Misplaced Pages

#710289

24-517: Shudehill Interchange is a transport hub between Manchester Victoria station and the Northern Quarter in Manchester city centre , England, which comprises a Metrolink stop and a bus station . The tracks through the site were opened in 1992; however, the tram stop did not open until 31 March 2003. The bus part of the interchange opened on 29 January 2006. Construction had initially started on

48-544: A bilateral security architecture in East Asia that is different from the multilateral security architecture in Europe. The US acts as a "hub", and Asian countries like South Korea and Japan are its "spokes". There is a strong connection between the hub and the spoke, but weak or no connections between the spokes themselves. In April 2014, all ten ASEAN defense chiefs and United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel attended

72-490: A major transport hub, often multimodal (bus and rail), may be referred to as a transport centre or, in American English , as a transit center . Sections of city streets that are devoted to functioning as transit hubs are referred to as transit malls . In cities with a central station , that station often also functions as a transport hub in addition to being a railway station. Journey planning involving transport hubs

96-419: A point-to-point network. For example, in a system with 6 destinations, the spoke–hub system requires only 5 routes to connect all destinations, and a true point-to-point system would require 15 routes. However distance traveled per route will necessarily be more than with a point-to-point system (except where the route happens to have no interchange). Therefore, efficiency may be reduced. Conversely, for

120-584: A result of this, spokes are simpler to operate, and so new routes can easily be created. In addition, the hub constitutes a bottleneck or single point of failure in the network. The total cargo capacity of the network is limited by the hub's capacity. Delays at the hub (such as from bad weather conditions) can result in delays throughout the network. Cargo must pass through the hub before reaching its destination and so require longer journeys than direct point-to-point trips. That may be desirable for freight, which can benefit from sorting and consolidating operations at

144-534: A transportation network as a hub-and-spoke model". The hub-and-spoke model, as compared to the point-to-point model, requires fewer routes. For a network of n  nodes, only n − 1 routes are necessary to connect all nodes so the upper bound is n − 1 , and the complexity is O( n ). That compares favourably to the n ( n − 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}} routes, or O( n ), which would be required to connect each node to every other node in

168-483: Is more complicated than direct trips, as journeys will typically require a transfer at the hub. Modern electronic journey planners for public transport have a digital representation of both the stops and transport hubs in a network, to allow them to calculate journeys that include transfers at hubs. Airports have a twofold hub function. First, they concentrate passenger traffic into one place for onward transportation. This makes it important for airports to be connected to

192-441: The hub-and-spoke system ) is a form of transport topology optimization in which traffic planners organize routes as a series of " spokes " that connect outlying points to a central "hub". Simple forms of this distribution/connection model contrast with point-to-point transit systems, in which each point has a direct route to every other point, and which modeled the principal method of transporting passengers and freight until

216-735: The hub and spoke system for aviation in 1955 from its hub in Atlanta, Georgia , United States , in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines . FedEx adopted the hub and spoke model for overnight package delivery during the 1970s. When the United States airline industry was deregulated in 1978, Delta's hub and spoke paradigm was adopted by several airlines. Many airlines around the world operate hub-and-spoke systems facilitating passenger connections between their respective flights. Intermodal passenger transport hubs in public transport include bus stations, railway stations and metro stations , while

240-438: The 1970s. Delta Air Lines pioneered the spoke–hub distribution model in 1955, and the concept revolutionized the transportation logistics industry after Federal Express demonstrated its value in the early 1970s. In the late 1970s the telecommunications and information technology sector subsequently adopted this distribution topology, dubbing it the star network network topology. "Hubbing" involves "the arrangement of

264-411: The airline does not fly directly between. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis, and to create major routes between the hubs. This reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes that are close together. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high traffic routes, bypassing

SECTION 10

#1733202389711

288-470: The airline industry was deregulated in 1978, several other airlines adopted Delta's hub-and-spoke paradigm. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis and to create major routes between them. That reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes near one another. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high-traffic routes and to bypass

312-719: The bus station in 1998 and it was planned to have been completed and fully operational by 2000, but several disputes over the ownership of the site along with two public inquiries over the course of five years resulted in the construction work on the station being halted until 2003. The Shudehill stop is in Zone 1 , forming part of the First City Crossing . Trams run through Shudehill to Bury , Altrincham , Manchester Airport , Piccadilly and Victoria . Services run every twelve minutes on each route at most operating times. The bus station, designed by Jefferson Sheard Architects , replaced

