Boris Sidis ( / ˈ s aɪ d ɪ s / ; October 12, 1867 – October 24, 1923) was a Ukrainian-American psychopathologist , psychologist , physician , psychiatrist , and philosopher of education . Sidis founded the New York State Psychopathic Institute and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology . He was the father of child prodigy William James Sidis . Boris Sidis eventually opposed mainstream psychology and Sigmund Freud , and thereby died ostracized. He was married to a maternal aunt of Clifton Fadiman , the American intellectual.
38-478: Sidis may refer to: Boris Sidis (1867–1923), psychologist, psychiatrist, and psychopathologist, father of William James Sidis William James Sidis (1898–1944), eccentric genius and child prodigy, son of Boris Sidis (genus) , a genus of lady beetles , in the family Coccinellidae The Sidi or Siddi , an Indian and Pakistani ethnic group of mainly East African descent Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering ,
76-443: A deeper understanding of disease through evolutionary medicine and to develop evolutionary therapies . Evolution plays a role in resistance of drugs; for example, how HIV becomes resistant to medications and the body's immune system. The mutation of resistance of HIV is due to the natural selection of the survivors and their offspring. The few HIV that survive the immune system reproduced and had offspring that were also resistant to
114-413: A generation of evolutionary biologists. Current research in evolutionary biology covers diverse topics and incorporates ideas from diverse areas, such as molecular genetics and computer science . First, some fields of evolutionary research try to explain phenomena that were poorly accounted for in the modern evolutionary synthesis . These include speciation , the evolution of sexual reproduction ,
152-404: A high intellectual capacity. After receiving much publicity for his childhood feats, he came to live an eccentric life and died in relative obscurity. Sidis himself derided intelligence testing as "silly, pedantic, absurd, and grossly misleading." Sidis died on October 24, 1923, at the age of 56. Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies
190-404: A population. It has a much stronger effect on small populations than large ones. Gene flow : Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from the gene pool of one population to another. In a population, migration occurs from one species to another, resulting in the change of allele frequency. Natural selection : The survival and reproductive rate of a species depends on the adaptability of
228-428: A process in high energy particle physics . See also [ edit ] Sidi (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Sidis All pages with titles containing Sidis Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sidis . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
266-700: A social disease, and denigrated the widely held concept of eugenics . He sought to provide insight into why people behave as they do, particularly in cases of a mob frenzy or religious mania. With the publication of his book Nervous Ills: Their Cause and Cure in 1922, he summarized much of his previous work in diagnosing, understanding and treating nervous disorders . He saw fear as an underlying cause of much human mental suffering and problematic behavior. Sidis married Sarah Mandelbaum by whom he had two children. William born on April 1, 1898, and Bessie born on February 12, 1908. Sidis applied his own psychological approaches to raising William in whom he wished to promote
304-496: Is a change in the DNA sequence inside a gene or a chromosome of an organism. Most mutations are deleterious, or neutral; i.e. they can neither harm nor benefit, but can also be beneficial sometimes. Genetic drift : Genetic drift is a variational process, it happens as a result of the sampling errors from one generation to another generation where a random event that happens by chance in nature changes or influences allele frequency within
342-412: Is also an example of resistance that will cause the bacteria against which the antibiotic is being taken to evolve and continue to spread in the body. When the full dosage of the medication does not enter the body and perform its proper job, the bacteria that survive the initial dosage will continue to reproduce. This can make for another bout of sickness later on that will be more difficult to cure because
380-956: Is by approaches, such as field biology, theoretical biology , experimental evolution , and paleontology. These alternative ways of dividing up the subject have been combined with evolutionary biology to create subfields like evolutionary ecology and evolutionary developmental biology . More recently, the merge between biological science and applied sciences gave birth to new fields that are extensions of evolutionary biology, including evolutionary robotics , engineering , algorithms , economics , and architecture. The basic mechanisms of evolution are applied directly or indirectly to come up with novel designs or solve problems that are difficult to solve otherwise. The research generated in these applied fields, contribute towards progress, especially from work on evolution in computer science and engineering fields such as mechanical engineering. Adaptive evolution relates to evolutionary changes that happen due to
418-437: Is that the classical population genetics that catalysed the modern evolutionary synthesis must be updated to take into account modern molecular knowledge. This requires a great deal of mathematical development to relate DNA sequence data to evolutionary theory as part of a theory of molecular evolution . For example, biologists try to infer which genes have been under strong selection by detecting selective sweeps . Fourth,
SECTION 10
