other diplodocids and were found to be most similar to Camarasaurus by Charles Whitney Gilmore . In addition, they support cervical ribs that extend farther towards

12969-514: The taxa named to be invalid, like Atlantosaurus . Two years later, Marsh announced the discovery of a larger and more complete specimen (YPM VP 1980) from Como Bluff , Wyoming , he gave this specimen the name Brontosaurus excelsus . Also at Como Bluff, the Hubbell brothers working for Edward Drinker Cope collected a tibia, fibula, scapula, and several caudal vertebrae along with other fragments belonging to Apatosaurus in 1877–78 at Cope's Quarry 5 at

13100-428: The time of dinosaurs, now a largely discredited misconception. The exhibit included a 2-ton animated model of a Brontosaurus . The exhibit proved so popular it inspired a promotional line of rubber brontosaurs at Sinclair stations, complete with wiggling heads and tails, and the eventual inclusion of the brontosaur logo. Later, inflatable dinosaurs were given as promotional items. An anthropomorphic version appeared as

13231-488: The vertebral spines rapidly decreasing in height the farther they are from the hips. As in other diplodocids, the last portion of the tail of Brontosaurus possessed a whip-like structure. The tail also bears an extensive air-sac system to lighten its weight, as observed in specimens of B. parvus . Several scapulae are known from Brontosaurus , all of which are long and thin with relatively elongated shafts. One of traits that distinguishes Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus

13362-401: The west to find the most complete sauropod specimen, bring it back to the home institution, and mount it in their fossil halls. The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition, finding a well preserved skeleton (AMNH 460), which is occasionally assigned to Apatosaurus , is considered nearly complete; only the head, feet, and sections of the tail are missing, and it

13493-613: The word "Sinclair" substituted for ARCO. In 1976, ARCO spun off Sinclair by selling certain assets to Robert (Earl) Holding . Assets divested in the spin-off included ARCO's retail operations in the region bounded by the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains , and the rights to the Sinclair brand and logo, resulting in many stations along Interstate 80 keeping the dinosaur logo. The ARCO stations in Texas , New Mexico , Illinois , and some portions of Oklahoma were not affected by

13624-425: Was a strong opponent of Marsh and his taxa, labeled the Apatosaurus mount of the American Museum of Natural History Brontosaurus . Because of this decision the name Brontosaurus was commonly used outside of scientific literature for what Riggs considered Apatosaurus , and the museum's popularity meant that Brontosaurus became one of the best known dinosaurs, even though it was invalid throughout nearly all of

13755-500: Was a well preserved partial postcranial skeleton, including many vertebrae, and a partial braincase ( YPM VP 1860), which was sent to Marsh and named Apatosaurus ajax in November 1877. The composite term Apatosaurus comes from the Greek words apatē ( ἀπάτη )/ apatēlos ( ἀπατηλός ) meaning "deception"/"deceptive", and sauros ( σαῦρος ) meaning "lizard"; thus, "deceptive lizard". Marsh gave it this name based on

13886-495: Was collected from Morrison Formation rocks at Como Bluff , Wyoming by William Harlow Reed . He identified it as belonging to an entirely new genus and species, which he named Brontosaurus excelsus , meaning "thunder lizard", from the Greek brontē / βροντη meaning "thunder" and sauros / σαυρος meaning "lizard", and from the Latin excelsus , "noble" or "high". By this time,

14017-412: Was considered a junior synonym and was therefore discarded from formal use. Despite this, at least one paleontologist—Robert T. Bakker—argued in the 1990s that A. ajax and A. excelsus are sufficiently distinct that the latter continues to merit a separate genus. In 2015, an extensive study of diplodocid relationships by Emanuel Tschopp, Octavio Mateus, and Roger Benson concluded that Brontosaurus

14148-399: Was considered a junior synonym and was therefore long discarded from formal use. Despite this, at least one paleontologist – Robert T. Bakker  – argued in the 1990s that A.   ajax and A.   excelsus were in fact sufficiently distinct for the latter to merit a separate genus. In 2015, Emanuel Tschopp, Octávio Mateus , and Roger Benson released

14279-399: Was considered a synonym of B. excelsus in 2015 . In August 1883, Marshall P. Felch collected a disarticulated partial skull (USNM V 5730) of a sauropod further south in the Felch Quarry at Garden Park , Colorado and sent the specimen to Yale. Marsh referred the skull to B. excelsus , later featuring it in a skeletal reconstruction of the B. excelsus type specimen in 1891 and

