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34-561: The name "Shonan" of this Japanese region already existed in the 17th century, relative to Shigitatsu-an , according to Ōiso Town . During the 1880s, when the custom of swimming in the ocean was introduced into Japan, the "Shonan" region became a resort area for the politicians and rich people from Tokyo. In postwar times, the Shōnan region gained prominence in Ishihara Shintaro 's prize-winning 1955 novel, Taiyō no Kisetsu ( Season of

68-536: A way of providing "traditional feeling expressed in genuine Japanese way". He wrote waka, and waka became an important form to his followers, the Kokugaku scholars. In Echigo Province a Buddhist priest, Ryōkan , composed many waka in a naïve style intentionally avoiding complex rules and the traditional way of waka. He belonged to another great tradition of waka: waka for expressing religious feeling. His frank expression of his feeling found many admirers, then and now. In

102-652: Is a tributary of the Xiang). In Japan, the corresponding flood-basin lake (which no longer exists but was mentioned in the Enoshima Engi ) was probably located along the course of the Kashio River , which flows into Sagami Bay (via the Katase River ) at Enoshima. Shigitatsu-an Shigitatsu-an ( Japanese : 鴫立庵 ) is a haikai dojo ( Japanese : 俳諧道場 ) in Ōiso, Kanagawa , Japan , where people learn haiku poetry from

136-469: Is a type of poetry in classical Japanese literature . Although waka in modern Japanese is written as 和歌 , in the past it was also written as 倭歌 (see Wa , an old name for Japan), and a variant name is yamato-uta ( 大和歌 ) . The word waka has two different but related meanings: the original meaning was "poetry in Japanese" and encompassed several genres such as chōka and sedōka (discussed below);

170-526: Is even worse.   Where do they come from, Flickering before my eyes.   Making me helpless Endlessly night after night. Not letting me sleep in peace? The chōka above is followed by an envoi ( 反歌 , hanka ) in tanka form, also written by Okura: 銀も 金も玉も 何せむに まされる宝 子にしかめやも   Shirokane mo Kugane mo tama mo Nanisemu ni Masareru takara Koni shikame yamo   What are they to me, Silver, or gold, or jewels?   How could they ever Equal

204-434: Is sometimes called Misohitomoji ( 三十一文字 ) , meaning it contains 31 syllables in total. The term waka originally encompassed a number of differing forms, principally tanka ( 短歌 , "short poem" ) and chōka ( 長歌 , "long poem" ) , but also including bussokusekika , sedōka ( 旋頭歌 , "memorized poem" ) and katauta ( 片歌 , "poem fragment" ) . These last three forms, however, fell into disuse at

238-498: Is that Shōnan comes from Xiangnan County (湘南県) of the old Province/Country of Changsha ( 長沙国 ) in southern China . In the latter theory, the region's name, Shōnan, derives from a supposedly scenic region in Hunan , China , encapsulated in the phrase 瀟湘湖南 (Chinese pinyin : "xiāo xiāng hú nán"; Japanese: " shōshō konan "). This phrase refers to a beautiful area on the Xiao River (瀟江) and

272-604: The Man'yōshū and other ancient sources exist. Besides that, there were many other forms like: Waka has a long history, first recorded in the early 8th century in the Kojiki and Man'yōshū . Under influence from other genres such as kanshi , novels and stories such as Tale of Genji and even Western poetry, it developed gradually, broadening its repertoire of expression and topics. The literary historian Donald Keene used four large categories The most ancient waka were recorded in

306-461: The Shin Kokin Wakashū : Original Japanese : こころなき 身にもあはれは 知られけり 鴫立沢の秋の夕暮 In Romaji : Kokoro naki mi nimo aware wa shirare keri Shigitatsu-sawa no aki no yūgure Translation: Known to me who has denied joy and sorrow of this world is The autumn scene of the rivulet where sandpipers walk at dusk. In 1694, Michikaze Ōyodo (大淀三千風) became the master at Shigitatsu-an. In 1768, it

340-677: The Five Men of the Pear Chamber to compile the Gosen Wakashū , in addition to preparing kundoku readings for the Man'yōshū , which by that time was already difficult for even educated Japanese to read. In 1005 Emperor Ichijō commanded the compilation of the Shūishū . The above three court anthologies, in addition to the five following anthologies, are known as the "Collections of Eight Ages" ( 八代集 , Hachidai-shū ) , and were all compiled during

374-727: The Heian period . After the Heian period, during the Kamakura period and later, renga , a form of collaborative linked poetry, began to develop. In the late Heian period, three of the last great waka poets appeared: Fujiwara no Shunzei , his son Fujiwara no Teika , and Emperor Go-Toba . Emperor Go-Toba ordered the creation of a new anthology and joined in editing it. The anthology was named Shin Kokin Wakashū . He edited it again and again until he died in 1239. Teika made copies of ancient books and wrote on

