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19-455: The work covers the 95-year period from the beginning of Emperor Monmu 's reign in 697 until the 10th year of Emperor Kanmu 's reign in 791, spanning nine imperial reigns. It was completed in 797 AD. The text is forty volumes in length. It is primarily written in kanbun , a Japanese form of Classical Chinese , as was normal for formal Japanese texts at the time. However, a number of senmyō ( 宣命 ) or "imperial edicts" contained within

38-477: Is not traditionally listed. Sessh%C5%8D and Kampaku In Japan , Sesshō ( 摂政 ) was a regent who was named to act on behalf of either a child emperor before his coming of age , or an empress regnant . The Kampaku ( 関白 ) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the Emperor, but was in practice the title of both first secretary and regent who assisted an adult Emperor. The duties of

57-775: The Emperor of Japan in pre- Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Monmu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Conventional modern scholarship seems to have determined that the years of Monmu's reign are encompassed within more than one era name or nengō . The initial years of Monmu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō . The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – languished until Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming

76-460: The Konoe , Kujō , Nijō , Ichijo , and Takatsukasa families. From then on, these five families served as Sesshō and Kampaku on a rotating basis. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not a noble by birth; his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu also became a Kampaku . Hideyoshi obtained this title, the highest position in the aristocracy, by being adopted into

95-719: The Sesshō and Kampaku were to convey to the Emperor the policies formulated by the Sadaijin ( 左大臣 , Minister of the Left ) and other senior officials of the Daijō-kan ( 太政官 , Council of State ) , and to convey the Emperor's decisions to them. As regents of the Emperor, the Sesshō and Kampaku sometimes made decisions on behalf of the Emperor, but their positions were not defined by law and they had no specific political authority. The two titles were collectively known as sekkan ( 摂関 ) , and

114-459: The Fujiwara clan monopolized the Sesshō and Kampaku , and at the end of the 10th century, around the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi , the power of the Fujiwara clan reached its zenith. In the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo ran his own government, and the next Emperor, Shirakawa , abdicated to become Cloistered Emperor , beginning the cloistered rule . From then on,

133-538: The Konoe and Kujō families were descendants of Fujiwara no Yorimichi , through Fujiwara no Tadamichi . The other three families were derived from either the Konoe or Kujō families. Until the Meiji Restoration of 1868, those five families held those title exclusively with the two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu . The offices and titles of sesshō and kampaku were abolished by

152-548: The Konoe family and formally becoming an aristocrat. A retired Kampaku was called Taikō ( 太閤 ) , which came to commonly refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Both sesshō and kampaku were styled as denka or tenga ( 殿下 ) in historical pronunciation; translated as "(Imperial) Highness", as were Imperial princes and princesses. In earlier times, only members of the Imperial Family could be appointed sesshō . The Kojiki reports that Emperor Ōjin

171-411: The age of 25. The actual site of Monmu's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Monmu's mausoleum . It is formally named Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi . Kugyō ( 公卿 ) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of

190-491: The cloistered rule of Cloistered Emperor took root, and the de facto Fujiwara regime, which used the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku , was over, and the Sesshō and Kampaku lost their real political power and became mere names. During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), when the warrior class seized power and the Kamakura shogunate was established, the Fujiwara were divided into Five regent houses ( 五摂家 , Go-sekke ) :

209-563: The commencement of Taihō in 701. In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame: Bunin : Fujiwara no Miyako (藤原宮子, d. 754), Fujiwara no Fuhito ’s daughter Hin : Ki no Kamado-no-iratsume (紀竃門娘) Hin : Ishikawa no Tone-no-iratsume (石川刀子娘) Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū

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228-617: The declaration of the Imperial Restoration in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration in order to reorganize the government structure. The office and title of sesshō was stipulated under the former Imperial Household Law in 1889 and also under the new Imperial Household Law in 1948. Under these laws, the officeholder of sesshō is restricted to a member of the Imperial family. Crown Prince Hirohito , before becoming Emperor Shōwa,

247-507: The families that exclusively held the titles were called sekkan-ke ( sekkan family). During the Heian period (794–1185), from the middle of the 9th century, the Fujiwara clan began to marry off their daughters to the Emperor and assume the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku , thereby excluding other clans from the political centre and increasing their political power. From the 10th century,

266-436: The text are written in a script known as "senmyō-gaki", which preserves particles and verb endings phonographically. This article about a non-fiction book on Japanese history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Emperor Monmu Emperor Monmu ( 文武天皇 , Monmu- tennō , 683–707) was the 42nd emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Monmu's reign spanned

285-481: The years from 697 through 707. Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne , his personal name ( imina ) was Karu -shinnō . He was a grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō . He was the second son of Prince Kusakabe. Monmu's mother was Princess Abe, a daughter of Emperor Tenji . Monmu's mother would later accede to the throne herself, and she would be known as Empress Genmei. Karu -shinnō

304-525: Was sesshō from 1921 to 1926 for the mentally disabled Emperor Taishō . He was called sesshō-no-miya ( 摂政宮 , "the Prince-Regent") . The area of Taikō in Nagoya is named after the title, although it refers to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The main street is Taikō-dōri, which is served by the subway Taiko-dori Station . The following is a list of sesshō and kampaku in the order of succession. The list

323-530: Was assisted by his mother, Empress Jingū , but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical sesshō was Prince Shōtoku , who assisted Empress Suiko . The Fujiwara clan was the primary holder of the kampaku and sesshō titles. More precisely, those titles were held by the Fujiwara Hokke (northern Fujiwara family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged. In 858, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became sesshō . He

342-465: Was only six years old when his father, Crown Prince Kusakabe , died. Emperor Monmu ruled until his death in 707, at which point he was succeeded by his mother, Empress Genmei , who was also his first cousin once removed and his first cousin twice removed. He left a young son by Fujiwara no Miyako, a daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito : Obito no miko (Prince Obito), who eventually became Emperor Shōmu . Emperor Monmu's reign lasted 10 years. He died at

361-401: Was the first sesshō not to be a member of the Imperial house. In 887, Fujiwara no Mototsune , the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office of kampaku . In the 12th century, there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called sekke : the Konoe family , Kujō family , Ichijō family , Takatsukasa family and Nijō family . Both

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