14410-669: Was expected that the vast majority of Sinclair Oil employees would be invited to continue in their positions following the combination. The transaction did not include exploration and production assets owned by Sinclair Oil & Gas Co. Company-owned Sinclair Trucking provided distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products. Terminals were located in: Sinclair also owned and operated Grand America Hotels & Resorts , which has hotel properties in Salt Lake City , Utah; Flagstaff, Arizona ; Cheyenne, Wyoming ; Little America, Wyoming ; and San Diego, California , in addition to

14541-400: Was falsely theorized to possibly have possessed a Camarasaurus -like skull, based on a disarticulated Camarasaurus -like tooth found at the precise site where an Apatosaurus specimen was found years before. However, this tooth does not come from Apatosaurus . On October 20, 1979, after the publications by McIntosh and Berman, the first skull of an Apatosaurus was mounted on a skeleton in

14672-453: Was found a few meters away from a skeleton (specimen CM 3018) identified as the new species Apatosaurus louisae . The skull was designated CM 11162 and was very similar to the skull of Diplodocus . It was accepted as belonging to the Apatosaurus specimen by Douglass and Carnegie Museum director William J. Holland , although other scientists, most notably Osborn, rejected this identification. Holland defended his view in 1914 in an address to

14803-514: Was found to differ in both skull and neck features from A.   louisae , but shared many features of the cervical vertebrae with A.   ajax . Another well-preserved skull is Brigham Young University specimen 17096, a well-preserved skull and skeleton, with a preserved braincase. The specimen was found in Cactus Park Quarry in western Colorado . In 2013, Matthew Mossbrucker and several other authors published an abstract that described

14934-491: Was held above the ground during normal locomotion. Apatosaurus had a single claw on each forelimb and three on each hindlimb. The Apatosaurus skull, long thought to be similar to Camarasaurus , is much more similar to that of Diplodocus . Apatosaurus was a generalized browser that likely held its head elevated. To lighten its vertebrae, Apatosaurus had air sacs that made the bones internally full of holes. Like that of other diplodocids, its tail may have been used as

15065-407: Was inaccurate for several other reasons: it included forward-pointing nasals, something truly different to any other dinosaur, and fenestrae differing from the drawing and other skulls. The mandible was based on a Camarasaurus '. In 1998, the Felch Quarry skull that Marsh included in his 1896 skeletal restoration was suggested to belong to Brachiosaurus instead and this was supported in 2020 with

15196-418: Was indeed a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus . The scientists developed a statistical method to more objectively assess differences between fossil genera and species and concluded that Brontosaurus could be "resurrected" as a valid name. They assigned two former Apatosaurus species, A. parvus, and A. yahnahpin , to Brontosaurus , as well as the type species B. excelsus . The publication

15327-402: Was known at the time. The mount construction was overseen by Adam Hermann, who failed to find Apatosaurus skulls. Hermann was forced to sculpt a stand-in skull by hand. Osborn said in a publication that the skull was "largely conjectural and based on that of Morosaurus " (now Camarasaurus ). In 1903, Elmer Riggs published a study that described a well-preserved skeleton of a diplodocid from

15458-583: Was mentioned in the literature until the 1970s when John Stanton McIntosh and David Berman redescribed the skulls of Diplodocus and Apatosaurus in 1975. They found that though he never published his opinion, Holland was almost certainly correct in that Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus had a Diplodocus -like skull. According to them, many skulls long thought to belong to Diplodocus might instead be those of Apatosaurus . They reassigned multiple skulls to Apatosaurus based on associated and closely associated vertebrae. Though they supported Holland, Apatosaurus

15589-407: Was met with some criticism from other paleontologists, including Michael D'Emic, Donald Prothero , who criticized the mass media reaction to this study as superficial and premature, and many others below . Some paleontologists, such as John and Rebecca Foster , continue to consider Brontosaurus as a synonym of Apatosaurus . Brontosaurus was a large, long-necked, quadrupedal animal with

15720-510: Was named in 1929, the group was not used validly until an extensive 2015 paper, which found Brontosaurus to be valid. However, the status of Brontosaurus is still uncertain, with some paleontologists still considering it a synonym of Apatosaurus . Being from the Morrison Formation, Brontosaurus coexisted with a menagerie of other taxa such as the sauropods Diplodocus, Barosaurus, and Brachiosaurus ; herbivorous ornithischians Stegosaurus , Dryosaurus , and Nanosaurus ; as well as

