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61-689: Shelly Bay is a bay on the Miramar Peninsula of Wellington , New Zealand. The area was settled by a collection of peoples from multiple Māori iwi in the 1820s and 1830s. It was later bought by the New Zealand Company , in a sale the Crown apologised for in 2008, admitting that the deed was flawed and promises were never kept. Most of the land was owned by the New Zealand Defence Force for 124 years until 2009. During that time, land

122-672: A cattle run near the hill on his arrival from Sydney. In 1839 Crawford visited New Zealand and bought land in Wellington. He went back to Sydney to buy stock for his land, then returned to New Zealand. In 1841 he returned to England, marrying Sophia Whitley Deans Dundas in Berkshire in 1843. Their daughter Janet was born in 1844, and then the family returned to Australia, where Crawford bought property in Queensland in 1845. In 1846 Crawford and his family returned to Wellington, before heading back to

183-675: A church, and in 1881 he donated 4 acres for a recreation reserve and salt-water baths there. In 1882 he offered land for a school in Kilbirnie, but this was declined by the Education Board. In 1886, the Government took 245 acres of Crawford's land at Evans Bay for defence purposes. This became the Shelly Bay base. Crawford took an active part in civic life in New Zealand. He was a captain in

244-538: A cultural centre with students, a café, gallery and studios. The incorporated society offered to talk with the Wellington Tenths Trust about these plans but the Office for Treaty Settlements had put the land aside. Artists continued to lease studios, rehearsal rooms and galleries continuously until 2021; a 21 year occupation. Artists included Jeanne MacCaskill , Michael Browne and co-founder Barry Thomas . In 2003,

305-591: A road at the expense of the owners of property at the southern extremity of the Town to benefit those who will not in any way contribute to the undertaking, because their property is not within the limits of the Town, and consequently not affected by the Act.". Crawford objected to this statement, and at a public meeting said that the editor of the Wellington Spectator was a woman who was "an ugly old hag". Crawford stated that

366-556: A road would be a general improvement that would be needed sooner or later, and he believed taxation was the best way forward. In 1868, Crawford's brother-in-law Major McBarnet built a house which he named 'Miramar', at the south-east of Evans Bay. In 1872, Crawford proposed changing the name of the peninsula from Watts Peninsula to Miramar, and around this time moved from the city to live in McBarnet's house. In 1877, Crawford sold allotments totalling 130 acres at Kilbirnie, which spurred

427-505: A sale unless it is withdrawn, removed by the High Court, or expires. However, PNBST had already made the deal to sell the land prior to the caveat, and Cassels stated he was confident he could get the High Court to remove the caveat. Opponents of the sale say there was no discussion of the sale before the deal was made. The caveat lapsed in December 2019 and the listed owner of this parcel of land

488-499: A variety of shoreline characteristics as other shorelines. In some cases, bays have beaches , which "are usually characterized by a steep upper foreshore with a broad, flat fronting terrace". Bays were significant in the history of human settlement because they provided easy access to marine resources like fisheries . Later they were important in the development of sea trade as the safe anchorage they provide encouraged their selection as ports . The United Nations Convention on

549-451: A vote. Mau Whenua, a group of Taranaki Whānui members, said the sale neither had the will nor mandate of iwi members and pledged to get the land back. PNBST said in a newsletter that it had to make the deal to survive as it was cash-strapped. A deal to sell the remaining land for $ 10 million was made by PNBST, also in 2019. Mau Whenua members obtained a caveat on a sale in July 2019, which prevents

610-436: Is a small bay in the larger Evans Bay on the west of the Miramar Peninsula , north of its isthmus , and is about 8 km by road from Wellington's city centre. The land at the bay is part of the Wellington suburb of Maupuia and includes some reclaimed land , with nearby hillsides excavated to provide fill. According to Land Information New Zealand , the name "Shelly Bay" became official in July 2020. LINZ does not provide

671-446: Is factored in this 30 cm rise will occur by 2040. He considered that a sea wall was feasible but that protecting the road around the coast would be problematic. Another VUW professor wrote in 2023 that Shelly Bay will be "particularly vulnerable" to extreme events as it is a low-lying coastal strip of land, backed by steep cliffs, and given that Wellington Harbour itself is susceptible to these events. Little blue penguins live in

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732-448: Is the world's largest bay. Bays also form through coastal erosion by rivers and glaciers . A bay formed by a glacier is a fjord . Rias are created by rivers and are characterised by more gradual slopes. Deposits of softer rocks erode more rapidly, forming bays, while harder rocks erode less quickly, leaving headlands . Coutts Crawford James Coutts Crawford (19 January 1817 – 8 April 1889), known as Coutts Crawford ,

