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26-657: It is opposed to the Dipole Repeller , in the CMB dipole of local galactic flow. It is thought to be the composite contributions of the Shapley Concentration and the Great Attractor . This supercluster-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This physical cosmology -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dipole Repeller The dipole repeller

52-822: A candidate has worked extensively with one of the jury members over the past two years, or has a direct and regular relationship with him or her. In 2020, the average age at recruitment was 33.9 years for chargés de recherche (research fellows), with wide variations between sections (in the humanities and social sciences, it was 36.3 years). In 2020, the average recruitment rate was 21.3 applicants for each single open position, again with variations to this rate between sections. The most competitive sections are usually Section 2 (theoretical physics), Section 35 (literature, philosophy and philology), Section 36 (sociology and law), and Section 40 (political science). In 2023, in Section 35, there were 158 applicants for four open positions, hence

78-413: A laboratory an "assistant engineer"). Following a 1983 reform, the candidates selected have the status of civil servants and are part of the public service. All permanent support employees are recruited through annual nationwide competitive campaigns ( concours ). Separate competitives campaigns are held in each of the forty disciplinary fields covered by the institution and organized in sections. In

104-478: A numeric code attached and is typically headed by a university professor or a CNRS research director. A research unit may be subdivided into research groups ("équipes"). The CNRS also has support units, which may, for instance, supply administrative, computing, library, or engineering services. In 2016, the CNRS had 952 Joint Research Units, 32 proper research units, 135 service units, and 36 international units. The CNRS

130-406: A recruitment rate of 2.53%. By comparison, Section 12 (molecular chemistry) received 33 applications for five open positions. The CNRS was created on 19 October 1939 by decree of President Albert Lebrun . Since 1954, the centre has annually awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals to French scientists and junior researchers. In 1966, the organisation underwent structural changes, which resulted in

156-646: Is a center of effective repulsion in the large-scale flow of galaxies in the neighborhood of the Milky Way , first detected in 2017. It is thought to represent a large supervoid , the Dipole Repeller Void . The dipole repeller is directly opposed to the Shapley Attractor , an over-density of galaxies located in the Shapley Supercluster . The dipole repeller's apparent repulsion is due to matter in

182-450: Is divided into 10 national institutes: The National Committee for Scientific Research, which is in charge of the recruitment and evaluation of researchers, is divided into 47 sections (e.g. Section 41 is mathematics, Section 7 is computer science and control, and so on). Research groups are affiliated with one primary institute and an optional secondary institute; the researchers themselves belong to one section. For administrative purposes,

208-413: Is governed by very strict, well-defined legal rules, including the sovereignty and impartiality of the jury and the rules governing conflicts of interest: candidates are strictly forbidden to have any contact with a member of the jury, and no one may put pressure on the jury in any way whatsoever. If a member of the jury belongs to the candidate's family, he or she may not sit on the jury. The same applies if

234-402: Is not a general rule (a research scientist can head a group or even a laboratory and some research directors do not head a group). Employees for support activities include research engineers, studies engineers, assistant engineers and technicians. Contrary to what the name would seem to imply, these can have administrative duties (e.g. a secretary can be "technician", an administrative manager of

260-412: Is the case of Peter Coles , author of the blog "In the dark", Ethan Siegel in an article published by Forbes , as well as in an article published by Ars Technica . This is because gravitation is an attractive force, but if there is an underdense region it apparently acts as a gravitational repeller, based on the concept that there may be less attraction in the direction of the underdensity, and

286-590: Is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 engineers and technical staff, and 7,085 contractual workers. It is headquartered in Paris and has administrative offices in Brussels , Beijing , Tokyo , Singapore , Washington, D.C. , Bonn , Moscow , Tunis , Johannesburg , Santiago de Chile , Israel , and New Delhi . The CNRS operates on

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312-473: The CNRS is divided into 18 regional divisions (including four for the Paris region). Researchers who are permanent employees of the CNRS, equivalent to lifelong research fellows in English-speaking countries, are classified in two categories, each subdivided into two or three classes, and each class is divided into several pay grades. In principle, research directors tend to head research groups, but this

338-592: The Dipole Repeller. The same research team identified in September 2017 a second void with repulsive force: the Cold Spot Repeller. These voids , which repel by the inverse gravitational force, are among main components of the cosmic "V-Web". Nevertheless, the discovery of the Dipole Repeller was commented on by astrophysicists and journalists in the mainstream media without using repulsive force . This