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408-546: The Muromachi period , renga became popular in the court and people around it. It spread to the priestly classes and thence to wealthy commoners. In much the same way as waka, renga anthologies were produced under the imperial aegis. As momentum and popular interest shifted to the renga form, the tanka style was left to the Imperial court. Conservative tendencies exacerbated the loss of life and flexibility. A tradition named Kokin-denju,

442-672: The Xiang River (湘江) south of the Yangtze River in Hunan. Often praised in Chinese poetry of the Xiaoxiang genre, the scenery of this area became a stylized and popular subject of paintings in both medieval China and Japan , particularly as to the graphic and poetic series known as the " Eight Views of Xiaoxiang ". In Japan, the scenery of the Shōnan area was thought to be similar to the scenery around

476-536: The Sun ). The novel, which was also made into a popular movie, portrayed the hedonistic lifestyle of young sun-worshippers from elite families ( taiyo-zoku , the "sun-tribe"), who hung out on Shōnan beaches. Lying as it does on the edge of the Tokyo- Yokohama metropolitan area , the Shōnan region is nowadays a leading resort area, oriented to surfing , sailboating , and other water sports . There are two theories about

510-597: The Xiao and Xiang rivers in Hunan, China; hence the term "Shōnan" (Chinese pinyin : "xiāng nán", another name for the southern Hunan region) came to be applied to the area around Enoshima in Japan. Besides the similarity in scenery, the two areas both had flood-basin lakes. The lake in China, which still exists, is Lake Dongting . Among others, the lake is fed by the Xiang and Xiao rivers (the Xiao

544-785: The beginning of the Heian period , and chōka vanished soon afterwards. Thus, the term waka came in time to refer only to tanka . Chōka consist of 5-7 on phrases repeated at least twice, and conclude with a 5-7-7 ending The briefest chōka documented is Man'yōshū no. 802, which is of a pattern 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7-7. It was composed by Yamanoue no Okura in the Nara period and runs: 瓜食めば 子ども思ほゆ 栗食めば まして偲はゆ 何処より 来りしものそ 眼交に もとな懸りて 安眠し寝さぬ Uri hameba Kodomo omohoyu Kuri hameba Mashite shinowayu Izuku yori Kitarishi monoso Manakai ni Motona kakarite Yasui shi nasanu   When I eat melons My children come to my mind;   When I eat chestnuts The longing

578-507: The cities, a comical, ironic and satiric form of waka emerged. It was called kyōka (狂歌), mad poem, and was loved by intellectual people in big cities like Edo and Osaka . It was not precisely a new form; satirical waka was a style known since ancient times. But it was in the Edo period that this aspect of waka developed and reached an artistic peak. Still, most waka poets kept to ancient tradition or made those reformation another stereotype, and waka

612-459: The court to cultivate native talent and look inward, synthesizing Chinese poetic styles and techniques with local traditions. The waka form again began flourishing, and Emperor Daigo ordered the creation of an anthology of waka, where the waka of ancient poets and their contemporaries were collected; the anthology was named " Kokin Wakashū ", meaning Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poems . It

646-412: The early Edo period, waka was not a fashionable genre. Newly created haikai no renga (of whose hokku , or opening verse, haiku was a late 19th-century revision) was the favored genre. This tendency was kept during this period, but in the late Edo period waka faced new trends from beyond the court. Motoori Norinaga , the great reviver of the traditional Japanese literature, attempted to revive waka as

680-530: The etymology of Shōnan ( Japanese : 湘南 ). One is that Kanagawa Prefecture where the Shōnan region is located was, until the first half of the 19th century, called Sagami-no-kuni ( 相模国 ) or Sōshū (相州) (as that phrase remains in Sagami River and Sagami Bay ) and, that Shōnan was in the south ( 南 ) of Sōshū (the water sign 氵 of the Kanji radicals having been added to "相" to make it more poetic ). The other theory

714-584: The greater treasure That is a child? They can not. [English translation by Edwin Cranston ] In the early Heian period (at the beginning of the 10th century), chōka was seldom written and tanka became the main form of waka. Since then, the generic term waka came to be almost synonymous with tanka. Famous examples of such works are the diaries of Ki no Tsurayuki and Izumi Shikibu , as well as such collections of poem tales as The Tales of Ise and The Tales of Yamato . Lesser forms of waka featured in

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748-447: The heritage of Kokin Wakashū, was developed. It was a system on how to analyze the Kokin Wakashū and included the secret (or precisely lost) meaning of words. Studying waka degenerated into learning the many intricate rules, allusions, theories, and secrets, so as to produce tanka that would be accepted by the court. There were comical waka already in the Kojiki and the Man'yōshū , but

782-405: The historical record the Kojiki and the 20 volumes of the Man'yōshū , the oldest surviving waka anthology. The editor of the Man'yōshū is anonymous , but it is believed that the final editor was Ōtomo no Yakamochi . He was a waka poet who belonged to the youngest generation represented in the anthology; indeed, the last volume is dominated by his poems. The first waka of volume 1