793-734: The Royal Society of New Zealand ). He presented many papers about geology, farming, drainage and other subjects that interested him. In 1867, Crawford became a founding member of the Wellington Benevolent Society, an organisation formed to relieve poverty in the city. He resigned his position as chairman of the society in April 1878, after members of Temperance groups said that it was hypocritical of him to administer funds to destitute families while creating drunkenness and harm by granting licences to public houses in his role as chairman of

854-484: The Waitangi Tribunal ruled that iwi were owed compensation over Shelly Bay. On 14 February 2009 4.5 hectares of land was handed over to the iwi Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika (also shortened to Taranaki Whānui) who bought the land as part of a $ 25 million Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The settlement related to wrongdoings in and arising from the 1839 land purchase. The Crown apologised over this sale, saying

915-576: The estuary of a river, such as the Chesapeake Bay , an estuary of the Susquehanna River . Bays may also be nested within each other; for example, James Bay is an arm of Hudson Bay in northeastern Canada . Some large bays, such as the Bay of Bengal and Hudson Bay, have varied marine geology . The land surrounding a bay often reduces the strength of winds and blocks waves . Bays may have as wide

976-716: The Imperial and Royal Geological Society of Vienna. In 1864 Crawford established and presided over the Resident Magistrate and Warden's Court at Havelock in Pelorus Sound for some months. He was appointed Resident Magistrate in Wellington in 1864 and Sheriff of Wellington in 1866. From 1867, Crawford was a member of the Wellington Philosophical Society and the New Zealand Institute (later known as

1037-497: The Law of the Sea defines a bay as a well-marked indentation in the coastline, whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation, however, shall not be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as (or larger than) that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across

1098-760: The Licensing Bench. In June 1878, Crawford resigned as Sheriff and was replaced as Resident Magistrate because he was over the age of compulsory retirement. On his retirement, Crawford went to the United Kingdom in March 1879 for an extended stay. Crawford's wife Jessie died there in 1880, and Crawford returned to Wellington by early 1884. With his health failing, Crawford returned to London around 1887 to seek medical advice. He died there on 8 April 1889, of kidney and bladder disease. Crawford left his land to be divided between his three younger sons: Henry received land on

1159-472: The Miramar peninsula, then known as Watts Peninsula. He later bought the remaining portions from other landowners, eventually owning the whole of the peninsula. On his return to Wellington in 1846, he established a farm ('Glendavar') on the north of the peninsula. The centre of the peninsula contained a shallow lake of about 200 acres, known to Māori as Para or Te Roto Kura, and to Europeans as Burnham Water, which

1220-575: The October 2019 Wellington local elections , and most candidates had a position on the development. Prior to the election most councillors supported the development, but after the election, it was reported that most councillors opposed it. The mayoral election at the same time also saw Wellington mayor Justin Lester , who supported the proposal, replaced by Andy Foster , who as a councillor opposed it for several years and whose election campaign centred on stopping

1281-530: The Superintendent of Wellington proposed to tax landowners in Te Aro to pay for a sewerage and drainage scheme there. Amidst widespread opposition to the tax, the Wellington Spectator newspaper published an article alleging that "the road at present leading to Burnham Water and Evans's Bay either is or will shortly be interrupted by the enclosure of some town acres over which it passes, and hence this attempt to make

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1342-577: The United Kingdom where his son James Dundas Crawford was born in 1850. Sophia Crawford died in 1852. Crawford remarried in Scotland in 1857 to Jessie Cruickshank McBarnet, before returning to settle in New Zealand. They had three sons born in New Zealand: Henry Duncan (1859–1908), Alexander Donald (1862–1935) and Charles John (1867–1945). Jessie died in 1880 at Overton House in Scotland. On his arrival in Wellington in 1839, Crawford bought most of

1403-576: The Wellington City Council agreed to sell and lease land to the development, against the wishes of mayor Foster. The bay was occupied by Mau Whenua, a Māori group opposing the development, from November 2020 through to May 2022. While ground broke on the project in January 2023, the project was announced as aborted in September 2023, and the land was sold to Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh . Shelly Bay

1464-540: The Wellington Militia between 1860 and 1864. He served on the Legislative Council from 1859 until 1867, when he resigned for political reasons. Crawford had voted against a government bill, which prompted Edward Stafford , the then Premier of New Zealand, to state that Crawford's position on the Legislative Council was incompatible with his role as a magistrate. Crawford was a keen amateur geologist, and

