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54-605: The Siksika Nation ( Blackfoot : Siksiká ; syllabics ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) is a First Nation in southern Alberta , Canada. The name Siksiká comes from the Blackfoot words sik (black) and iká (foot), with a connector s between the two words. The plural form of Siksiká is Siksikáwa . The Siksikáwa are the northernmost of the Niitsítapi (Original People), all of whom speak dialects of Blackfoot, an Algonquian language. When European explorers travelled west, they most likely met

108-598: A diverse group of enterprises and properties. SRDL applied for a licence to produce Medical Marijuana in April 2016. They anticipate generating $ 15M in annual revenue. The Siksika Resource Development Ltd, and Siksika Herbz Ltd, and Frozen Penguin Ltd of Kelowna BC partnership plan to construct 25,000 Sq ft facility on the Siksika Nation. Revenue generated will also be donated to support social services. The Siksika intend to distribute

162-438: A one–to–one correspondence between form and meaning, a defining feature of agglutinative languages . However, Blackfoot does display some fusional characteristics as there are morphemes that are polysemous. Both noun and verb stems cannot be used bare but must be inflected. Due to its morphological complexity, Blackfoot has a flexible word order . The Blackfoot language has experienced a substantial decrease in speakers since

216-409: A referendum to ratify the "Global Settlement Agreement", 3,484 turned out to vote and of them 77% (2,682 people) voted for ratification. A comprehensive resolution followed, resolving multiple land claims and associated grievances which included a one-time payment of 1.3 Billion dollars and entitlement to purchase 115,000 acres of land from willing sellers which had previously been illegally obtained from

270-549: A subsequent civil suit after a "squatter"'s shack was pushed into the river valley . Oliver also used the Edmonton Bulletin as a platform to voice his opposition to the establishment and continued existence of Papaschase Indian Reserve Number 136. He continued this practice for eight years (even while he was an elected politician), until the federal government forced the Papaschase band members from their reserve. The land

324-400: Is a pitch accent language. Blackfoot language has been declining in the number of native speakers and is classified as either a threatened or endangered language, depending on the source used. Like the other Algonquian languages, Blackfoot is considered to be a polysynthetic language due to its large morpheme inventory and word internal complexity. A majority of Blackfoot morphemes have

378-451: Is a allophone of /x/ . Blackfoot has a vowel system with three monophthongs , /i o a/ . The short monophthongs exhibit allophonic changes as well. The vowels /a/ and /o/ are raised to [ʌ] and [ʊ] respectively when followed by a long consonant. The vowel /i/ becomes [ɪ] in closed syllables. There are three additional diphthongs in Blackfoot. The first diphthong ai

432-518: Is a distinct difference between Old Blackfoot (also called High Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by many older speakers, and New Blackfoot (also called Modern Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by younger speakers. Among the Algonquian languages , Blackfoot is relatively divergent in phonology and lexicon. The language has a fairly small phoneme inventory, consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts. Blackfoot

486-754: Is a member of the Algonquian language family belonging to the Plains areal grouping along with Arapaho , Gros Ventre , and Cheyenne . Blackfoot is spoken in Northwestern Montana and throughout Alberta, Canada, making it geographically one of the westernmost Algonquian languages. The Blackfoot people had been one of many Native American nations that inhabited the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River . The people were bison hunters , with settlements in what

540-420: Is contrastive in Blackfoot for both vowels and consonants. Vowel length refers to the duration of a vowel and not a change in quality. The vowel /oo/ is therefore the same sound as /o/ only differing in the length of time over which it is produced. Consonants can also be lengthened with the exception of /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ . Blackfoot is a pitch accent language and it is a contrastive feature in

594-858: Is illustrated in the Latin-based orthography with an acute accent. Blackfoot is rich with morpho-phonological changes. Below is a limited sample of phonological rules. Glides are deleted after another consonant, except a glottal stop, or word initially but kept in other conditions. poos-wa cat- AN . SG poos-wa cat-AN.SG póósa / ᑲᓭ póósa / ᑲᓭ 'cat' óóhkotok-yi stone- INAN . SG óóhkotok-yi stone-INAN.SG óóhkotoki / ᖲᑊᖾᒪᖽ óóhkotoki / ᖲᑊᖾᒪᖽ 'stone' w-ókoʼsi 3 . SG . POSS -child w-ókoʼsi 3.SG.POSS-child ókoʼsi / ᖲᖾᓱ ókoʼsi / ᖲᖾᓱ 'his/her child' Frank Oliver (politician) Francis Oliver PC (born Francis Robert Oliver Bowsfield ; September 1, 1853 – March 31, 1933)

