Edible mushrooms are the fleshy fruit bodies of numerous species of macrofungi ( fungi that bear fruiting structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye). Edibility may be defined by criteria including the absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma . Mushrooms that have a particularly desirable taste are described as " choice ". Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake , are sources of umami flavor.
29-398: The shiitake ( / ʃ ɪ ˈ t ɑː k eɪ , ˌ ʃ iː ɪ -, - k i / ; Japanese: [ɕiꜜːtake] Chinquapin, Chinese/black forest mushrooms or Lentinula edodes ) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia , which is cultivated and consumed around the globe. The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It
58-412: A 14th-century compilation of medieval English recipes, features a recipe of mushrooms and leeks cooked in broth. Mushrooms may be cooked before consumption to improve texture and lower trace levels of toxic hydrazines. Frying, roasting, baking, and microwaving are all used to prepare mushrooms. Cooking lowers the amount of water present in the food. Mushrooms do not go mushy with long term cooking because
87-551: A challenge to cultivate. Some mushrooms, particularly mycorrhizal species, have not yet been successfully cultivated. In 2019, world production of commercial mushrooms and recorded truffle collection reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization was 11.9 million tonnes , led by China with 75% of the total: Some wild species are toxic, or at least indigestible, when raw. Failure to identify poisonous mushrooms and confusing them with edible ones has resulted in death. Although in
116-467: A long history, with over twenty species commercially cultivated. Mushrooms are cultivated in at least 60 countries. A fraction of the many fungi consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially. Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of the depletion of larger fungi such as chanterelles in Europe, possibly because the group has grown popular, yet remains
145-495: A species is the only safe way to ensure edibility, and the only safeguard against possible poisoning. Some edible species cannot be identified without the use of advanced techniques such as chemistry or microscopy. Mycophagy ( / m aɪ ˈ k ɒ f ə dʒ i / ), the act of consuming mushrooms, dates back to ancient times. Edible mushroom species have been found in association with 13,000-year-old archaeological sites in Chile . Ötzi ,
174-608: Is ergocalciferol , or vitamin D 2 . This is not the same as cholecalciferol , called vitamin D 3 , which is produced by UV-irradiation of human or animal skin, fur, and feathers. Although vitamin D 2 has vitamin-D activity in humans, and is widely used in food fortification and nutritional supplements , vitamin D 3 is more commonly used in dairy and cereal products. Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets ; those that are more difficult to obtain (such as
203-530: Is no scientific evidence that consuming " medicinal mushrooms " cures or lowers the risk of human diseases. Mushrooms can appear either below ground ( hypogeous ) or above ground ( epigeous ) and can be picked by hand. Edibility may be defined by criteria including the absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma . Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake , are sources of umami flavor. Mushroom cultivation has
232-593: Is seen in the Records of Longquan County ( 龍泉縣志 ) compiled by He Zhan ( 何澹 ) in 1209 during the Song dynasty in China. The 185-word description of shiitake cultivation from that literature was later cross-referenced many times and eventually adapted in a book by a Japanese horticulturist Satō Chūryō ( 佐藤中陵 ) in 1796, the first book on shiitake cultivation in Japan. The Japanese cultivated
261-614: Is similar to the reaction in humans , where vitamin D 3 is synthesized after exposure to sunlight. Testing showed an hour of UV light exposure before harvesting made a serving of mushrooms contain twice the FDA 's daily recommendation of vitamin D. With 5 minutes of artificial UV light exposure after harvesting, a serving of mushrooms contained four times as much. Analysis also demonstrated that natural sunlight produced vitamin D 2 . The form of vitamin D found in UV-irradiated mushrooms
290-631: Is the Latin word for "edible". It is also commonly called " sawtooth oak mushroom", "black forest mushroom", "black mushroom", " golden oak mushroom", or "oakwood mushroom". Shiitake grow in groups on the decaying wood of deciduous trees , particularly shii and other chinquapins , chestnut , oak , maple , beech , sweetgum , poplar , hornbeam , ironwood , and mulberry . Its natural distribution includes warm and moist climates in Southeast Asia . The earliest written record of shiitake cultivation
319-533: Is the white mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ). In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference serving, Agaricus mushrooms provide 92 kilojoules (22 kilocalories) of food energy and are 92% water, 3% carbohydrates , 3% protein , and 0.3% fat . They contain high levels of riboflavin , niacin , and pantothenic acid , with moderate content of phosphorus (see table). Otherwise, raw white mushrooms generally have low amounts of essential nutrients . Although cooking by boiling lowers mushroom water content only 1%,
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#1732859338965348-592: The chitin that gives most of the structure to a mushroom does not break down until 380 °C (716 °F) which is not reached in any normal cooking. Mushrooms will usually last a few days, longer if refrigerated. Mushrooms can be frozen, but are best cooked first. They can also be dried or pickled . Medicinal mushrooms are mushrooms or extracts from mushrooms that are thought to be treatments for diseases , yet remain unconfirmed in mainstream science and medicine, and so are not approved as drugs or medical treatments . Such use of mushrooms therefore falls into
377-411: The mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE in Europe, was found with two types of mushroom. The Chinese value mushrooms for their supposed medicinal properties as well as for food. Ancient Romans and Greeks , particularly the upper classes, used mushrooms for culinary purposes. Food tasters were employed by Roman emperors to ensure that mushrooms were safe to eat. The Forme of Cury ,
406-692: The 21st century primitive digital applications exist to aid with identification, these are unreliable and some inexperienced hunters relying upon them have been seriously poisoned. Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms and responsible for many fatal poisonings include several species of the genus Amanita , particularly Amanita phalloides , the death cap. Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in some individuals with no prior knowledge of an allergy; old or improperly stored specimens can go rancid quickly and cause food poisoning . Great care should therefore be taken when eating any fungus for