1525-658: The Wellington Submarine Mining Volunteers, is located in Old St Paul's, Wellington . In 1895, Māori prisoners were put to work in Shelly Bay. These prisoners were followers of Parihaka leaders. The work included helping to build the road from Shelly Bay to Scorching Bay. In 1907, the base was transferred to the Royal Navy , which constructed a new wharf along with munitions stores and an aerial tramway into

1586-560: The area under their collective name "Art Base". The area also included the Chocolate Fish cafe; former mayor Kerry Prendergast described the cafe as "iconic" and it became renowned after actors and crew from the Lord of the Rings trilogy frequented it. It also had a campsite. Some of the 2005 film King Kong was filmed in Shelly Bay, including construction of the giant wall that separates Kong from

1647-535: The base being used as a primary repair and maintenance location for them. Following the creation of the Royal New Zealand Navy in 1941, ownership of the base was transferred, with the base receiving the name HMNZS Cook . In 1946 ownership of the base was transferred to the Royal New Zealand Air Force , and renamed Shelly Bay Air Force Base. Its purpose included a dormitory and catering centre,

1708-478: The bay, with some nesting underneath the buildings. Te Papa staff have estimated that about half of the penguins in the region use the harbour mouth alongside Mirimar Peninsula during their breeding cycle. In the 1820s and 1830s, a collection of peoples from multiple Māori iwi (tribes), including Te Āti Awa , Taranaki , Ngāti Ruanui , and Ngāti Tama , migrated to the region. This group became known as Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika . The village sited at

1769-447: The carcinogen asbestos. In June 2023 a fire destroyed one of the area's landmark buildings. The fire was treated as suspicious. Because of the asbestos in the building, an exclusion zone was set up and people were warned to avoid the area. Ian Cassels, director of the property development company The Wellington Company, had planned a 350-house development for the land since 2014. The project faced legal, bureaucratic, and other barriers and

1830-407: The court decision, there was a reconsideration of the consent process, conducted by independent commissioners, which was completed in October 2019. These commissioners approved a new resource consent. This consent allowed for more intensive housing than Wellington's district plan would ordinarily allow. As of 2020, Enterprise Miramar continued to oppose the resource consent. Cassels purchased land for

1891-469: The deed was flawed and promises were never kept. The Crown failed to set aside one-tenth of the land for Māori as required by the terms, took land for public purposes without compensation, and locked up remaining Māori land in perpetual leases. The settlement included the right to buy the Shelly Bay property (as well as several other around Wellington) and the iwi chose to do so at a cost of at least $ 13.3 million. A number of artists had rented studio spaces in

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1952-482: The defence minister sought to zone it a suburban centre. This dispute went to the Environment Court which ultimately resulted it being zoned suburban but with a proviso that development should be done to protect the character of the area. Buildings previously part of the defence base had had little or no maintenance since the base ceased operations. The wharf itself had almost rotted away. Several buildings contain

2013-500: The developers. Councillors had voted in favour of the sales and leases in September 2017 and granted Council chief executive the power to do so, but after the issues with the resource consent and disputes over whether councillors had all the correct information, council chief executive Kevin Lavery refused to make the transaction and indicated in 2019 that the matter would likely go to a new vote. The Shelly Bay sale became an election issue in

2074-527: The development from the Taranaki Whānui iwi. Much of the land, which was officially owned by an entity called Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust (PNBST), was sold in June 2017 for $ 2 million, less than the iwi had paid for it. Sale of all the land had initially been voted on, and members of the Taranaki Whānui iwi voted against the sale, but the sale of a portion of the land was a smaller matter and did not require

2135-453: The development issue. In 2020 the central Government announced a $ 3 billion infrastructure fund to restart New Zealand's economy following the coronavirus pandemic . Ian Cassels applied to the fund, saying the Shelly Bay project was "shovel-ready", while lawyers for Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson implored Government ministers to reject the application. Ultimately the Shelly Bay project did not receive any such funding. A groundbreaking ceremony

2196-479: The development of the suburb. The new property owners raised funds for a direct road from Newtown to Kilbirnie, which was built in 1878 and named after Crawford. In 1878, Crawford put up for sale 100 acres of land divided into 200 sections at his new "Township of Seatoun". Roads had already been laid out and "partially formed", with allowance for future tram lines, and land was set aside for churches, schools and parks. In 1878, Crawford donated land at Kilbirnie for

2257-404: The development project than previously proposed, including owning all commercial assets and securing a “distinctive” presence in the area. In November 2020, starting as "a one-man stand" by Anaru Mepham, Mau Whenua began an occupation of Shelly Bay, putting up tents. Mayor Andy Foster , who opposed the development, showed up to help erect tents. Several councillors said that it was disgraceful for

