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34-476: The Eyalet of Silistra was formed in 1593 as beylerbeylik of Özi ( Ukrainian : Очаків , Očakiv ) from territory of the former Principality of Karvuna , later Dobruja , Silistra was originally the Silistra Sanjak of Rumelia Eyalet . It was named after Silistra , since its governor often resided in this Danubian fortress. Around 1599, it was expanded and raised to the level of an eyalet likely as

68-507: A benefit to its first governor-general ( beylerbeyi ), the khan of Crimea . It was centered on the regions of Dobruja , Budjak (Ottoman Bessarabia ), and Yedisan and included the towns of Varna , Kustendja (Constanța), Akkerman (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), and Khadjibey (Odesa) with its capital at the fortresses of Silistra (now in Bulgaria ) or Özi (now Ochakiv in Ukraine ). In

102-610: A law decreeing that there would be 28 provinces, each to be governed by a vizer. These were Adana , Aleppo , Anatolia , Baghdad , Basra , Bosnia , Childir , Crete , Constantinople , Damascus , Diyarbekir , Egypt , Erzurum , Habesh , Karaman , Kars , Dulkadir , the Archipelago , Morea , Mosul , Rakka , Rumelia , Sayda , Sharazor , Silistra , Sivas , Trebizond , Tripoli , Van . In practice, however, central control remained weak, and beylerbeyis continued to rule some provinces, instead of vizers. The beylerbeyliks where

136-463: Is difficult to estimate. There are documents to show 10,200 soldiers in the fortresses in 1546, and 12,451 soldiers in 1568. Auxiliary troops called sipahi were also present. The cost of maintaining this large force put pressure on the budget of the province. In 1552, for example, the Porte sent 440,000 gold coins to Budin to provision the army. If the sultan or the beylerbey was not present, then

170-606: The Khanate of the Crimea , territories which Mehmed II had brought under his suzerainty, remained in the control of native dynasties tributary to the Sultan. So, too, did the Kingdom of Hungary after the battle of Mohács in 1526. From the mid-14th century until the late 16th century, only one new beylerbeylik ( Karaman ) was established. The eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared include

204-475: The timar system was not applied, such as Abyssinia , Algiers, Egypt, Baghdad, Basra and Lahsa , were more autonomous than the others. Instead of collecting provincial revenues through sipahis , the beylerbey transferred fixed annual sums to Constantinople, known as the salyane . By 1500, the four central eyalets of the Empire, Rumelia, Anatolia, Rum and Karaman, were under direct rule. Wallachia , Moldavia and

238-470: The 17th century, Silistra Eyalet was expanded to the south and west to include most of modern Bulgaria and European Turkey including the towns of Adrianople (Edirne), Filibe (Plovdiv), and Vidin . In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a series of Russo-Turkish Wars truncated the eyalet in the east with Russia eventually annexing all of Yedisan and Budjak to the Danube by 1812. Edirne Eyalet

272-649: The United States , sometimes along with the provinces of Argentina , Canada and Pakistan , deferent to the modern definition of the word. Albeit China and Iran are legally unitary states, these countries' provinces may also occasionally be referred to as eyalet in Turkish. Budin Eyalet Budin Eyalet (also known as Province of Budin / Buda or Pashalik of Budin / Buda , Ottoman Turkish : ایالت بودین , romanized :  Eyālet-i Budin )

306-433: The chronological order of their conquest. The term eyalet is sometimes translated province or governorate . Depending on the rank of the governor, they were also sometimes known as pashaliks (governed by a pasha ), beylerbeyliks (governed by a bey or beylerbey ), and kapudanliks (governed by a kapudan ). Pashaluk or Pashalik ( Turkish : paşalık ) is the abstract word derived from pasha , denoting

340-569: The cities) and others ( Jews , Romani , etc.). The city of Buda itself became majority Muslim during the seventeenth century, largely through the immigration of Balkan Muslims. In the 16th century the Ottoman Empire had conquered the southern "line of fortresses" (végvár) of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács where the Kingdom of Hungary was heavily defeated, and the turmoil caused by

374-559: The city, and on 29 August 1541 he took control of the city, together with the city on the other side of the Danube , Pest . He immediately organised the first Central European eyalet (province) with its capital in Buda ( Budin in Turkish ). The same year, several other cities fell under Ottoman rule: Szeged , Kalocsa and Szabadka (Serbian: Subotica). In the years 1543–44, the Ottomans conquered

