74-504: [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Short Film Golden Bear" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Golden Bear for
148-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
222-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
296-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
370-1375: A Swim" . Screen Daily , 14 February 2008. ^ Ed Meza, "‘Please’ wins Golden Bear for shorts" . Variety , 11 February 2009. ^ Meza, Ed (17 February 2010). " 'Bank' wins Golden Bear for best short" . Variety . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . ^ Park Min-young, "‘Night Fishing’ brings home Golden Bear" . The Korea Herald , 20 February 2011. ^ Ed Meza, "‘Caesar Must Die’ wins Golden Bear" . Variety , 18 February 2012. ^ Bryce J. Renninger, "Berlinale Golden Bear Goes to Romania’s ‘Child’s Pose;’ David Gordon Green Best Director" . IndieWire , 16 February 2013. ^ "China's Black Coal, Thin Ice wins Berlin Golden Bear" . Screen Daily , 15 February 2014. ^ "Korean short wins top honor at Berlin film festival" . The Korea Herald , 15 February 2015. ^ Martin Kuebler, "'Fuocoammare' wins Berlinale Golden Bear" . Deutsche Welle , 20 February 2016. ^ Ed Meza, "Berlin Film Festival: ‘On Body and Soul’ Wins Golden Bear for Best Film" . Variety , 18 February 2017. ^ Steve Pond, "‘Touch Me Not’ Wins Golden Bear Award at
444-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
518-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
592-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
666-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
740-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
814-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
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#1732855543966888-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
962-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
1036-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
1110-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
1184-595: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
1258-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
1332-656: Is locally defined German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and
1406-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
1480-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
1554-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
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#17328555439661628-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
1702-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
1776-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
1850-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
1924-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
1998-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
2072-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
2146-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
2220-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
2294-644: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
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2368-640: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
2442-536: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
2516-503: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
2590-462: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
2664-941: The Adamant’ Wins Golden Bear at Berlin" . Variety , 25 February 2023. ^ Scott Roxborough (24 February 2024). "Berlin Film Festival Winners" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlinale . Berlinale website v t e Short Film Golden Bear Winners 1950s Paris la nuit (1956) Gente lontana (1957) La lunga raccolta (1958) Prijs de zee (1959) 1960s Le songe des chevaux sauvages (1960) Gesicht von der Stange? (1961) De werkelijkheid van Karel Appel (1962) Bowspelement (1963) Kirdi (1964) Yeats Country (1965) Knud (1966) Through
2738-765: The Bar Dean Parisot United States 1987 Curriculum vitae Pavel Koutský Czechoslovakia 1988 Oblast Zdravko Barišić Yugoslavia 1989 Pas à deux Monique Renault & Gerrit van Dijk Netherlands 1990s 1990 Mister Tao Bruno Bozzetto Italy 1991 Six Point Nine Dan Bootzin United States 1993 Bolero Ivan Maximov Russia 1994 Ashes (Hamu) Ferenc Cakó Hungary 1995 Repeat (Repete) Michaela Pavlátová Czech Republic 1996 The Arrival of
2812-809: The Berlin Film Festival" . TheWrap , 24 February 2018. ^ Ed Meza, "Berlin Film Festival 2019: Nadav Lapid’s ‘Synonyms’ Wins Golden Bear" . Variety , 16 February 2019. ^ Ed Meza, "‘There Is No Evil’ Wins Golden Bear at Berlin Film Festival " . Variety , 29 February 2020. ^ Nicole Santé, "Berlin Golden Bear Best Short Film: Nanu Tudor review" . Business Doc Europe , 4 March 2021. ^ Scott Roxborough, "Berlin: ‘Alcarras’ Wins Golden Bear for Best Film" . The Hollywood Reporter , 16 February 2022. ^ Guy Lodge, "French Documentary ‘On