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648-551: Is located approximately 95 km (59 mi) east of Calgary , and 3 km (1.9 mi) south of the Trans Canada Highway ( Highway 1 ). Its administrative and business district is located adjacent to the community of Gleichen . Siksika Nation is the second largest, land-based, in Canada. Siksika Nation Boundaries of Blackfoot Confederacy Traditional Territory. North-North Saskatchewan River, West – Rock Mountains, East-At

702-477: Is now Alberta , and he owned it until 1923. Oliver was active in what one historian called the "Edmonton Settlers' Rights Movement" of 1880s. Prior to the official Dominion Land Survey , Oliver and others engaged in direct action to preserve land ownership rights of Edmonton old-timers, against encroachment by later-arriving settlers, whom they termed "squatters". Oliver, later-mayor Matt McCauley , Metis Laurent Garneau, and several others faced criminal charges and

756-441: Is now the northern United States and southern Canada. Forced to move because of wars with neighboring tribes, the Blackfoot people settled all around the plains area, eventually concentrating in what is now Montana and Alberta. Blackfoot hunters would track and hunt game, while the remaining people would gather food, and other necessities for the winter. The northern plains, where the Blackfoot settled, had incredibly harsh winters, and

810-600: Is pronounced [ɛ] before a long consonant, [ei] (or [ai] , in the dialect of the Blackfoot Reserve) before /i/ or /ʔ/ , and elsewhere is pronounced [æ] in the Blood Reserve dialect or [ei] in the Blackfoot Reserve dialect. The second diphthong ao is pronounced [au] before /ʔ/ and [ɔ] elsewhere. The third diphthong oi may be pronounced [y] before a long consonant and as [oi] elsewhere. Length

864-614: The 1905 Alberta general election . The boundaries were said to favour Edmonton, where the Alberta Liberal Party enjoyed the most support, although overall, the Liberal Party got the majority of the votes cast and more votes than any other party in the election. Edmonton's political weight is said to have assured the city's designation as the provincial capital, if its central location and long dominance in north-central Alberta had not been enough. From 1905 to 1911, Oliver served as

918-527: The Canadian Pacific Railway , for construction of the Bassano Dam . The band members were not adequately informed about this portion and lost the use of the surface rights of the land. The Nation claims the transfer was done illegally. In 1980, the government admitted that no proof existed that Canadian Pacific had acquired the rights to the land for the dam. The Nation entered into negotiations with

972-722: The Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act of 1911, which replaced earlier legislation. Much of the land thus freed was declared forest reserves in order to capitalize on its timber and mineral resources. Oliver's successor for Minister of the Interior, William James Roche , later expanded the three Alberta national parks closer to their earlier sizes: in 1914, Waterton Lakes National Park to 1,096 km (423 sq mi) and in 1917, Banff National Park to 7,125 km (2,751 sq mi) and Jasper National Park to 11,396 km (4,400 sq mi). Oliver, unhappy with

1026-512: The Liberal Party of Canada . Running as a Liberal Party candidate, he was a champion of the small farmer and business people pioneering in Alberta at the time. He was elected in the 1896 Canadian federal election to represent the entire provincial district of Alberta and again in 1900 . The large Alberta riding was broken up, and Edmonton acquired an MP for itself in 1904. Oliver was elected to

1080-638: The Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs in the federal cabinet. As minister responsible for national parks, he drastically reduced the size of Rocky Mountains Park from 11,400 km (4,400 sq mi) in 1902, to 4,663 km (1,800 sq mi); Kootenay Lakes Forest Reserve (later Waterton Lakes National Park) from 140 km (54 sq mi) in 1895 to 35 km (14 sq mi); and Jasper National Park from 12,950 km (5,000 sq mi) in 1907 to 2,590 km (1,000 sq mi), under

1134-609: The Siksiká first. The four Niitsítapi nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy are the Siksiká , Káínaa ( Kainai or Blood), Aapátohsipikáni ( Northern Peigan ), and Aamsskáápipikani ( South Peigan or Montana Blackfoot). The population of the Siksika Nation is approximately 7,800 people. The Siksika nations economic authority is the Siksika Resource Development Limited (SRDL) founded in 1997. They manage

