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42-400: Aside from being a style of design, the style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within

84-464: A gambrel or hip roof . Such houses thus emanate a more pronounced mass and a greater emphasis on horizontality. The shingle style eventually spread beyond North America. In Australia, it was introduced by the Canadian architect John Horbury Hunt in the nineteenth century. Some of his shingle style homes still survive and are heritage-listed. Some of his most notable examples of the style are Highlands,

126-534: A "sketching tour" of New England , visiting many of the key houses of Puritan leaders and early masterpieces of the colonial period. Their work began to incorporate influences from these buildings, contributing to the Colonial Revival . The H.A.C. Taylor house in Newport, Rhode Island (1882–1886) was the first of their designs to use overt quotations from colonial buildings. A less successful but daring variation of

168-403: A Spanish style tower, restaurants, and a roof garden with views both uptown and downtown from 34th Street . White's masterpiece was a testament to his creative imagination, and his taste for the pleasures of city life. The architects paved the way for many subsequent colleagues by fraternizing with the rich in a number of other settings similar to The Garden, enhancing their social status during

210-471: A bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1960 and a master's degree in architecture from Yale University in 1965. Stern has cited the historian Vincent Scully and the architect Philip Johnson as early mentors and influences. After graduating from Yale, Stern worked as a curator for the Architectural League of New York , a job he gained through his connection to Philip Johnson . While at

252-465: A cultural and artistic force through their construction of Madison Square Garden . White secured the job from the Vanderbilt family , and the other partners brought former clients into the project as investors. The extraordinary building opened its doors in 1890. What had once been a dilapidated arena for horse shows was now a multi-purpose entertainment palace, with a larger arena, a theater, apartments in

294-509: A different period. In 1986, he hosted "Pride of Place: Building the American Dream", an eight-part documentary series that aired on PBS. The series featured Peter Eisenman , Leon Krier , Philip Johnson , Frank Gehry and other notable architects. "Pride of Place" was well received by the public. Many of Stern's early works were private houses in the New York metropolitan area , including in

336-514: A formal Georgian plan was White's house for Commodore William Edgar, also in Newport (1884–86). Rather than traditional red brick or the pink pressed masonry of the Bell house, White tried a tawny, almost brown color, leaving the building neither fish nor fowl. The partners added talented designers and associates as the 1890s loomed, with Thomas Hastings , John Carrère , Henry Bacon and Joseph M. Wells on

378-522: A half years at New York City's Housing and Development Administration, after which he established Stern & Hagmann with John S. Hagmann , a fellow student from his days at Yale. In 1977 he founded its successor firm, Robert A.M. Stern Architects , now known as RAMSA. Stern remains a partner at RAMSA, and has indicated he has no plans to retire. Stern was the dean of the Yale School of Architecture from 1998 to 2016, and has continued to teach there since

420-579: A home in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga , and Pibrac, in the nearby suburb of Warrawee . The latter house has been featured in a television commercial. Gatehouse, also in Wahroonga, was not one of Hunt's designs, but is heritage-listed. McKim, Mead and White McKim, Mead & White was an American architectural firm based in New York City. The firm came to define architectural practice, urbanism, and

462-477: A style recognized today as "Richardsonian Romanesque". He remained with Richardson for six years, playing a major role in the design of the William Watts Sherman House in Newport, Rhode Island , an important Shingle Style work. White joined the partnership in 1879, and quickly became known as the artistic leader of the firm. McKim's connections helped secure early commissions, while Mead served as

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504-1032: The Boston Public Library , Walker Art Building at Bowdoin College , the Garden City campus of Adelphi University , and the Rhode Island State House . In Washington, D.C. , the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House , and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History . Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois , Kentucky , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Washington and Wisconsin . Outside of

546-558: The General Post Office Building across from Penn Station at the same time, part of which became the new Amtrak station in 2021. The original Penn Station was demolished in 1963–1964 and replaced with a newer Madison Square Garden , in spite of large opposition to the move. One of the firm's last major works in the city was the Manhattan Municipal Building (1906–1913) adjacent to City Hall, built following

588-697: The Hamptons and in Westchester County . Early commercial commissions included projects for Walt Disney World such as Disney's Yacht Club Resort , Disney's Beach Club Resort and the masterplan for Celebration, Florida , and from 1992−2003, Stern served on the board of the Walt Disney Company . Stern is now better known for his large-scale condominium and apartment building projects in New York City, which include 20 East End Avenue , The Chatham, The Brompton and 15 Central Park West . The latter was, at