2886-679: The Best Short Film ( German : Goldener Bär für den Besten Kurzfilm ) is the most important award in the short film competition of the Berlin International Film Festival . Awards [ edit ] Year Film Director Country Ref 1950s 1956 Paris at Night (Paris la nuit) Jacques Baratier & Jean Valère France 1957 Distant People (Gente lontana) Lionetto Fabbri Italy 1958 La lunga raccolta Lionetto Fabbri Italy 1959 Praise
2960-1563: The Ecumenical Jury Shooting Stars Award Teddy Award By year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of Berlin International Film Festival jury presidents Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Film_Golden_Bear&oldid=1253694341 " Categories : Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Short film awards Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German-language text Commons link
3034-714: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
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3108-1275: The Eyes of a Painter M. F. Husain India 1968 Portrait: Orson Welles François Reichenbach & Frédéric Rossif France 1969 To See or Not to See (Psychocratie) Bretislav Pojar Canada 1970s 1971 1501 ½ Paul B. Price United States 1972 Flyaway Robin Lehman United Kingdom 1973 Colter's Hell Robin Lehman United Kingdom 1974 The Concert Claude Chagrin United Kingdom 1975 See Robin Lehman United Kingdom 1976 Horu - munakata shiko no sekai Takeo Yanagawa Japan 1977 Ortsfremd... wohnhaft vormals Mainzerlandstraße Hedda Rinneberg & Hans Sachs West Germany 1978 Co jsme udelali slepicím Vladimír Jiránek & Josef Hekrdle Czechoslovakia 1979 Ubu Geoff Dunbar United Kingdom 1980s 1980 The Heads (Hlavy) Petr Sís Czechoslovakia 1981 History of
3182-435: The Eyes of a Painter (1967) Portrait: Orson Welles (1968) To See or Not to See (1969) 1970s 1501 1/2 (1971) Flyaway (1972) Colter's Hell (1973) The Concert (1974) See (1975) Horu - munakata shiko no sekai (1976) Ortsfremd... wohnhaft vormals Mainzerlandstraße (1977) Co jsme udelali slepicím (1978) Ubu (1979) 1980s Hlavy (1980) History of
3256-1154: The First Time! (Aldrig som första gången!) Jonas Odell Sweden 2007 Contact (Raak) Hanro Smitsman Netherlands 2008 A Good Day for a Swim (O zi buna de plaja) Bogdan Mustață Romania 2009 Please Say Something David O'Reilly Ireland 2010s 2010 Incident by a Bank (Händelse vid bank) Ruben Östlund Sweden 2011 Night Fishing Chan-kyong Park & Chan-wook Park South Korea 2012 Rafa João Salaviza Portugal 2013 The Runaway (La fugue) Jean-Bernard Marlin France 2014 As Long As Shotguns Remain (Tant qu'il nous reste des fusils à pompe) Caroline Poggi & Jonathan Vinel France 2015 Hosanna Young-kil Na South Korea 2016 Batrachian's Ballad (Balada de um Batráquio) Leonor Teles Portugal 2017 Small Town (Cidade Pequena) Diogo Costa Amarante Portugal 2018 The Men Behind
3330-718: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
3404-524: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
3478-447: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
3552-675: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
3626-646: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
3700-1008: The Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
3774-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
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#17328555439663848-685: The Sea (Prijs de zee) Herman van der Horst Netherlands 1960s 1960 Dream of the Wild Horses (Le songe des chevaux sauvages) Denys Colomb de Daunant France 1961 Gesicht von der Stange? Raimund Ruehl West Germany 1962 The Reality of Karel Appel (De werkelijkheid van Karel Appel) Jan Vrijman Netherlands 1963 Bowspelement Charles Huguenot van der Linden Netherlands 1964 Kirdi Max Lersch Austria 1965 Yeats Country Patrick Carey Ireland, United Kingdom 1966 Knud Jørgen Roos Denmark 1967 Through
3922-898: The Train (Pribitie poezda) Andrei Zhelezniakov Russia 1997 The Latest News (Senaste Nytt) Per Carleson Sweden 1998 I Move, So I Am (Ik beweeg, dus ik besta) Gerrit van Dijk Netherlands 1999 Faraon Sergei Ovcharov Russia Masks (Maski) Piotr Karwas Germany 2000s 2000 Tribute to Alfred Lepetit (Hommage à Alfred Lepetit) Jean Rousselot France 2001 Black Soul (Âme noire) Martine Chartrand Canada 2002 At Dawning Martin Jones United Kingdom 2003 (A)Torsion ((A)Torzija) Stefan Arsenijević Slovenia 2004 Cigarettes and Coffee (Un cartus de kent si un pachet de cafea) Cristi Puiu Romania 2005 Milk Peter Mackie Burns United Kingdom 2006 Never Like