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1188-615: The United Farmers of Alberta . He served on the Board of Railway Commissioners until his death. Oliver died in 1933 in Ottawa. His body was brought to Edmonton, and it was interred in the Edmonton Cemetery. Frank Oliver married Harriet Dunlop (1863–1943), daughter of Thomas Dunlop of Prairie Grove, Manitoba, in 1881. They had two children. The area of downtown Edmonton west of 109 Street

1242-584: The "Siksika business Plaza". The initiative will increase food security and provide economic growth for the Nation. The Siksika Family Services was awarded a grant by the Provincial and Federal governments 'Rapid Housing Initiative', to establish a transitional 24 housing unit community for Siksika's vulnerable high need families and youth in the process of cultural reunification. The community will be called "Children's Village". The Siksika Nation reserve, Siksika 146 ,

1296-685: The 1960s and is classified as "definitely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. In Canada, this loss has been attributed largely to residential schools , where Indigenous students were often punished severely for speaking their first languages. Widespread language loss can also be attributed to the Sixties Scoop , through which thousands of Indigenous children were taken from their families, often without parental consent, and relocated by

1350-460: The Blackfoot children who attended. The trauma endured by students, as well as the subsequent repression of their Indigenous language and culture, has been credited, in part, with the loss in the number of Blackfoot speakers. Blackfoot has nineteen consonants, of which all but /ʔ/ , /x/ , /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length. One of the two affricates /k͡s/ is unusual for being heterorganic . Blackfoot has several allophones, [ç]

1404-463: The Canadian government to settle the land claim. In 1991, the Siksika Nation signed a $ 4.9m agreement with the government for compensation for mineral rights lost due to construction of the dam. In 2010, the Nation finally reached agreement with the governments of Canada and Alberta to settle the land claims. The band would receive $ 50 million and new water rights. The money will be put in a trust to benefit

1458-547: The Europeans, such as Mountain Chief 's tribe. But in 1870, a tribe of peaceful Blackfoot were mistaken for the rebellious tribe and hundreds were slaughtered. Over the next thirty years, settlers had eradicated the bison from the Great Plains. This took away the main element of Blackfoot life and the people's ability to be self-sustaining. With their main food source gone, the Blackfoot were forced to rely on government support. In 1886,

1512-402: The Nation for purposes such as education and welfare. A six decade process of land claims commenced in 1960 under the leadership of Siksika Chief Clarence McHugh in 1959. McHugh stated “They told us they would give us a bag of money which would never empty, but somehow, that bag developed a great big hole.” In reference to the late Minister of the Interior, Frank Oliver who was instrumental in

1566-537: The Old Sun Residential School opened on the Blackfoot Reserve in Alberta. In 1908, it was described by an official survey as "unsanitary" and "unsuitable in every way for such an institution". Regardless, it remained operational until its closure in 1971. Dozens of Blackfoot children died while attending. The school was rife with physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, which left a lasting impact on

1620-470: The Oliver Community League, neighbourhood residents, Indigenous community members, and community members from other marginalized groups consulted on a new name for the neighbourhood. In January 2024, the city's committee on names selected wîhkwêntôwin ( Cree for 'circle of friends') to replace "Oliver" and sent this recommendation to city council. On February 21, city council approved

1674-592: The centralized approach to the national parks system, reorganized it by creating the position of Commissioner of Dominion Parks, with its headquarters in Banff, Alberta ; Howard Douglas , superintendent of Rocky Mountains Park (Banff National Park) since 1897, was appointed its first commissioner. In 1907, Oliver established a commission to investigate Doukhobor settlement in Saskatchewan. The group had settled there on Clifford Sifton 's promise that they could hold and work

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1728-654: The confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers and South-Yellowstone River. The Siksika Nation has had a longstanding land claim dispute with the Government of Canada over events dating back to 1910. The government sought the cession of approximately 46,621.4 hectares (115,204 acres) of land within the Siksika Indian Reserve for sale by the federal government to incoming settlers. The cession included 5,067.6 hectares (12,522 acres) of reserve lands to be transferred to

1782-505: The disembowelment of 289,897 acres of First Nation's territorial integrity throughout his career. He advised First Nations to cede/surrender treaty territory throughout Canada in exchange for frequently reneged Federal concessions or coersion such as denial of necessities such as food. He told the Siksika: "It might be better to sell what they do not use for a big bag of money, which could give them money for ever and ever!". Chief McHugh described

