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22-472: By 2017, SHINCOM had been installed on over 150 warships. Original version installed on RCN Halifax -class frigates. Developmental version using commercial off-the-shelf standard programming language and interfaces, instead of proprietary standard. Developed in the late-1990s by DRS TCL with the Canadian Department of National Defence . Production version developed from SHINCOM II and deployed by

44-640: A group is creating a make-work system to justify extra funding, rather than providing a low-cost system which meets the basic needs, regardless of the use of COTS products. Applying the lessons of processor obsolescence learned during the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor , the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II planned for processor upgrades during development, and switched to the more widely supported C++ programming language. They have also moved from ASICs to FPGAs . This moves more of

66-825: A major threat. Gartner predicts that "enterprise IT supply chains will be targeted and compromised, forcing changes in the structure of the IT marketplace and how IT will be managed moving forward". Also, the SANS Institute published a survey of 700 IT and security professionals in December 2012 that found that only 14% of companies perform security reviews on every commercial application brought in house, and over half of other companies do not perform security assessments. Instead companies either rely on vendor reputation (25%) and legal liability agreements (14%) or they have no policies for dealing with COTS at all and therefore have limited visibility into

88-443: A market research firm. It acquired Datapro Information Services, a computer industry analysis-focused unit of McGraw-Hill , in 1997; that in turn had once been Datapro Research Corporation of Delran Township, New Jersey . It has also acquired a number of direct competitors: Meta Group in 2005, AMR Research and Burton Group in early 2010, and Ideas International in 2012. In March 2014, Gartner announced that it had acquired

110-551: A reduction in initial cost and development time over an increase in software component-integration work, dependency on the vendor , security issues and incompatibilities from future changes. COTS software and services are built and delivered usually from a third party vendor. COTS can be purchased, leased or even licensed to the general public. COTS can be obtained and operated at a lower cost over in-house development, and provide increased reliability and quality over custom-built software as these are developed by specialists within

132-455: A replacement system. Such obsolescence problems have led to government-industry partnerships, where various businesses agree to stabilize some product versions for government use and plan some future features, in those product lines, as a joint effort. Hence, some partnerships have led to complaints of favoritism, to avoiding competitive procurement practices, and to claims of the use of sole-source agreements where not actually needed. There

154-423: Is a COTS software provider. Goods and construction materials may qualify as COTS but bulk cargo does not. Services associated with the commercial items may also qualify as COTS, including installation services, training services, and cloud services. COTS purchases are alternatives to custom software or one-off developments – government-funded developments or otherwise. Although COTS products can be used out of

176-420: Is also the danger of pre-purchasing a multi-decade supply of replacement parts (and materials) which would become obsolete within 10 years. All these considerations lead to compare a simple solution (such as "paper & pencil") to avoid overly complex solutions creating a " Rube Goldberg " system of creeping featurism , where a simple solution would have sufficed instead. Such comparisons also consider whether

198-506: Is integrated or networked with other software products to create a new composite application or a system of systems. The composite application can inherit risks from its COTS components. The US Department of Homeland Security has sponsored efforts to manage supply chain cyber security issues related to the use of COTS. However, software industry observers such as Gartner and the SANS Institute indicate that supply chain disruption poses

220-508: The COTS product. The use of COTS has been mandated across many government and business programs, as such products may offer significant savings in procurement, development, and maintenance. Motivations for using COTS components include hopes for reduction system whole of life costs. In the 1990s, many regarded COTS as extremely effective in reducing the time and cost of software development . COTS software came with many not-so-obvious tradeoffs –

242-1026: The RCN. The first version of SHINCOM won sales to the United States military at the same time it was installed on the Halifax -class frigates. The underlying technology of SHINCOM 2100 contributed to the AN/ON-568 Secure Voice System, which was a part of the USN Aegis Combat System. SHINCOM 2100 was exported to navies that also bought Aegis. In USN service, SHINCOM is known as the Integrated Voice Communications Systems (IVCS). Commercial off-the-shelf Commercial-off-the-shelf or commercially available off-the-shelf ( COTS ) products are packaged or canned (ready-made) hardware or software, which are adapted aftermarket to