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408-758: The creation of new eyalets. The former principality of Dulkadir became the Dulkadir Eyalet at some time after its annexation in 1522. After the Iranian campaign of 1533–6, the new eyalets of Erzurum , Van , Sharazor and Baghdad guarded the frontier with Iran. In 1541 came the creation of Budin Eyalet from part of the old Kingdom of Hungary . The Eyalet of the Archipelago was created by Süleyman I especially for Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1533, by detaching districts from

442-529: The creation of the eyalet of Özi was presumably to improve the defences of the Black Sea ports against the Cossacks. By 1609, according to the list of Ayn Ali , there were 32 eyalets. Some of these, such as Tripoli, Cyprus or Tunis, were the spoils of conquest. Others, however, were the products of administrative division. In 1795, the government launched a major reorganization of the provincial administration, with

476-490: The defeat, the influence was spread on the middle part of the Kingdom of Hungary. While Ottoman troops invaded Buda in 1526 and 1529, Suleyman I used the Buda area as a territory of the allied kingdom and did not annex it fully to the Empire. In 1541, Suleyman decided to consolidate the conquered Buda area and to set it up as an organic part of the Empire. He drove away the Austrian commander Wilhelm von Roggendorf , besieging

510-670: The districts adjoining this border fortress, which had fallen to the Ottomans in 1600. In the same period, the annexation of the Rumelian districts on the lower Danube and the Black Sea coast, and their addition to territories between the Danube and the Dniepr along the Black Sea, created the Silistra Eyalet . At the same time, on the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea, Trebizond Eyalet came into being. The purpose of this reorganisation, and especially

544-431: The eastward expansion of Bayezid's realms in the 1390s, a third eyalet, Rûm Eyalet , came into existence, with Amasya its chief town. This became the seat of government of Bayezid's youngest son, Mehmed I , and was to remain a residence of princely governors until the 16th century. In 1395, Bayezid I executed the last Shishmanid Tsar of Bulgaria , and annexed his realm to Rumelia Eyalet . In 1461, Mehmed II expelled

578-523: The ending of the Fifteen Years War and the Peace of Zsitvatorok , where the Ottomans lost territories North of Nógrád. However Eğri and Kanije were captured during these wars and were shortly managed as sanjaks in this province. Between 1566–1578, the governorship of Budin was held by Sokollu Mustafa Pasha . He was the twelfth and most notable beylerybey of the province. His tenure of twelve years

612-676: The eyalet was significantly reduced in size with the establishment of the eyalets of Eğri (1596) and Kanije (1600). Nevertheless, it remained the foremost Ottoman province in Central Europe, owing to the strategic importance of Budin as a major port on the Danube. In the 17th century Kara Mustafa Pasha conquered more areas from the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and its vassal, the Principality of Transylvania , but did not succeed in conquering Vienna in 1683. This failed attempt heralded

646-481: The following: Conquests of Selim I and Suleyman I in the 16th century required an increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 eyalets , as the beylerbeyliks came to be known. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609. Sources: Turkish Language Association defines the word eyalet as "an administrative division having some kind of administrative independence" and in modern Turkish,

680-511: The fortresses of Nógrád , Vác , Fehérvár , Pécs and Siklós which were embedded into the new eyalet. In 1552 the eyalet was expanded with new territories in the North, and the new Eyalet of Temeşvar was established. Military control of the surrounding areas was driven from Budin. The following year, the advance of the Ottomans slowed down and the territory of the Budin vilajet did not change until

714-610: The gradual decline of Ottoman power in Europe. On 2 September 1686 Budin was captured by the troops of the Holy League . Military clashes between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans were inevitable. They formed a border with one another, and although the European Eyalet had been established, there was a strong military presence in Buda. The number of the troops in the province at this time

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748-527: The greatest increase in the number of eyalets, largely through the conquests of Selim I and Süleyman I , which created the need to incorporate the new territory into the structure of the Empire, and partly through the reorganisation of existing territory. A list dated 1527 shows eight eyalets, with Egypt , Damascus , Diyarbekir and Kurdistan added to the original four. The last eyalet, however, did not survive as an administrative entity. Süleyman's conquests in eastern Turkey, Iraq and Hungary also resulted in

782-516: The last of the Isfendyarid dynasty from Sinop , awarding him lands thus taxation authority near Bursa in exchange for his hereditary territory. The Isfendyarid principality became a district of Anatolia Eyalet . In 1468, Karaman Eyalet was established, following the annexation of the formerly independent principality of Karaman ; Mehmed II appointed his son Mustafa as governor of the new eyalet, with his seat at Konya . The 16th century saw