435-519: The basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi , and as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. Two prized varieties are produced in cooler temperatures: One high-grade variety is called dōnggū ( 冬菇 ) (literally "winter mushroom") in Chinese, or donko ( 冬子 ) in Japanese. The most highly prized variety is called huāgū ( 花菇 ) (literally "flower mushroom") in Chinese, due to
464-743: The body including face and scalp, appearing about 24 hours after consumption, possibly worsening by sun exposure and disappearing after 3 to 21 days. This effect – presumably caused by the polysaccharide , lentinan – is more common in East Asia, but may be growing in occurrence in Europe as shiitake consumption increases. Thorough cooking may eliminate the allergenicity . Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in East and Southeast Asia. In Chinese cuisine, they are used in many dishes, including soups, braises, and stir-fried vegetable dishes such as Buddha's delight . In Japan , they are served in miso soup , used as
493-455: The contents per 100 grams for several nutrients increase appreciably, especially for dietary minerals . The content of vitamin D is absent or low unless mushrooms are exposed to sunlight or purposely treated with artificial ultraviolet light , even after harvesting and processed into dry powder. When exposed to UV light before or after harvest , mushrooms convert their large concentrations of ergosterol into vitamin D 2 . This
522-479: The domain of traditional medicine for which there is no direct high-quality clinical evidence of efficacy. Preliminary research on mushroom extracts has been conducted to determine if anti- disease properties exist, such as for polysaccharide-K or lentinan . Some extracts have widespread use in Japan, Korea and China, as potential adjuvants for radiation treatments and chemotherapy . Stir frying Too Many Requests If you report this error to
551-419: The first time, and only small quantities should be consumed in case of individual allergies or reactions. Even normally edible species of mushrooms may be dangerous, as certain mushrooms growing in polluted locations can act as chemical-absorbers, accumulating pollutants and heavy metals , including arsenic and iron , sometimes in lethal concentrations. On the other hand, some cooking preparations may reduce
580-803: The flower-like pattern of cracks in the cap. In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference serving, raw shiitake mushrooms provide 141 kilojoules (34 kilocalories) of food energy and are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates , 2% protein and less than 1% fat . Raw shiitake mushrooms contain moderate levels of some dietary minerals . Like all mushrooms, shiitakes produce vitamin D2 upon exposure of their internal ergosterol to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight or broadband UVB fluorescent tubes. Edible mushroom To ensure safety, wild mushrooms must be correctly identified before their edibility can be assumed. Deadly poisonous mushrooms that are frequently confused with edible mushrooms include several species of
609-523: The former containing alkaloids such as muscimol and the latter predominately psilocybin . Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated . Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets ; those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the prized truffle , matsutake , and morel ) may be collected on a smaller scale and are sometimes available at farmers' markets or other local grocers. Despite long-term use in folk medicine , there
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#1732859338965638-690: The genus Amanita , particularly A. phalloides , the death cap. Some mushrooms that are edible for most people can cause allergic reactions in others; old or improperly stored specimens can go rancid and cause food poisoning . Additionally, mushrooms can absorb chemicals within polluted locations, accumulating pollutants and heavy metals including arsenic and iron —sometimes in lethal concentrations. Several varieties of fungi contain psychedelic compounds—the magic mushrooms —while variously resembling non- psychoactive species. The most commonly consumed for recreational use are Amanita muscaria (the fly agaric) and Psilocybe cubensis , with
667-588: The mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores . Before 1982, the Japan Islands' variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods. A 1982 report on the budding and growth of the Japanese variety revealed opportunities for commercial cultivation in the United States. Shiitake are widely cultivated worldwide, contributing about 25% of
696-410: The prized truffle , matsutake , and morel ) may be collected on a smaller scale by private gatherers, and are sometimes available at farmers' markets or other local grocers. Mushrooms can be purchased fresh when in season, and many species are also sold dried. Before assuming that any wild mushroom is edible, it should be correctly identified . Accurate determination of and proper identification of
725-433: The total yearly production of mushrooms. Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak. Rarely, consumption of raw or slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms may cause an allergic reaction called "shiitake dermatitis", including an erythematous , micro- papular , streaky pruriginous rash that occurs all over
754-477: The toxicity of slightly poisonous mushrooms enough to be consumed as survival food, for example, many prized fungi will cause gastric upset when eaten uncooked, such as the Morchella genus. Additionally, several varieties of fungi are known and documented to contain psychedelic drugs—the so-called magic mushrooms —yet resemble perfectly edible, non- psychoactive species. While not necessarily lethal to consume, to
783-405: The uninitiated, an accidentally induced psychedelic experience can run the gamut from benign to terrifying, even depressing or psychotic. The most commonly consumed for recreational psychoactive use are Amanita muscaria (the fly agaric) and Psilocybe cubensis , with the former containing alkaloids such as muscimol and the latter predominately psilocybin . Both have the potential to induce in
812-485: The user feelings of awe, wonder with nature, interesting visual hallucinations and inner peace (even in mild doses), but excessive or accidental consumption can create feelings of insanity, helplessness and fear, usually persisting for a few hours. Higher mushroom consumption has been associated with lower risk of breast cancer . As of 2021 , mushroom consumption has not been shown to conclusively affect risk factors for cardiovascular diseases . A commonly eaten mushroom
841-438: Was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. The fungus has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history: The mushroom's Japanese name shiitake ( 椎茸 ) is a compound word composed of shii ( 椎 , Castanopsis ) , for the tree Castanopsis cuspidata that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated, and take ( 茸 , "mushroom") . The specific epithet edodes
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