2318-438: The development. In a vote of November 2020, Wellington City councillors voted 9–6 in favour of the proposal to sell 0.3 hectares of council land and lease another 0.6 hectares. Mayor Foster called the decision "sad". The development has had opposition from other parties. Director Peter Jackson opposed the development, describing it as a "precious green space" threatened by "Soviet-era apartments". He threatened legal action over

2379-475: The failure of the development to rising construction costs and interest rates, exacerbated by the fire. He estimated that the project, which would have cost $ 500 million when Cassels first proposed it, would have been $ 720 million or more in 2023. Hunt's sources suggested that Jackson and Walsh paid $ 39 million for the land. 41°17′46″S 174°49′08″E  /  41.296°S 174.819°E  / -41.296; 174.819 Bay A bay can be

2440-483: The inlet towards the city. The installation was operated by the Wellington Submarine Mining Volunteers. In 1891, the base was the site of an explosion, killing one man. An inquest was held, with its jury concluding that the accident occurred through the "accidental explosion of gun-cotton ", but there was not sufficient direct evidence to determine what caused the explosion. A memorial plaque for Sapper Penfold, Sergeant Wilson, Corporal Bramley and Lance Corporal Palmes, of

2501-466: The issue. The lobby group Enterprise Miramar cited concerns such as traffic safety and congestion in their opposition. Mayor Andy Foster has said that the council needs to investigate road capacity and safety associated with the project. Wellington City Council has previously voted to cap its share of infrastructure for the development at $ 10m. A December 2020 article reported that the council had already spent over $ 800,000 on legal fees and consultants over

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2562-457: The isthmus and Kilbirnie, and Alexander and Charles formed a partnership to manage the Miramar peninsula. Charles later became Mayor of Miramar and Henry became Mayor of Melrose, before these areas were merged into Wellington city. In 1901 and 1904, Alexander and Charles offered large areas of the peninsula to Wellington City Council, but on both occasions the Council declined their proposals. The land

2623-462: The land to Taranaki Whanui, though this put pressure on people to move from lands to places that were not adequate to sustain their way of life. By the 1880s, Shelly Bay was under the private ownership of Coutts Crawford . In 1886, the Crown requisitioned the land for defence purposes under the Public Works Act , and in the following years, became the site for an anti-submarine mine depot. This

2684-405: The latter employing 50 full-time caterers. It held as many as five formal events each week, hosting top military leaders and on one occasion Prince Charles . The Airforce base closed in 1995 and the New Zealand Defence Force put the land up for disposal. A naval museum was on the site but this was shut in 2008. In 2000, under the name "Art Base", 28 resident artists called for the bay to become

2745-604: The mayor to support opposition to a council decision, though Foster said he thought he was attending a "community gathering". In January 2021, the developers sent a cease-and-desist letter to try to remove the protestors, but the occupation continued. In November 2021, Taranaki Whānui served the occupiers with an eviction notice; other groups calling for an end to the occupation included two local marae. The occupation ended in May 2022. The proposed development also required Wellington City Council to sell some parcels of land, and lease others, to

2806-454: The mouth of that indentation — otherwise it would be referred to as a bight . There are various ways in which bays can form. The largest bays have developed through plate tectonics . As the super-continent Pangaea broke up along curved and indented fault lines, the continents moved apart and left large bays; these include the Gulf of Guinea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Bay of Bengal , which

2867-465: The northern end of the bay was named Maru-Kai-Kuru. In 1839 the bay was bought by the New Zealand Company along with most of Wellington. The deed of purchase would later be described as "seriously" flawed. It was in English only and had no map to define boundaries. The Crown assumed ownership of the area two years later, and perhaps in acknowledgement for the flawed purchase agreement, assigned one-tenth of

2928-491: The origin of the name. The land at Shelly Bay is at risk from coastal flooding due to sea level rises. The head of Victoria University of Wellington 's (VUW's) Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences department predicted in 2019 that within forty years, damage previously seen once every 100 years would occur once every three or four years. NZ SeaRise research released in 2023 predicts that sea level at Shelly Bay will be 30 cm higher than today by 2080, and if land movement

2989-475: The rest of Skull Island. Shelly Bay is a short drive from the Miramar studios used for filming the movie. Multiple uses for the land of Shelly Bay were proposed after the closure of the defence base, including a casino, an indoor rainforest biome, a cultural centre and a movie museum, the latter being proposed by director Peter Jackson. The Wellington City Council , in 1998, sought to have it kept as park land, while

