48-481: The Matsuyama City Shiki Memorial Museum ( 子規記念博物館 , Shiki Kinen Hakubutsukan ) is a museum devoted mainly to the life and work of Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki , who was born and raised in Matsuyama . Shiki is widely considered to be the most important figure in the modernization of both haiku and tanka poetry. The museum also includes exhibits about the early history of Matsuyama . The Shiki Memorial Museum
96-401: A kireji , or cutting word, typically appears at the end of one of the verse's three phrases. A kireji fills a role analogous to that of a caesura in classical Western poetry or to a volta in sonnets . A kireji helps mark rhythmic divisions. Depending on which kireji is chosen and its position within the verse, it may briefly cut the stream of thought, suggesting a parallel between
144-566: A 5, 7, 5 pattern; that include a kireji , or "cutting word"; and a kigo , or seasonal reference. However, haiku by classical Japanese poets, such as Matsuo Bashō , also deviate from the 17- on pattern and sometimes do not contain a kireji . Similar poems that do not adhere to these rules are generally classified as senryū . Haiku originated as an opening part of a larger Japanese genre of poetry called renga . These haiku written as an opening stanza were known as hokku and over time they began to be written as stand-alone poems. Haiku
192-652: A Tanka Poet" (1898) where he urged reform of the tanka poetry form. The above work, on tanka , is an example of Shiki's expanded focus during the last few years of his life. He died four years after taking up tanka as a topic. Bedsore and morphine-addled, little more than a year before his death Shiki began writing sickbed diaries. These three are Bokujū Itteki or "A Drop of Ink" (1901), Gyōga Manroku or "Stray Notes While Lying on My Back" (1901–1902), and Byōshō Rokushaku or "A Sixfoot Sickbed" (1902). Shiki suffered from tuberculosis (TB) much of his life. In 1888 or 1889 he began coughing up blood and soon adopted
240-409: A kind of nature sketch in words, an approach called shasei ( 写生 , sketching from life) . He popularized his views by verse columns and essays in newspapers . Hokku up to the time of Shiki, even when appearing independently, were written in the context of renku. Shiki formally separated his new style of verse from the context of collaborative poetry. Being agnostic , he also separated it from
288-454: A member of this group, Yanigihara Kyokudō, established a haiku magazine, Hototogisu , an allusion to Shiki's pen name. Operation of this magazine was quickly moved to Tokyo. Takahama Kyoshi, another disciple, assumed control and the magazine's scope was extended to include prose work. Shiki came to Tokyo, and his group of disciples there were known as the "Nippon school" after the paper where he had been haiku editor and that now published
336-597: A minority movement within modern Japanese haiku ( 現代俳句 , gendai-haiku ) , supported by Ogiwara Seisensui and his disciples, has varied from the tradition of 17 on as well as taking nature as their subject. In Japanese, haiku are traditionally printed as a single line, while haiku in English often appear as three lines, although variations exist. There are several other forms of Japanese poetry related to haiku, such as tanka , as well as other art forms that incorporate haiku, such as haibun and haiga . In Japanese haiku,
384-414: A niche for it in the modern Meiji period . While he advocated reform of haiku, this reform was based on the idea that haiku was a legitimate literary genre. He argued that haiku should be judged by the same yardstick that is used when measuring the value of other forms of literature — something that was contrary to views held by prior poets. Shiki firmly placed haiku in the category of literature, and this
432-512: A phrase with a sentence-ending particle ( 終助詞 , shūjoshi ) . However, renku typically employ kireji . In English, since kireji have no direct equivalent, poets sometimes use punctuation such as a dash or ellipsis, or an implied break to create a juxtaposition intended to prompt the reader to reflect on the relationship between the two parts. The kireji in the Bashō examples "old pond" and "the wind of Mt Fuji" are both "ya" ( や ). Neither
480-556: A saint of poetry in Japan, and is the one name from classical Japanese literature that is familiar throughout the world. The next famous style of haikai to arise was that of Yosa Buson (1716–1784) and others such as Kitō, called the Tenmei style after the Tenmei Era (1781–1789) in which it was created. Buson is recognized as one of the greatest masters of haiga (an art form where the painting
528-615: A severe blow to renku and surviving haikai schools. The term "hokku" is now used chiefly in its original sense of the opening verse of a renku, and rarely to distinguish haiku written before Shiki's time. The earliest Westerner known to have written haiku was the Dutchman Hendrik Doeff (1764–1837), who was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki during the first years of
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#1732851761900576-557: A single syllable, comprises two on : the short vowel o and the moraic nasal n . This is illustrated by the Issa haiku below, which contains 17 on but only 15 syllables. Conversely, some sounds , such as "kyo" ( きょ ) may look like two syllables to English speakers but are in fact a single on (as well as a single syllable) in Japanese. In 1973, the Haiku Society of America noted that