1836-557: The enormous reserves [(land held by the HBC and the Crown and not open to local settlement)], the ill treatment of squatters [(pioneers who had settled in the NW prior to government survey)], the discriminating tariff, the railway monopoly, and the lack of political rights (the one statement that has been made and repeated on platform after platform), and on how North-West lands and NW settlers must ultimately pay

1890-480: The flat land provided little escape from the winds. The Blackfoot Nation thrived, along with many other native groups, until the European settlers arrived in the late eighteenth century. The settlers brought with them horses and technology, but also disease and weapons. Diseases like smallpox, foreign to the natives, decimated the Blackfoot population in the mid-nineteenth century. Groups of Blackfoot people rebelled against

1944-646: The government into non-Indigenous families. As a result of these losses, the Blackfoot community has launched numerous language revitalization efforts, include the Piikani Traditional Knowledge Services and many more. Pied Noir Pied-Noir is an alternate name for the Blackfoot tribe. The exact translation is 'black foot' in French. Other Siksikáíʼpowahsin ( syllabics : ᓱᘁᓱᘁᖳᐟᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) and Niitsipowahsin (ᖹᐨᓱᑲᖷᑊᓱᐡ) are two other language variations for Blackfoot. Blackfoot

1998-518: The headline "Responsible Government", he called for a change in the way that the members were elected. The following month, he pointed out that out-migration to the U.S. was stunting Canada's own population growth, and the NWT was in large measure to account for that, due to conditions created by the Conservative government in Ottawa. He blamed the out-migration on "the unwise and ever changing land regulations,

2052-705: The land communally. The commission led to the reversal of Sifton's policy and the Doukhobors being disposessed of the land they had immigrated from Russia to settle. By 1911, Oliver had imposed tighter controls on immigration. He was staunchly British, and his policies favoured nationality over occupation. He asserted that his immigration policy was more "restrictive, exclusive and selective" than those of his predecessors. Like his predecessor, Clifford Sifton, Oliver encouraged European immigration, particularly of experienced farmers from Ukraine and other parts of Eastern Europe. Oliver wrote Order-in-Council P.C. 1911–1324 , which

2106-434: The language. Every word will have at least one high pitched vowel or diphthong but may have more than one. Note that high pitch here is used relative to the contiguous syllables. Blackfoot utterances experience a gradual drop in pitch therefore if an utterance contains a set of accented vowels the first will be higher in pitch than the second but the second will be higher in pitch than the syllables directly surrounding it. Pitch

2160-452: The medication domestically and internationally. Revenue from the venture is intended to address disparaging economic issues such as Opioid addiction epidemic, and housing. As of 2020 the proposal is still under review. Frozen Penguin will use modern technology and techniques such as 'RotoGro', to maximize profits for the nation. On July 16, 2022. SRDL partnered with 'Calgary Tree Planting Team' volunteers to plant 300 Sakskatoon berry trees near

2214-403: The newly formed Edmonton district in the 1904 Canadian federal election . Following his appointment to the federal cabinet, he retained the seat in a 1905 ministerial by-election . He also was re-elected in the 1908 and 1911 Canadian federal elections. As leading federal politician of the western Prairies, Oliver was assigned by Wilfrid Laurier to draw up electoral boundaries used in

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2268-849: The non-payment of mineral royalties following the "1910 Surrender". $ 20,000 was given to each band member and to essential services for the community such as improving education, infrastructure, and mental health services. As well as to fund a permanent police force for the reservation. Ouray Crowfoot, Samuel Crowfoot, Reuben Breaker, Ike Solway, Owen Crane Bear, Candace Backfat, Carlin Black Rabbit, Kendall Panther Bone, Hector Winnipeg, Strater Crowfoot, Marsha Wolf Collar, and Tracy McHugh. Mariah Little Chief, Sharon Brass, Erica Sitting Eagle, and Allison Duck Chief. Richard Sparvier, Van Le, Tom Many Heads, and Hossam Yaqoub. 50°51′40″N 113°03′04″W  /  50.861°N 113.051°W  / 50.861; -113.051 Blackfoot language There

2322-564: The order on October 5, 1911, the day before Laurier's government was replaced by the new Conservative government. The cancellation claimed that the Minister of the Interior was not present at the time of approval. Oliver also used his newspaper to lobby for having the Papaschase Cree removed from their Treaty 6 reserve territory, south of Edmonton, in the 1880s. After the Liberal government