3050-520: The side of Mount Crawford, with limited use during The Great War . During World War II, the base saw significant expansion, with an expanded wharf, further ammunition stores and a new slipway. In addition, new accommodation, workshops and a small hospital were constructed on land reclaimed from the harbour. The buildings had a combined floor space of 69,050 square feet. The wharf totalled 37,200 square feet and had 1,200 feet of berthing space. Four Fairmile coastal patrol boats were based in Wellington, with

3111-606: Was a College Midshipman on HMS Dublin . In 1836 Crawford became a sub-lieutenant, but he discharged himself from the navy in 1837. Crawford was a captain in the Militia. In 1838, Crawford sailed to Sydney, Australia. He bought 700 cattle and, with the help of an overseer and seven workers, drove the herd overland on a five-month journey between Sydney and Adelaide, arriving there in April 1839. Charles Sturt named Mount Crawford in South Australia after Crawford, who set up

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3172-399: Was a company owned by Cassels and his partner. In December 2019 PNBST announced by a newsletter to Taranaki Whānui members that it was aiming to become involved again in the Shelly Bay development. The newsletter stated that PNBST was in talks with Cassels' company to buy land at Shelly Bay from the company. A later agreement, made in 2021, established that the iwi will have a greater stake in

3233-793: Was a naval officer, farmer, scientist, explorer and public servant in New Zealand. He was born in Strathaven , South Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1817 and came to New Zealand in 1839. He settled in Wellington , owning the Miramar peninsula and parts of Rongotai and Kilbirnie, which he named after the town in Scotland. Crawford was active in local affairs. He served on the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1859 to 1867. He died in London in 1889. Mount Crawford (South Australia) and several locations in Wellington are named after him. Crawford

3294-427: Was a part of the major build-up of New Zealand's coastal defences during the late Victorian era , due to hostilities and fears of a Russian naval attack. By 1895, coastal defences in Wellington extended over the whole of the northern area of Watts Peninsula from Scorching Bay to Shelly Bay. Their task was to maintain harbour defence mines to fend off potential attacking Russian Navy ships if they arrived through

3355-512: Was appointed as Wellington Provincial Geologist in 1861 until the government could bring a professional geologist to New Zealand. From 1861 to 1864 he explored the Whanganui and Rangitīkei rivers, the central plateau and northern Wairarapa, looking for mining potential and routes for road and rail. He became a member of the Geological Society of London, the Geological Society of Edinburgh and

3416-593: Was born in Strathaven, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of naval officer James Coutts Crawford , and his second wife, Jane Inglis. His maternal grandfather was Admiral John Inglis . Crawford was educated at the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth, then went to sea with the navy in 1831, aged 14. He was awarded a Royal Humane Society medal for jumping overboard to rescue sailors on two occasions in 1834, while he

3477-451: Was controversial; news site Stuff reported that it wrote about 400 articles on Shelly Bay between 2011 and 2019. A resource consent , required for the development, was first granted by Wellington City Council in 2017. The consent was legally challenged by the lobby group Enterprise Miramar. A 2018 Court of Appeal decision quashed that resource consent, saying that the Council wrongly interpreted law when it decided to grant it. Following

3538-419: Was held in January 2023 to signal the start of work on the development. The project was announced as aborted in September 2023, and the land was sold to Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh. Jackson and Walsh said the area is a "wonderful coastline that holds a great deal of cultural and historical significance", and added "we are looking forward to restoring the natural beauty of the bay." Journalist Tom Hunt attributed

3599-424: Was reclaimed and the area was used as a submarine mining base , a naval station, Airforce base, and an arts centre. Shelly Bay was the site of a planned residential development. The development was the subject of multiple court cases and other opposition. Opponents of the development included the then- Mayor of Wellington Andy Foster , film-maker Peter Jackson , some businesses and some Māori . In November 2020,

3660-417: Was surrounded by swamps. In 1847, Crawford built what may have been the first tunnel in New Zealand, to drain the lake into Evans Bay. He enlarged the tunnel and did further drainage work on the swamps in 1859. Crawford sowed various types of grasses to fix the sand in parts of the peninsula and improve the former swampy areas. The former lake later became the site of the Miramar shopping area. In 1859,

3721-455: Was then broken up and sold to various private syndicates and speculators. Crawford kept detailed diaries of his travels in Australia and throughout New Zealand, and in 1880 published a book called Recollections of travel in New Zealand and Australia . He also drew and painted many images of the places he visited, which together with his diaries are of historical interest. Many place names in

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