624-492: Is combined with haiku or haikai prose). His affection for painting can be seen in the painterly style of his haiku. No new popular style followed Buson. However, a very individualistic, and at the same time humanistic, approach to writing haiku was demonstrated by the poet Kobayashi Issa (1763–1827), whose miserable childhood, poverty, sad life, and devotion to the Pure Land sect of Buddhism are evident in his poetry. Issa made
672-508: Is dedicated to the renowned haiku poet Masaoka Shiki between 1867 and 1902. Its mission is to preserve and promote Masaoka Shiki's legacy and his contribution to Japanese literature. It serves as a cultural institution dedicated to the study and appreciation of haiku poetry, offering exhibitions, educational programs and research facilities for scholars and enthusiasts. Masaoka Shiki Masaoka Shiki ( 正岡 子規 , October 14, 1867 – September 19, 1902) , pen-name of Masaoka Noboru (正岡 升),
720-675: Is evident in his approach to both haiku and tanka . Shiki played baseball as a teenager and was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002. A group of 1898 tanka by him mention the sport. Haiku Haiku ( 俳句 , listen ) is a type of short form poetry that originated in Japan , and can be traced back from the influence of traditional Chinese poetry . Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases composed of 17 morae (called on in Japanese) in
768-493: Is known as haibun . His best-known work, Oku no Hosomichi , or Narrow Roads to the Interior , is counted as one of the classics of Japanese literature and has been translated into English extensively. Bashō was deified by both the imperial government and Shinto religious headquarters one hundred years after his death because he raised the haikai genre from a playful game of wit to sublime poetry. He continues to be revered as
816-475: Is regarded as a classical study of haiku. Today Blyth is best known as a major interpreter of haiku to English speakers. His works have stimulated the writing of haiku in English. The Japanese-Italian translator and poet Harukichi Shimoi introduced haiku to Italy in the 1920s, through his work with the magazine Sakura as well as his close personal relationships within the Italian literati. Two notable influences are
864-551: Is the first verse of the collaborative haikai or renku , but its position as the opening verse made it the most important, setting the tone for the whole composition. Even though hokku had sometimes appeared individually, they were always understood in the context of renku . The Bashō school promoted standalone hokku by including many in their anthologies, thus giving birth to what is now called "haiku". Bashō also used his hokku as torque points within his short prose sketches and longer travel diaries. This subgenre of haikai
912-421: Is the opening stanza of an orthodox collaborative linked poem, or renga , and of its later derivative, renku (or haikai no renga ). By the time of Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694), the hokku had begun to appear as an independent poem, and was also incorporated in haibun (a combination of prose and hokku), and haiga (a combination of painting with hokku). In the late 19th century, Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902) renamed
960-446: Is usually fixed verse that consists of 17 on , in three phrases of five, seven, and five on , respectively. Among modern poems, traditionalist haiku continue to use the 5-7-5 pattern while free form haiku do not. However, one of the examples below illustrates that traditional haiku masters were not always constrained by the 5-7-5 pattern either. The free form haiku was advocated for by Ogiwara Seisensui and his disciples. Although
1008-409: The pen-name "Shiki" from the Japanese hototogisu —the Japanese name for lesser cuckoos . The Japanese word hototogisu can be written with various combinations of Chinese characters , including 子規, which can alternatively be read as either "hototogisu" or "shiki". It is a Japanese conceit that this bird coughs blood as it sings, which explains why the name "Shiki" was adopted. Suffering from
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#17328517619001056-456: The 18th century (in regard to this period of haikai , it came to mean 'trite' and 'hackneyed'). Shiki also sometimes criticized Bashō. Like the Japanese intellectual world in general at that time, Shiki was strongly influenced by Western culture. He favored the painterly style of Buson and particularly the European concept of plein-air painting , which he adapted to create a style of haiku as
1104-510: The 19th century. One of his haiku is the following: 稲妻の 腕を借らん 草枕 inazuma no kaina wo karan kusamakura lend me your arms, fast as thunderbolts, for a pillow on my journey. Although there were further attempts outside Japan to imitate the "hokku" in the early 20th century, there was little understanding of its principles. Early Western scholars such as Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850–1935) and William George Aston were mostly dismissive of hokku's poetic value. R. H. Blyth
1152-752: The early symptoms of TB, Shiki sought work as a war correspondent in the First Sino-Japanese War and, while eventually obtaining his goal, he arrived in China after the April 17, 1895 signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki . Instead of reporting on the war, he spent an unpleasant time harassed by Japanese soldiers in Dalian , Luangtao, and the Lüshunkou District , meeting on May 10, 1895 the famous novelist Mori Ōgai , who