#1732852186671456-520: Is the process in which related or distantly related organisms evolve similar characteristics independently. This type of evolution creates analogous structures which have a similar function, structure, or form between the two species. For example, sharks and dolphins look alike but they are not related. Likewise, birds, flying insects, and bats all have the ability to fly, but they are not related to each other. These similar traits tend to evolve from having similar environmental pressures. Divergent evolution
494-428: Is the process of speciation. This can happen in several ways: The influence of two closely associated species is known as coevolution . When two or more species evolve in company with each other, one species adapts to changes in other species. This type of evolution often happens in species that have symbiotic relationships . For example, predator-prey coevolution, this is the most common type of co-evolution. In this,
532-512: The U.S. in 1887 to escape political persecution. Due to the May Laws , he was imprisoned for at least two years, according to William James Sidis ' biographer, Amy Wallace . He later credited his ability to think to this long solitary confinement . His wife, Sarah Mandelbaum Sidis, M.D., and her family fled the pogroms about 1889. Boris completed four degrees at Harvard (a B.A. , M.A. , Ph.D. and M.D. ) and studied under William James . He
570-412: The evolutionary processes ( natural selection , common descent , speciation ) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of an organism. These changes in
608-421: The genetic architecture of adaptation , molecular evolution , and the different forces that contribute to evolution, such as sexual selection , genetic drift , and biogeography . Moreover, the newer field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how embryogenesis is controlled, thus yielding a wider synthesis that integrates developmental biology with the fields of study covered by
646-550: The phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed on to their offspring . Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the peppered moth and flightless birds . In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics , and paleontology . The investigational range of current research has widened to encompass
684-605: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (between 299 million to 12,000 years ago). Other fields related to generic exploration of evolution ("what happened and when?" ) include systematics and phylogenetics . Third, the modern evolutionary synthesis was devised at a time when nobody understood the molecular basis of genes. Today, evolutionary biologists try to determine the genetic architecture of interesting evolutionary phenomena such as adaptation and speciation. They seek answers to questions such as how many genes are involved, how large are
722-462: The U.S. to escape political persecution. According to Amy Wallace , he was imprisoned for two years. Sidis fled the pogroms with his wife and children. He proceeded to complete four degrees at Harvard University and sought to provide insight into why people behave as they do. Sidis died in 1923, age 56. Boris Sidis was born on October 12, 1867, in Berdychiv , to Jewish parents. Boris emigrated to
760-434: The bacteria involved will be resistant to the first medication used. Taking the full course of medicine that is prescribed is a vital step in avoiding antibiotic resistance. Individuals with chronic illnesses, especially those that can recur throughout a lifetime, are at greater risk of antibiotic resistance than others. This is because overuse of a drug or too high of a dosage can cause a patient's immune system to weaken and
798-500: The changes in the environment, this makes the organism suitable to its habitat. This change increases the chances of survival and reproduction of the organism (this can be referred to as an organism's fitness ). For example, Darwin's Finches on Galapagos island developed different shaped beaks in order to survive for a long time. Adaptive evolution can also be convergent evolution if two distantly related species live in similar environments facing similar pressures. Convergent evolution
SECTION 20
#1732852186671836-425: The earlier evolutionary synthesis. Evolution is the central unifying concept in biology. Biology can be divided into various ways. One way is by the level of biological organization , from molecular to cell , organism to population . Another way is by perceived taxonomic group , with fields such as zoology , botany , and microbiology , reflecting what was once seen as the major divisions of life. A third way
874-454: The effects of each gene, how interdependent are the effects of different genes, what do the genes do, and what changes happen to them (e.g., point mutations vs. gene duplication or even genome duplication ). They try to reconcile the high heritability seen in twin studies with the difficulty in finding which genes are responsible for this heritability using genome-wide association studies . One challenge in studying genetic architecture
912-409: The evolution of cooperation , the evolution of ageing , and evolvability . Second, some evolutionary biologists ask the most straightforward evolutionary question: "what happened and when?". This includes fields such as paleobiology , where paleobiologists and evolutionary biologists, including Thomas Halliday and Anjali Goswami, studied the evolution of early mammals going far back in time during
950-445: The illness will evolve and grow stronger. For example, cancer patients will need a stronger and stronger dosage of medication because of their low functioning immune system. Some scientific journals specialise exclusively in evolutionary biology as a whole, including the journals Evolution , Journal of Evolutionary Biology , and BMC Evolutionary Biology . Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as