630-675: The Isaac Bell House in Newport, Rhode Island (1883), and Joseph Choate 's house "Naumkeag" in Lenox, Massachusetts (1885–88). Their status rose when McKim was asked to design the Boston Public Library in 1887, ensuring a new group of institutional clients following its successful completion in 1895. The firm had begun to use classical sources from Modern French, Renaissance and even Roman buildings as sources of inspiration for daring new work. In 1877, White and McKim led their partners on

672-862: The Progressive Era . McKim, Mead and White designed not only the Century Association building (1891), but also many other clubs around Manhattan: the Colony Club , the Metropolitan Club , the Harmonie Club , and the University Club of New York . Though White's subsequent life was plagued by scandals, and McKim's by depression and the loss of his second wife, the firm continued to produce magnificent and varied work in New York and abroad. They worked for

714-586: The Stick Style , by Yale University architectural historian Vincent Scully in his 1949 doctoral dissertation The Cottage Style . This was followed by several magazine articles on the subject, culminating in Scully's The Shingle Style with the Stick Style in 1971 and The Shingle Style Today in 1974. Architects of the shingle style emulated colonial houses' plain, shingled surfaces as well as their massing, whether in

756-536: The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a leading training ground for Americans. William Rutherford Mead, a cousin of president Rutherford B. Hayes , went to Amherst College and trained with Russell Sturgis in Boston . McKim and Mean formed a partnership with William Bigelow in New York City in 1877. White was born in New York City, the son of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White and Alexina Black Mease (1830–1921). His father

798-517: The 200,000 square foot campus houses one of the most advanced higher-education facilities in the world and is one of the first LEED Gold-certified academic buildings in China. Born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, in 1939 to a Jewish family, Stern spent his earliest years with his parents in the nearby Manhattan borough. After 1940, they moved back to Brooklyn, where Stern grew up. Stern received

840-499: The American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement . Additionally, there are several other notable styles of Victorian architecture, including Italianate , Second Empire , Folk and Gothic revival . Some concentrations of shingle style architecture are listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Significant listed historic districts include: The style was named, together with

882-563: The League, he organized the second 40 Under 40 show, which featured his own work alongside work of then-little-known architects Charles Moore , Robert Venturi and Romaldo Giurgola , all of whom were featured in the influential issue of Perspecta that Stern edited a year before at Yale. Upon leaving the Architectural League in 1966, Stern worked briefly as a designer in the office of the architect Richard Meier , then worked for two and

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924-523: The United States, the firm developed buildings in Canada, Cuba, and Italy. The scope and breadth of their achievement is notable, considering that many of the technologies and strategies they employed were nascent or non-existent when they began working in the 1880s. Charles McKim was the son of a prominent Quaker abolitionist who grew up in West Orange, New Jersey . He attended Harvard College and attended

966-498: The city and the United States when complete. In 2017 RAMSA completed a major addition to the campus of Yale University, with two new residential colleges, Pauli Murray College and Benjamin Franklin College , both designed in a Collegiate Gothic style. In the 1970s, and early 1980s, Stern developed a reputation as a postmodern architect for integrating classical elements into his designs for contemporary buildings, but in

1008-597: The classically styled New York apartment building, 15 Central Park West ; two residential colleges at Yale University ; Philadelphia's Museum of the American Revolution ; and the modernist Comcast Center skyscraper in Philadelphia. In 2011, Stern was honored with the Driehaus Architecture Prize for his achievements in contemporary classical architecture . Schwarzman College was designed by Stern;

1050-595: The deaths of both White (1906) and McKim (1909) and the financial collapse of the original partnership. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White (1906), McKim (1909), and Mead (1928). The major partners became William M. Kendall and Lawrence Grant White, Stanford's son. Among the firm's final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith , it opened in 1964. Smith died in 1961, and

1092-413: The design as "[carrying] forward the proportions of the classical obelisk". The scheme, along with Stern's 15 Central Park West , and his master plan for Celebration, were cited as contributing factors in his having won the award. More recently, Stern has designed three skyscrapers in New York City, 220 Central Park South , 520 Park Avenue and 30 Park Place , which will be among the tallest buildings in

1134-566: The end of his tenure. Previously, he taught at Columbia University, in the Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation , and from 1984 to 1988 was the director of Columbia's Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture. A prolific writer, Stern has authored, co-authored, and edited numerous books about architecture, including five volumes about New York City's architectural history, each focusing on

1176-558: The firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White . In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates . Robert A. M. Stern Robert Arthur Morton Stern (born May 23, 1939) is a New York City–based architect, educator, and author. He is the founding partner of the architecture firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects, also known as RAMSA. From 1998 to 2016, he was the Dean of the Yale School of Architecture . His firm's major works include