3996-1309: The Wall Inés Moldavsky Israel 2019 Umbra Florian Fischer & Johannes Krell Germany 2020s 2020 T Keisha Rae Witherspoon United States 2021 My Uncle Tudor (Nanu Tudor) Olga Lucovnicova Moldova 2022 Trap Anastasia Veber Russia, Lithuania 2023 Les Chenilles Michelle Keserwany, Noel Keserwany France 2024 An Odd Turn Francisco Lezama Argentina References [ edit ] ^ "Canadian film best Berlin short". Toronto Star , 8 July 1969. ^ "Canadian film wins Berlin award". The Globe and Mail , February 26, 1981. ^ "NFB animated short wins Golden Bear award at Berlin Film Festival". Moose Jaw Times-Herald , 25 February 2001. ^ "Fatih Akin’s “Head On” Wins Top Prize at 2004 Berlinale" . IndieWire , 17 February 2004. ^ "Scottish film gets Berlin's top prize" . The Herald , 19 February 2005. ^ "Swedish Film Wins Golden Bear" . Sveriges Radio , 15 February 2006. ^ "Berlin digest: Smitsman’s ‘Raak’ wins Silver Bear" . The Hollywood Reporter , 14 February 2007. ^ Wendy Mitchell, "Shorts Golden Bear splashed out for A Good Day For
4070-744: The Wall (2018) Umbra (2019) 2020s T (2020) Nanu Tudor (2021) Trap (2022) Les Chenilles (2023) An Odd Turn (2024) v t e Berlin International Film Festival Awards Main competition Golden Bear Grand Jury Prize Jury Prize Director Screenplay Leading Performance Supporting Performance Outstanding Artistic Contribution Other awards Honorary Golden Bear Short Film Golden Bear Short Film Silver Bear Encounters Retired awards Alfred Bauer Prize Actor Actress Independent awards FIPRESCI Award Prize of
4144-573: The World in Three Minutes Flat Michael Mills Canada 1982 The Puppet, A Friend of Man (Loutka, přítel člověka) Ivan Renč Czechoslovakia 1983 Dimensions of Dialogue (Možnosti dialogu) Jan Švankmajer Czechoslovakia 1984 The Bicycle Symphony (Cykelsymfonien) Åke Sandgren Denmark / Sweden 1985 From the Reports of Security Guards & Patrol Services Part 1 (Nr. 1 - Aus Berichten der Wach- und Patrouillendienste) Helke Sander West Germany 1986 Tom Goes to
4218-1114: The World in Three Minutes Flat (1981) Loutka, prítel cloveka (1982) Moznosti dialogu (1983) Cykelsymfonien (1984) Nr. 1 - Aus Berichten der Wach- und Patrouillendienste (1985) Tom Goes to the Bar (1986) Curriculum vitae (1987) Oblast (1988) Pas à deux (1989) 1990s Mistertao (1990) Six Point Nine (1991) Bolero (1993) Hamu (1994) Repete (1995) Pribitie poezda (1996) Senaste Nytt (1997) Ik beweeg, dus ik besta (1998) Faraon / Maski (1999) 2000s Hommage à Alfred Lepetit (2000) Black Soul (2001) At Dawning (2002) (A)Torzija (2003) Un cartus de kent si un pachet de cafea (2004) Milk (2005) Aldrig som första gången! (2006) Raak (2007) O zi buna de plaja (2008) Please Say Something (2009) 2010s Händelse vid bank (2010) Night Fishing (2011) Rafa (2012) La fugue (2013) As Long As Shotguns Remain (2014) Ho-san-na (2015) Balada de um Batráquio (2016) Cidade Pequena (2017) The Men Behind
4292-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
4366-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
4440-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
4514-427: The film centres on a scientist who develops a pair of glasses that allows the wearer to see reality instead of subjective perception, thus making fear less onerous and easier to overcome. To See or Not to See amusingly reflects on the habit of looking before one leaps. What Pojar shows us is the little person inside each of us, the cautious character we all know, who acts to keep us out of trouble but also keeps us in
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#17328555439664588-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
4662-417: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
4736-404: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . To See or Not to See To See or Not to See ( French : Psychocratie ) is a 1969 Canadian animated short film, directed by Břetislav Pojar for the National Film Board of Canada . An exploration of fear ,
4810-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
4884-423: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
4958-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
5032-492: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
5106-449: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
5180-438: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
5254-415: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
5328-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
5402-530: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
5476-485: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
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