816-444: The later, more common definition refers to poetry in a 5-7-5-7-7 metre . Up to and during the compilation of the Man'yōshū in the eighth century, the word waka was a general term for poetry composed in Japanese, and included several genres such as tanka ( 短歌 , "short poem") , chōka ( 長歌 , "long poem") , bussokusekika ( 仏足石歌 , " Buddha footprint poem") and sedōka ( 旋頭歌 , "repeating-the-first-part poem") . However, by

850-460: The master there or from each other. It is one of the three important such dojo, the other two being Rakushi-sha ( 落柿舎 ) in Sagano, Kyoto , and Mumei-an ( 無名庵 ) in Ōtsu, Shiga . Shigitasu-an was built in 1664 by Sōsetsu (崇雪) as a humble hut on the rivulet, Shigitatsu-sawa, Ōiso, where the 12th century waka poet, monk Saigyō , was said to write one of his most famous poems which was later included in

884-481: The noble style of waka in the court inhibited and scorned such aspects of waka. Renga was soon in the same position with many codes and strictures reflecting literary tradition. Haikai no renga (also called just haikai (playful renga)) and kyōka, comical waka, were a reaction to this seriousness. But in the Edo-period waka itself lost almost all of its flexibility and began to echo and repeat old poems and themes. In

918-447: The occasion of someone's death), and other miscellaneous topics. During the Nara period and the early Heian period, the court favored Chinese-style poetry ( kanshi ) and the waka art form largely fell out of official favor. But in the 9th century, Japan stopped sending official envoys to Tang dynasty China . This severing of ties, combined with Japan's geographic isolation, essentially forced

952-511: The theory of waka. His descendants, and indeed almost all subsequent poets, such as Shōtetsu , taught his methods and studied his poems. The courtly poetry scenes were historically dominated by a few noble clans and allies, each of which staked out a position. By this period, a number of clans had fallen by the wayside, leaving the Reizei and the Nijō families; the former stood for "progressive" approaches,

986-615: The time of the Kokinshū ' s compilation at the beginning of the tenth century, all of these forms except for the tanka and chōka had effectively gone extinct, and chōka had significantly diminished in prominence. As a result, the word waka became effectively synonymous with tanka , and the word tanka fell out of use until it was revived at the end of the nineteenth century (see Tanka ). Tanka (hereafter referred to as waka ) consist of five lines ( 句 , ku , literally "phrases") of 5-7-5-7-7 on or syllabic units. Therefore, tanka

1020-551: The varied use of the "ten styles" and novelty, while the latter conservatively hewed to already established norms and the "ushin" (deep feelings) style that dominated courtly poetry. Eventually, the Nijo family became defunct, leading to the ascendancy of the "liberal" Reizei family. Their innovative reign was soon deposed by the Asukai family, aided by the Ashikaga shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshinori. In

1054-412: Was by Emperor Ōjin . Nukata no Ōkimi , Kakinomoto no Hitomaro , Yamabe no Akahito , Yamanoue no Okura , Ōtomo no Tabito and his son Yakamochi were the greatest poets in this anthology. The Man'yōshū recorded not only the works of the royalty and nobility, but also works of soldiers and farmers whose names were not recorded. The main topics of the Man'yōshū were love, sadness (especially on

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1088-485: Was compiled by Ki no Tsurayuki , Ki no Tomonori , Ōshikōchi no Mitsune and Mibu no Tadamine on the orders of Emperor Daigo in 905. It collected roughly 1,100 waka that had not appeared in the Man'yōshū into 20 volumes, arranged by theme. The Kokinshū poems are generally considered to be reflective and idealistic. Roughly half a century after the compilation of the Kokinshū , in 951, Emperor Murakami commanded

1122-628: Was presented to the emperor in 905. This was the first waka anthology edited and issued under imperial auspices, and it commenced a long and distinguished tradition of imperial anthologies of waka that continued up to the Muromachi period. The first three imperially-commissioned waka anthologies ( 三代集 , Sandai-shū ) were the Kokin Wakashū , the Gosen Wakashū and the Shūi Wakashū . The Kokinshū

1156-553: Was re-established by Chōsui Shirai ( 白井鳥酔 ). Currently, Motoi Ei ( ja:本井英 ) is the 23rd master (2020-). Shigitatsu-an was built on Tokaido , the main thoroughfare between Edo and Kyoto, which is now National Route 1 . There stands a stele erected by Oiso Town that the word " Shōnan " was first mentioned by Sosetsu introducing Shigitatsu-an to the passers-by. 35°18′40.4″N 139°18′48.6″E  /  35.311222°N 139.313500°E  / 35.311222; 139.313500 Waka (poetry) Waka ( 和歌 , "Japanese poem")

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