2376-503: The suppression of the Metis Rebellion , his newspaper said that the blame for the outbreak was shared "between Riel and the Ottawa government", singling out the late minister of the interior. His newspaper blamed the Ottawa government's "deception, mismanagement and injustice" for having caused the rebellion. Oliver lost his seat in the 1885 Northwest Territories election to a local physician, 25-year-old Herbert Charles Wilson , who

2430-469: The surrendering as '“They cut our reserve up like a Christmas turkey and wasted our money.” A reporter described the dwellings of the Siksika as being "ramshackle, uninsulated houses without foundations, with cracks and broken windows, patched up with rags and cardboard" and Chief McHugh described the houses built after the initial sale in 1912 as "almost falling apart". In December 2021, Siksika members voted in

2484-539: The tribe through the so-called "1910 Surrender". On June 2, 2022, in a ceremony at the Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park , the Canadian government and the Siksika Nation signed the "Global Settlement Agreement". The conclusion of a 60 year process of ongoing negotiations to redress the numerous land claims of previous illegal annexations and settlement of 115,000 acres (465.4 kmsq) of productive agricultural, ceremonial, and mineral reserve territory and

2538-528: The whole cost of the CPR." Some of the stands he took in the NWT Council at Regina were not popular with all Edmontonians, least of all with local Conservatives. He organized a meeting in early January to refute charges that he was "an irreconcilable oppositionist with socialist tendencies", saying what he did had been in accordance "with the interests and wishes of the majority of his constituents". In 1885, following

2592-654: Was a Canadian federal minister, politician, and journalist/publisher from the Northwest Territories and later Alberta . In 2021, following a story published in the Toronto Daily Tribune , discussion arose about Oliver's responsibility for discriminatory policies that targeted First Nations ' land rights and Black immigration during his tenure as Minister of the Interior . Oliver was born Francis Bowsfield in Peel County , Canada West , just west of Toronto. He

2646-667: Was approved by the Laurier Cabinet on August 12, 1911, under the authority of the Immigration Act, 1906. It was intended to keep out black Americans escaping segregation in the American South by stating that "the Negro race...is deemed unsuitable to the climate and requirements of Canada." The order was never called upon, as efforts by immigration officials had already reduced the number of blacks immigrating to Canada. Cabinet cancelled

2700-452: Was denied power in 1911, Oliver served in the House of Commons until 1917. He ran for re-election in the new riding of West Edmonton in 1917 and received the most votes cast. His lead was eliminated, however, when officials of Robert Borden 's party distributed its army vote, and he did not retain the seat. Oliver ran in 1921 to regain his Edmonton West seat, and was defeated by a candidate of

2754-655: Was divided between railway companies, settlers, and the federal government, who later auctioned their share off to settlers. Oliver was elected to the North-West Council in 1883. He was the second elected member to the 1st Council of the Northwest Territories , winning the May 29, 1883, election for the newly formed Edmonton district. In 1885, his newspaper pointed out that the NWT council did not have as many elected members as its population —100,000—would warrant. Under

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2808-507: Was named Oliver after the man; later, a major commercial strip in the neighbourhood was named Oliver Square. On August 2, 2021, the Toronto Daily Tribune published the story "Edmonton's Oliver Square changes name after community consultation". It reported, "A member of Parliament and federal minister first elected to office in 1883, Oliver is known for drafting discriminatory legislation, including policies that pushed Indigenous people off their traditional lands." From mid-2020 to January 2024,

2862-639: Was named Speaker of the Council. Oliver contested and won one of two seats in the Edmonton district in 1888 . He retained the seat by acclamation in the 1891 and 1894 elections. During his time as a territorial representative, he contributed to the creation of the North-West Territories' first public school system. Oliver resigned from the council in 1896 to run for a seat in the House of Commons of Canada for

2916-525: Was the son of Allan Bowsfield and Hannah (Anna) Lundy. A disagreement in the family made him drop the name Bowsfield and adopt the name of his grandmother, Nancy Oliver Lundy. Oliver studied journalism in Toronto. In 1880, he moved west and founded the Edmonton Bulletin with his wife, Harriet Dunlop (1863–1943). When the inaugural issue was printed on December 6, 1880, it became the first newspaper in what

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