1218-466: The houses. McKim, Mead and White and Peabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the shingle style, through their large-scale commissions for "seaside cottages" of the rich and the well-to-do in such places as Newport, Rhode Island and the village of East Hampton on the southeastern tip of Long Island. Perhaps the most famous shingle style house built in America

1260-522: The ideals of the American Renaissance in fin de siècle New York. The firm's founding partners, Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), William Rutherford Mead (1846–1928), and Stanford White (1853–1906), were giants in the architecture of their time, and remain important as innovators and leaders in the development of modern architecture worldwide. They formed a school of classically trained, technologically skilled designers who practiced well into

1302-582: The managing partner. Their work applied the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture , with its classical design traditions and training in drawing and proportion, and the related City Beautiful movement after 1893. The designers quickly found wealthy and influential clients amidst the bustle and economic vigor of metropolitan New York. The firm initially distinguished itself with the innovative Shingle Style Newport Casino (1879-1880) and summer houses, including Victor Newcomb's house in Elberon, New Jersey (1880–1881),

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1344-402: The mid-1980s, his work became more traditional, more in keeping with the then emerging New Classical architectural movement . Stern, however, has rejected such characterizations, arguing that his projects draw on vernacular context and local traditions. In recent years, the work of Stern's office has ranged from traditional to modernist, depending on the building type and project location, and

1386-502: The mid-20th century. According to Robert A. M. Stern , only Frank Lloyd Wright was more important to the identity and character of modern American architecture. The firm's New York City buildings include Manhattan's former Pennsylvania Station , the Brooklyn Museum , and the main campus of Columbia University . Elsewhere in New York state and New England , the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as

1428-481: The payroll in their expanding office. With a larger staff, each partner had a studio of designers at his disposal, similar to the organization of a modern design firm, and this increased their capacity for doing even larger projects, including the design of entire entire college campuses for Columbia University and New York University , and a massive entertainment complex at Madison Square Garden , all located in New York City. McKim, Mead and White gained prominence as

1470-402: The single exaggerated gable of McKim Mead and White's Low House or in the complex massing of Kragsyde . This impression of the passage of time is enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade. Shingle style houses often use

1512-482: The society chronicled by Edith Wharton and Henry James . Newly-wealthy Americans were seeking the right spouses for their sons and daughters, among them idle aristocrats from European families with dwindling financial resources. When called for, the firm could also deliver a house-full of continental antiques and works of art, many acquired by Stanford White from dealers abroad. The Clarence McKay house in Roslyn, New York,

1554-434: The time of its completion, one of the most financially successful apartment buildings ever constructed, with sales totaling $ 2 billion. Stern has designed some of the tallest structures in the United States, including the glass-clad Comcast Center, the second tallest building in both Philadelphia and Pennsylvania . The Driehaus Prize committee (commenting on a preliminary, stone-clad, pyramidal-topped scheme) characterized

1596-615: The titans of industry, transportation and banking, designing not only classical buildings (the New York Herald Building , Morgan Library , Villard Houses , and Rhode Island State Capitol ), but also planning factory towns ( Echota , near Niagara Falls, New York ; Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina ; and Naugatuck, Connecticut ), and working on university campuses (the University of Virginia , Harvard , Adelphi University and Columbia). The magnificent Low Library (1897) at Columbia

1638-513: Was " Kragsyde " (1882) the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky coastal shore near Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts , and embodied every possible tenet of the shingle style. The William G. Low House , designed by McKim, Mead & White and built in 1887, is another notable example. Many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley , and adapted to

1680-414: Was a dandy and Anglophile with no money, but a great many connections in New York's art world, including painter John LaFarge , jeweler Louis Comfort Tiffany and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted . White had no formal architectural training; he began his career at the age of 18 as the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson , the most important American architect of the day and creator of

1722-534: Was probably the most opulent of these flights of fancy. Though many are gone, some now serve new uses, such as "Florham", in Madison, New Jersey (1897–1900), now the home of Fairleigh Dickinson University . New York's City's enormous Penn Station (1906–1910) was the firm's crowning achievement, reflecting not only its commitment to new technological advances, but also to architectural history stretching back to Greek and Roman times. McKim, Mead & White also designed

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1764-524: Was similar to Thomas Jefferson's at the University of Virginia, where White added an academic building on the other side of the Lawn. Some of their later, classical country houses also enhanced their reputation with wealthy oligarchs and critics alike. The Frederick Vanderbilt mansion (1895–1898) at Hyde Park, New York and White's " Rosecliff " for Tessie Oelrichs (1898–1902) in Newport were elegant venues for

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