1200-451: The first cold shower even the monkey seems to want a little coat of straw As another example, this haiku by Bashō illustrates that he was not always constrained to a 5-7-5 on pattern. It contains 18 on in the pattern 6-7-5 ("ō" or おう is treated as two on ). 富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産 ふじのかぜやおうぎにのせてえどみやげ Fuji no kaze ya ōgi ni nosete Edo miyage Translated:
1248-409: The genre immediately accessible to wider audiences. Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902) was a reformer and modernizer. A prolific writer, even though chronically ill during a significant part of his life, Shiki disliked the 'stereotype' of haikai writers of the 19th century who were known by the deprecatory term tsukinami , meaning 'monthly', after the monthly or twice-monthly haikai gatherings of the end of
1296-424: The group's work. Although bedridden by 1897, Shiki's disease worsened further around 1901. He developed Pott's disease and began using morphine as a painkiller. By 1902 he may have been relying heavily on the drug. During this time Shiki wrote three autobiographical works. He died of tuberculosis in 1902 at age 34. Shiki may be credited with salvaging traditional short-form Japanese poetry and carving out
1344-460: The influence of Buddhism. Further, he discarded the term "hokku" and proposed the term haiku as an abbreviation of the phrase " haikai no ku " meaning a verse of haikai , although the term predates Shiki by some two centuries, when it was used to mean any verse of haikai. Since then, "haiku" has been the term usually applied in both Japanese and English to all independent haiku, irrespective of their date of composition. Shiki's revisionism dealt
1392-479: The norm for writers of haiku in English was to use 17 syllables, but they also noted a trend toward shorter haiku. According to the society, about 12 syllables in English approximates the duration of 17 Japanese on . A haiku traditionally contains a kigo , a word or phrase that symbolizes or implies the season of the poem and is drawn from a saijiki , an extensive but prescriptive list of such words. Season words are evocative of images that are associated with
1440-427: The preceding and following phrases, or it may provide a dignified ending, concluding the verse with a heightened sense of closure. The kireji lends the verse structural support, allowing it to stand as an independent poem. The use of kireji distinguishes haiku and hokku from second and subsequent verses of renku ; which may employ semantic and syntactic disjuncture, even to the point of occasionally end-stopping
1488-442: The remaining Bashō example nor the Issa example contain a kireji . However, they do both balance a fragment in the first five on against a phrase in the remaining 12 on (it may not be apparent from the English translation of the Issa that the first five on mean "Edo's rain"). In comparison with English verse typically characterized by syllabic meter , Japanese verse counts sound units known as on or morae . Traditional haiku
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1536-751: The same time of year, making it a kind of logopoeia . Kigo are not always included in non-Japanese haiku or by modern writers of Japanese free-form haiku. One of the best-known Japanese haiku is Matsuo Bashō 's "old pond": 古池や蛙飛び込む水の音 ふるいけやかわずとびこむみずのおと furu ike ya kawazu tobikomu mizu no oto Translated: old pond frog leaps in water's sound This separates into on as: fu-ru-i-ke ya (5) ka-wa-zu to-bi-ko-mu (7) mi-zu-no-o-to (5) Another haiku by Bashō: 初しぐれ猿も小蓑をほしげ也 はつしぐれさるもこみのをほしげなり hatsu shigure saru mo komino o hoshige nari Translated:
1584-512: The same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a serialized work advocating haiku reform, Dassai Shooku Haiwa or "Talks on Haiku from the Otter's Den". A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, Nippon , and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life. In 1895 another serial
1632-443: The standalone hokku to haiku. The latter term is now generally applied retrospectively to all hokku appearing independently of renku or renga, irrespective of when they were written, and the use of the term hokku to describe a stand-alone poem is considered obsolete. In the 17th century, two masters arose who elevated haikai and gave it a new popularity. They were Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) and Uejima Onitsura (1661–1738). Hokku
1680-505: The teenage Shiki enjoyed playing baseball and befriended fellow student Natsume Sōseki , who would go on to become a famous novelist. He entered Tokyo Imperial University in 1890. But by 1892 Shiki, by his own account too engrossed in haiku writing, failed his final examinations, left the Hongō dormitory that had been provided to him by a scholarship, and dropped out of college. Others say tuberculosis , an illness that dogged his later life,
1728-553: The wind of Fuji I've brought on my fan a gift from Edo This separates into on as: fu-ji no ka-ze ya (6) o-u-gi ni no-se-te (7) e-do mi-ya-ge (5) This haiku example was written by Kobayashi Issa : 江戸の雨何石呑んだ時鳥 えどのあめなんごくのんだほととぎす Edo no ame nan goku nonda hototogisu Translated: of Edo's rain how many mouthful did you drink, cuckoo? This separates into on as, e-do no a-me (5) na-n go-ku no-n-da (7) ho-to-to-gi-su (5) Hokku