364-422: The basis of research units, which are of two kinds: "proper units" (UPRs) are operated solely by the CNRS, and Joint Research Units (UMRs – French: Unité mixte de recherche ) are run in association with other institutions, such as universities or INSERM . Members of Joint Research Units may be either CNRS researchers or university employees ( maîtres de conférences or professeurs ). Each research unit has

390-420: The context of the competition, the section is made up of an eligibility jury, which reads the application files, selects some for the orals, holds the orals, and draws up a ranked list of potential candidates, submitted to the admission jury, which validates (or not) this ranking; the admission jury can make adjustments within this list. At the end of the admissions jury, the results are announced. The competition

416-718: The creation of two specialised institutes: the National Astronomy and Geophysics Institute in 1967 (which became the National Institute of Sciences of the Universe in 1985) and the Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules (IN2P3; English: National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics) in 1971. The effectiveness of the recruitment, compensation, career management, and evaluation procedures of CNRS have been under scrutiny. Governmental projects include

442-562: The dipole repeller is not a fictitious structure induced by an ‘edge of the data’ effect, and that subsets of the data, chosen either by distance or galaxy type, uncover a basin of repulsion that ‘pushes’ the Local Group in the direction pointed by the CMB dipole. One of the authors, Hoffman, told The Guardian : We show that the Shapley attractor is really pulling, but then almost 180 degrees in

468-456: The direction of Shapley as it should.[...] The team thus discovered that at the location of our galaxy the repulsive and attractive forces from distant entities are of comparable importance and deduced that the major influences that are at the origin of our movement are the Shapley attractor and a vast region of void (i. e. without visible and invisible matter), previously unidentified, that they named

494-484: The greater attraction due to the higher density in other directions acts to pull objects away from the underdensity; in other words, the apparent repulsion is not an active force, but due simply to the lack of a force counteracting the attraction. CNRS The French National Centre for Scientific Research (French: Centre national de la recherche scientifique , CNRS ) is the French state research organisation and

520-434: The mean expansion of the universe, the net gravitational force of the overdense regions is that of an attraction and that of the under-dense regions is that of repulsion. The CNRS shared the same position and stated in a press release: Over the years, the debate has bogged down on the relative importance of these two attractors, as they are not enough to explain our movement, especially since it does not point exactly in

546-585: The most significant contributors to the CMB dipole . The authors of the article published in Nature Astronomy in January 2017 argue that the distance velocity measurements of the Dipole Repeller are incompatible with an explanation based solely on an attractive gravitational force . No single observed concentration of matter (gravitationally attractive) can explain the observed velocities and directions of distance from stars and galaxies. We can therefore observe

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572-424: The motion of neighboring galaxies extending to distances of over 250 megaparsecs (Mpc). There is a known overdensity – the Shapley Supercluster – creating an attraction in the flow of galaxies. The repeller appears to be located at a distance of about 220 Mpc and is anticipated to coincide with a void in galaxy density. That single center of attraction along with a roughly equal single repeller appear to be

598-531: The other direction is a region devoid of galaxies, and this region is repelling us. So now we have a pull from one side and a push from the other. It’s a story of love and hate, attraction and repulsion, Hoffman also told Wired : In addition to being pulled towards the known Shapley Concentration , we are also being pushed away from the newly discovered Dipole Repeller. Thus it has become apparent that push and pull are of comparable importance at our location . Hoffman told IFLScience: After subtracting out

624-425: The presence of an additional force, repulsive and whose nature is not specified, according to these authors. We show here that repulsion from an underdensity is important and that the dominant influences causing the observed flow are a single attractor — associated with the Shapley concentration — and a single previously unidentified repeller, which contribute roughly equally to the CMB dipole.[...] We conclude that

650-572: The transformation of the CNRS into an organization allocating support to research projects on an ad hoc basis and the reallocation of CNRS researchers to universities. Another controversial plan advanced by the government involves breaking up the CNRS into six separate institutes. These modifications, which were again proposed in 2021 by think tanks such as the Institut Montaigne, have been massively rejected by French scientists, leading to multiple protests. Important reforms were also recommended in

676-471: The vicinity being pulled towards the Shapley Attractor, along with the Great Attractor . Due to this, the dipole repeller has likely become devoid of matter, causing an apparent repulsion on galaxies between the repeller and the Shapley Attractor. The Local Group of galaxies is moving relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 631 ± 20 km/s . There is also a pattern of bulk flow in

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