988-435: The immune system. Drug resistance also causes many problems for patients such as a worsening sickness or the sickness can mutate into something that can no longer be cured with medication. Without the proper medicine, a sickness can be the death of a patient. If their body has resistance to a certain number of drugs, then the right medicine will be harder and harder to find. Not completing the prescribed full course of antibiotic
1026-486: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidis&oldid=1196536456 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Boris Sidis Born in the Russian Empire, Sidis emigrated to
1064-535: The journals Systematic Biology , Molecular Biology and Evolution and its sister journal Genome Biology and Evolution , and Cladistics . Other journals combine aspects of evolutionary biology with other related fields. For example, Molecular Ecology , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B , The American Naturalist and Theoretical Population Biology have overlap with ecology and other aspects of organismal biology. Overlap with ecology
1102-486: The kind of worm itself. Other structures like the development of Hox genes and sensory organs such as eyes can also be traced with this practice. Phylogenetic Trees are representations of genetic lineage. They are figures that show how related species are to one another. They formed by analyzing the physical traits as well as the similarities of the DNA between species. Then by using a molecular clock scientists can estimate when
1140-479: The modern discipline of evolutionary biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky and E. B. Ford established an empirical research programme. Ronald Fisher , Sewall Wright , and J. B. S. Haldane created a sound theoretical framework. Ernst Mayr in systematics , George Gaylord Simpson in paleontology and G. Ledyard Stebbins in botany helped to form the modern synthesis. James Crow , Richard Lewontin , Dan Hartl , Marcus Feldman , and Brian Charlesworth trained
1178-895: The modern evolutionary synthesis involved agreement about which forces contribute to evolution, but not about their relative importance. Current research seeks to determine this. Evolutionary forces include natural selection , sexual selection , genetic drift , genetic draft , developmental constraints, mutation bias and biogeography . This evolutionary approach is key to much current research in organismal biology and ecology, such as life history theory . Annotation of genes and their function relies heavily on comparative approaches. The field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how developmental processes work, and compares them in different organisms to determine how they evolved. Many physicians do not have enough background in evolutionary biology, making it difficult to use it in modern medicine. However, there are efforts to gain
Sidis - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-407: The older departments of botany and zoology . Palaeontology is often grouped with earth science . Microbiology too is becoming an evolutionary discipline now that microbial physiology and genomics are better understood. The quick generation time of bacteria and viruses such as bacteriophages makes it possible to explore evolutionary questions. Many biologists have contributed to shaping
1254-432: The phylogenetic process is what allows for this kind of understanding of biology to be possible. By looking at different processes during development, and going through the evolutionary tree, one can determine at which point a specific structure came about. For example, the three germ layers can be observed to not be present in cnidarians and ctenophores, which instead present in worms, being more or less developed depending on
1292-579: The predator must evolve to become a more effective hunter because there is a selective pressure on the prey to steer clear of capture. The prey in turn need to develop better survival strategies. The Red Queen hypothesis is an example of predator-prey interations. The relationship between pollinating insects like bees and flowering plants, herbivores and plants, are also some common examples of diffuse or guild coevolution. The mechanisms of evolution focus mainly on mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. Mutation : Mutation
1330-420: The species diverged. An example of a phylogeny would be the tree of life. Genes that have shared ancestry are homologs. If a speciation event occurs and one gene ends up in two different species the genes are now orthologous. If a gene is duplicated within the a singular species then it is a paralog. A molecular clock can be used to estimate when these events occurred. The idea of evolution by natural selection
1368-468: The species to their environment. This process is called natural selection . Some species with certain traits in a population have higher survival and reproductive rate than others ( fitness ), and they pass on these genetic features to their offsprings. In evolutionary developmental biology, scientists look at how the different processes in development play a role in how a specific organism reaches its current body plan. The genetic regulation of ontogeny and
1406-529: Was influential in the early 20th century, known for pioneering work in psychopathology (founding the New York State Psychopathic Institute and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology ), hypnoid / hypnotic states , and group psychology . He is also noted for vigorously applying the principles of Darwinian evolution to the study of psychology. He vehemently opposed World War I , viewing war as
1444-485: Was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, but evolutionary biology, as an academic discipline in its own right, emerged during the period of the modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1980s that many universities had departments of evolutionary biology. In the United States, many universities have created departments of molecular and cell biology or ecology and evolutionary biology , in place of
#670329