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264-636: The avionic design from fixed circuits to software that can be applied to future generations of hardware. COTS components are part of upgrades to the sonar of United States Navy submarines. Gartner Gartner, Inc. is an American technological research and consulting firm based in Stamford, Connecticut , that conducts research on technology and shares this research both through private consulting as well as executive programs and conferences. Its clients include large corporations, government agencies, technology companies, and investment firms. In 2018,

286-458: The box, in practice the COTS product must be configured to achieve the needs of the business and integrated to existing organizational systems. Extending the functionality of COTS products via custom development is also an option, however this decision should be carefully considered due to the long term support and maintenance implications. Such customized functionality is not supported by the COTS vendor, so brings its own sets of issues when upgrading

308-463: The company's client base consisted of over 12,000 organizations in over 100 countries. As of 2022, Gartner has over 15,000 employees located in over 100 offices worldwide. It is a member of the S&;P 500 . Gideon Gartner founded Gartner, Inc. in 1979. Originally private, the company launched publicly as Gartner Group in 1986 before Saatchi & Saatchi acquired it in 1988. In 1990, Gartner Group

330-480: The device itself if the steps are not taken to ensure fair and safe standards are complied with. The standard IEC 62304:2006 "Medical device software – Software life cycle processes" outlines specific practices to ensure that SOUP components support the safety requirements for the device being developed. In the case where the software components are COTS, DHS best practices for COTS software risk review can be applied. Simply being COTS software does not necessarily imply

352-490: The industry and are validated by various independent organizations, often over an extended period of time. According to the United States Department of Homeland Security , software security is a serious risk of using COTS software. If the COTS software contains severe security vulnerabilities it can introduce significant risk into an organization's software supply chain . The risks are compounded when COTS software

374-610: The lack of a fault history or transparent software development process. For well documented COTS software a distinction as clear SOUP is made, meaning that it may be used in medical devices. A striking example of product obsolescence are PlayStation 3 clusters , which used Linux to operate. Sony disabled the use of Linux on the PS3 in April 2010, leaving no means to procure functioning Linux replacement units . In general, COTS product obsolescence can require customized support or development of

396-550: The needs of the purchasing organization, rather than the commissioning of custom-made, or bespoke , solutions. A related term, Mil-COTS , refers to COTS products for use by the U.S. military. In the context of the U.S. government , the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) has defined "COTS" as a formal term for commercial items, including services, available in the commercial marketplace that can be bought and used under government contract. For example, Microsoft

418-451: The privately held company Software Advice for an undisclosed amount. In 2014, Gartner also coined the term "Digital BizOps" and further developed the early philosophy for digital business operations. In July 2015, Gartner acquired Nubera , the business app discovery network that owns properties like GetApp (a peer review site), AppStorm , AppAppeal , and CloudWork . Terms of the deal were not disclosed. In September 2015, it acquired

440-496: The privately held peer review site (PRS) Capterra . In June 2016, Gartner announced that it had acquired the privately held company SCM World , headquartered in London , U.K. On January 5, 2017 Gartner announced it had reached an agreement to acquire CEB, Inc. in a cash and stock deal worth about US$ 2.6 billion. On March 7, 2017 Gartner announced that it has agreed to buy New York–based L2 Inc , which specialises in benchmarking

462-445: The risks introduced into their software supply chain by COTS. In the medical device industry, COTS software can sometimes be identified as SOUP ( software of unknown pedigree or software of unknown provenance), i.e., software that has not been developed with a known software development process or methodology, which precludes its use in medical devices. In this industry, faults in software components could become system failures in

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484-668: Was acquired by some of its executives, including Gartner himself, with funding from Bain Capital and Dun & Bradstreet . The company went public again in 1993. In 2000, the name was simplified from Gartner Group to Gartner . In 2000, Gartner coined the term Supranet . Gene Hall has been the CEO of the company since August 2004. In the course of its growth, Gartner has acquired numerous companies providing related services, including Real Decisions—which became Gartner Measurement, now part of Gartner's consulting division—and Gartner Dataquest ,

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