1776-421: The word on is sometimes translated as "syllable", the true meaning is more nuanced. One on in Japanese is counted for a short syllable, two for an elongated vowel or doubled consonant , and one for an "n" at the end of a syllable. Thus, the word "haibun", though counted as two syllables in English, is counted as four on in Japanese (ha-i-bu-n); and the word " on " itself, which English-speakers would view as
1824-496: Was a Japanese poet , author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry, credited with writing nearly 20,000 stanzas during his short life. He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry. Some consider Shiki to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō , Yosa Buson , and Kobayashi Issa . Shiki, or rather Tsunenori (常規) as he
1872-469: Was an Englishman who lived in Japan. He produced a series of works on Zen , haiku, senryū, and on other forms of Japanese and Asian literature. In 1949, with the publication in Japan of the first volume of Haiku , the four-volume work by Blyth, haiku were introduced to the post-war English-speaking world. This four-volume series (1949–52) described haiku from the pre-modern period up to and including Shiki . Blyth's History of Haiku (1964) in two volumes
1920-615: Was at the time an army doctor. Living in filthy conditions in China apparently worsened his TB. Shiki continued to cough blood throughout his return voyage to Japan and was hospitalized in Kobe . After being discharged, he returned to his home town of Matsuyama city and convalesced in the home of the famed novelist Natsume Sōseki . During this time he took on disciples and promulgated a style of haiku that emphasized gaining inspiration from personal experiences of nature. Still in Matsuyama in 1897,
1968-632: Was attending. Around this time he developed an interest in moving to Tokyo and did so in 1883. The young Shiki first attended his hometown Matsuyama Middle School , where Kusama Tokiyoshi, a leader of the discredited Freedom and People's Rights Movement , had recently served as principal. In 1883, a maternal uncle arranged for him to come to Tokyo. Shiki was first enrolled in Kyōritsu Middle School and later matriculated into University Preparatory School. (Daigaku Yobimon) affiliated with Imperial University ( Teikoku Daigaku ). While studying here,
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2016-424: Was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of the 19th century. Originally from Japan, haiku today are written by authors worldwide. Haiku in English and haiku in other languages have different styles and traditions while still incorporating aspects of the traditional haiku form. Non-Japanese language haiku vary widely on how closely they follow traditional elements. Additionally,
2064-532: Was originally named, was born in Matsuyama City in Iyo Province (present day Ehime Prefecture ) to a samurai class family of modest means. As a child, he was called Tokoronosuke (處之助); in adolescence, his name was changed to Noboru (升). His father, Tsunenao (正岡常尚), was an alcoholic who died when Shiki was five years of age. His mother, Yae, was a daughter of Ōhara Kanzan, a Confucian scholar. Kanzan
2112-505: Was published in the same paper, "A Text on Haikai for Beginners", Haikai Taiyō . These were followed by other serials: Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai or "The Haiku World of 1896" where he praised works by disciples Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigotō, Haijin Buson or "The Haiku Poet Buson " (1896–1897 ) expressing Shiki's idea of this 18th-century poet whom he identifies with his school of haiku, and Utayomi ni Atauru Sho or "Letters to
2160-415: Was the first of Shiki's extra-school tutors; at the age of 7 the boy began reading Mencius under his tutelage. Shiki later confessed to being a less-than-diligent student. At age 15 Shiki became something of a political radical, attaching himself to the then-waning Freedom and People's Rights Movement and getting himself banned from public speaking by the principal of Matsuyama Middle School , which he
2208-480: Was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as the haiku and tanka , were waning due to their incongruity in the modern Meiji period . Shiki, at times, expressed similar sentiments. There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity. Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku. In 1892,
2256-443: Was the reason he left school. While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet, he wrote other genres of poetry, prose criticism of poetry, autobiographical prose, and was a short prose essayist. (His earliest surviving work is a school essay, Yōken Setsu ("On Western Dogs"), where he praises the varied utility of western dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which "only help in hunting and scare away burglars." ) Contemporary to Shiki
2304-433: Was unique. Some modern haiku deviate from the traditional 5–7–5 sound pattern and dispensing with the kigo ("season word"); Shiki's haiku reform advocated neither break with tradition. His particular style rejected "the puns or fantasies often relied on by the old school" in favor of "realistic observation of nature". Shiki, like other Meiji period writers, borrowed a dedication to realism from Western literature. This
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