816-502: The post of general commander was taken by the pashas of Budin. The Ottoman Empire put all efforts to strengthen the stronghold in Budin. They built several rings of defence around Budin and defended roads for supplies to Vienna, as their aim was to crush the capital of the Habsburgs, which they did not succeed. The most important fortresses around Budin were Esztergom , Székesfehérvár , and also less important Vác and Visegrád . To

850-585: The primary administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire . From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government was loosely structured. The empire was at first divided into states called eyalets, presided over by a beylerbey ( title equivalent to duke in Turkish and Amir al Umara in Arabic ) of three tails (feathers borne on a state officer's ceremonial staff). The grand vizier

884-482: The quality, office or jurisdiction of a pasha or the territory administered by him. In European sources, the word "pashalic" generally referred to the eyalets. The term 'eyalet' began to be applied to the largest administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire instead of beglerbegilik from the 1590s onward, and it continued to be used until 1867. Murad I instituted the great division of the sultanate into two beylerbeyiliks of Rumelia and Anatolia , in circa 1365. With

918-512: The shores and islands of the Aegean which had previously been part of the eyalets of Rumelia and Anatolia , and uniting them as an independent eyalet. In 1580, Bosnia, previously a district of Rumelia, became an eyalet in its own right, presumably in view of its strategically important position on the border with the Habsburgs. Similar considerations led to the creation of the Kanije Eyalet from

952-817: The south, the most relevant fortress was Szigetvár . In the 145 years Ottoman era, the city of Budin was not converted to the "Italian" type of defensive fortress, which was in the fashion at that time. The old fortress was enlarged by the "Víziváros" walls and a small stronghold was built on the Gellért hill . The Budin Castle was already standing on a Medieval castle, with more or less same walls as per now. Various towers were built by Ottomans i.e. "Murad pasha tower" (Turkish: Murat paşa kulesi ) between 1650 and 1653. The walls were enlarged in Gellért hill, in Rózsadomb , Nap-hegy and on

986-491: The word eyalet is used widely in the context of federalism , corresponding to the English word state . While the word eyalet is out of use in Turkish public administration , replaced long ago by ils under a unitary structure, top-level administrative subdivisions of numerous federal states are called "eyalet" in Turkish, such as the states of Australia , Austria , Brazil , Germany , India , Malaysia , Mexico and

1020-639: Was an administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe and the Balkans . It was formed on the territories that Ottoman Empire conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Serbian Despotate . The capital of the Budin Province was Budin (Hungarian: Buda). Population of the province was ethnically and religiously diverse and included Hungarians , Croats , Serbs , Slovaks , Muslims of various ethnic origins (living mainly in

1054-632: Was constituted from south of Silistra Eyalet in 1830 . With Ottoman administrative reforms of 1864 the Silistra Eyalet was reconstituted as the Danube Vilayet . According to Sancak Tevcih Defteri , eyalet consisted of eight sanjaks between 1700 and 1730 as follows: Sanjaks in the early 19th century: Beylerbeylik (Ottoman Empire) Eyalets ( Ottoman Turkish : ایالت , pronounced [ejaːˈlet] , lit.   ' province ' ), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks , were

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1088-527: Was invested with powers of absolute government within his province, being the chief of both the military and financial departments, as well as police and criminal justice. At official functions, the order of precedence was Egypt , Baghdad , Abyssinia , Buda , Anatolia , "Mera'ish", and the Kapudan Pasha in Asia and Buda, Egypt, Abyssinia, Baghdad, and Rumelia in Europe, with the remainder arranged according to

1122-491: Was responsible for nominating all the high officers of state, both in the capital and the states. Between 1861 and 1866, these eyalets were abolished, and the territory was divided for administrative purposes into vilayets (provinces). The eyalets were subdivided into districts called livas or sanjaks , each of which was under the charge of a pasha of one tail, with the title of mira-lira, or sanjak-bey . These provinces were usually called pashaliks by Europeans. The pasha

1156-471: Was unprecedented and unsurpassed and saw numerous construction projects particularly in the provincial capital of Budin. It marked a significant transformation of the capital of the medieval Hungarian kingdom into an Ottoman provincial stronghold at the frontier between civilizations . By the 1570s the financial situation of the eyalet improved, albeit temporarily, as for the first time since its creation tax revenues surpassed expenditures. The territory of

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