15851-399: Was named in 1929, the group was not used validly until an extensive 2015 study. Only Brontosaurus is also in the subfamily, with the other genera being considered synonyms or reclassified as diplodocines . Brontosaurus has long been considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus ; its type species was reclassified as A.   excelsus in 1903. A 2015 study concluded that Brontosaurus

15982-400: Was noted that Apatosaurus might have possessed a Camarasaurus -like skull, based on a disarticulated Camarasaurus -like tooth found at the precise site where an Apatosaurus specimen was found years before. On October   20, 1979, after the publications by McIntosh and Berman, the first true skull of Apatosaurus was mounted on a skeleton in a museum, that of the Carnegie. In 1998, it

16113-451: Was overseen by Adam Hermann, who failed to find Brontosaurus skulls. Hermann was forced to sculpt a stand-in skull by hand. Henry Fairfield Osborn noted in a publication that the skull was "largely conjectural and based on that of Morosaurus " (now Camarasaurus ). In 1909, an Apatosaurus skull was found, during the first expedition to what would become the Carnegie Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument , led by Earl Douglass. The skull

16244-412: Was placed on the skeleton. This was not a delicate skull like that of Diplodocus , which would later turn out to be more accurate, but was based on "the biggest, thickest, strongest skull bones, lower jaws, and tooth crowns from three different quarries". These skulls were likely those of Camarasaurus , the only other sauropod of which good skull material was known at the time. The mount construction

16375-568: Was renamed Consolidated Oil Corporation . In 1943, it was renamed Sinclair Oil Corporation . Near the beginning of the Great Depression , Sinclair sold the remaining interest in its pipeline subsidiary to Standard Oil Company (Indiana) for US$ 72.5 million (Standard Oil had purchased a 50% interest in the pipeline subsidiary in 1921). With these funds, including an additional US$ 33.5 million from an additional common stock issue, Sinclair retired several promissory notes and prepared to weather

16506-536: Was reported by the anti-fascist politician Giacomo Matteotti - who was later kidnapped and killed by Mussolini's newborn secret police, just before he could report his discoveries to the Parliament — in his posthumous article, published in the July issue of English Life (a magazine founded by Brendan Bracken ): Matteotti accused Sinclair Oil of being a pawn of Standard Oil, as well as revealing "grave irregularities concerning

16637-416: Was suggested that the Felch Quarry skull that Marsh had included in his 1896 skeletal restoration instead belonged to Brachiosaurus . This was supported in 2020 with a redescription of the brachiosaurid material found at the Felch Quarry. In 2011, the first specimen of Apatosaurus where a skull was found articulated with its cervical vertebrae was described. This specimen, CMC   VP   7180,

16768-479: Was the direct predecessor to Brontosaurus, although Tschopp et al .'s phylogenetic analysis placed B. yahnahpin as the basalmost species of Brontosaurus. Almost all 20th-century paleontologists agreed with Riggs that all Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus species should be classified in a single genus. According to the rules of the ICZN , which governs the scientific names of animals, the name Apatosaurus , having been published first, had priority; Brontosaurus

16899-419: Was the first sauropod skeleton mounted. The specimen was found north of Medicine Bow, Wyoming , in 1898 by Walter Granger , and took the entire summer to extract. To complete the mount, sauropod feet that were discovered at the same quarry and a tail fashioned to appear as Marsh believed it should – but which had too few vertebrae – were added. In addition, a sculpted model of what

17030-427: Was very complete, only missing the feet, from the specimen AMNH 592 were added to the mount, lower leg and shoulder bones, added from AMNH 222, and tail bones, added from AMNH 339. To finish the mount, the rest of the tail was fashioned to appear as Marsh believed it should, which meant it had too few vertebrae. In addition, a sculpted model of what the museum felt the skull of this massive creature might have looked like

17161-521: Was very well-preserved, bearing many cervical (neck) and caudal (tail) vertebrae, and is the most complete definite specimen of the species. The skeletons were granted a new genus and species name, Elosaurus parvus ("little field lizard"), by Olof A. Peterson and Charles Gilmore in 1902. Both of the specimens came from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation. The species was later transferred to Apatosaurus by several authors In 2008,

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