336-582: The former Cannon Street bus station, under the Manchester Arndale ; since the redevelopment of Manchester city centre, the latter has disappeared along with Cannon Street itself. The Bus station is now under the control of TfGM through the Bee Network (as of 2024). Bus services are operated under the Bee Network by Stagecoach Manchester and Go North West . There are frequent buses to destinations in

360-410: The hub entirely. The spoke–hub model is applicable to other forms of transportation as well: For passenger road transport , the spoke–hub model does not apply because drivers generally take the shortest or fastest route between two points. However, the road network as a whole likewise contains higher order roads like limited access highways and more local roads with most trips starting and ending at

384-401: The hub entirely. There are usually three kinds of freight hubs: sea-road, sea-rail, and road-rail, though they can also be sea-road-rail. With the growth of containerization , intermodal freight transport has become more efficient, often making multiple legs cheaper than through services—increasing the use of hubs. Hub and spoke The spoke–hub distribution paradigm (also known as

408-457: The hub, but it is problematic for time-critical cargo, as well as for passengers. The necessity of baggage transfers at the hub also increases the risk of missing luggage, as compared to the point-to-point model. In 1955, Delta Air Lines pioneered the hub-and-spoke system at its hub in Atlanta , Georgia , in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines . In the mid-1970s FedEx adopted the hub-and-spoke model for overnight package delivery. After

432-584: The hub-and-spokes paradigm refers to the network of alliances the United States has built individually with other East Asian countries. The 1951 Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , the 1953 U.S.–South Korea Status of Forces Agreement and the 1954 Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China (later replaced by the Taiwan Relations Act ) are some examples of such bilateral security relationships. The system creates

456-430: The latter but spending most of the distance on the former. The hub-and-spoke model has also been used in economic geography theory to classify a particular type of industrial district. Economic geographer Ann Markusen theorized about industrial districts, with a number of key industrial firms and facilities acting as a hub, with associated businesses and suppliers benefiting from their presence and arranged around them like

480-837: The north and the west of Greater Manchester , including Bury , Middleton , Rochdale , Salford , Eccles , Bolton and the Trafford Centre . The bus station is also served by night buses because of its location near the Printworks and Free bus around the city Route 2. Coach services are operated by Flixbus and Megabus . In April 2009, the Manchester Megabus stop moved from the Chorlton Street coach station to Shudehill Interchange. Flixbus began intercity services to Manchester Shudehill from London in 2020. Transport hub Historically, an interchange service in

504-463: The same number of aircraft, having fewer routes to fly means each route can be flown more frequently and with higher capacity because the demand for passengers can be resourced from more than just one city (assuming the passengers are willing to change, which will of itself incur its own costs). Complicated operations, such as package sorting and accounting, can be carried out at the hub rather than at every node, and this leads to economies of scale . As

SECTION 20

#1733202389711

528-869: The scheduled passenger air transport industry involved a "through plane" flight operated by two or more airlines where a single aircraft was used with the individual airlines operating it with their own flight crews on their respective portions of a direct, no-change-of-plane multi-stop flight. In the U.S., a number of air carriers including Alaska Airlines , American Airlines , Braniff International Airways , Continental Airlines , Delta Air Lines , Eastern Airlines , Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) , Hughes Airwest , National Airlines (1934-1980) , Pan Am , Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), United Airlines and Western Airlines previously operated such cooperative "through plane" interchange flights on both domestic and/or international services with these schedules appearing in their respective system timetables. Delta Air Lines pioneered

552-439: The spokes of a wheel. The chief characteristic of such hub-and-spoke industrial districts is the importance of one or more large companies, usually in one industrial sector, surrounded by smaller, associated businesses. Examples of cities with such districts include Seattle (where Boeing was founded), Silicon Valley (a high tech hub), and Toyota City , with Toyota . In the context of East Asian geopolitics, Victor Cha says

576-410: The surrounding transport infrastructure, including roads, bus services, and railway and rapid transit systems. Secondly some airports function as intra-modular hubs for the airlines, or airline hubs . This is a common strategy among network airlines who fly only from limited number of airports and usually will make their customers change planes at one of their hubs if they want to get between two cities

#710289