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35-515: A wood shaper is a functionally different woodworking tool, typically with a powered rotating cutting head and manually fed workpiece, usually known simply as a shaper in North America and spindle moulder in the UK . A metalworking shaper is somewhat analogous to a metalworking planer , with the cutter riding a ram that moves relative to a stationary workpiece, rather than the workpiece moving beneath

70-443: A tool steel alloy known as high speed steel (HSS), or from carbide steel . Cutter heads are normally made from either steel or aluminum. High Speed Steel, carbide, aluminium, and steel for the cutter heads all come in a wide variety of grades. Retro Retro style is imitative or consciously derivative of lifestyles, trends, or art forms from the past, including in music, modes, fashions, or attitudes. In popular culture ,

105-452: A classic game consoles . What constitutes a vintage or retro machine is sometimes open to debate, but typically, most retro gamers are interested in Commodore 64 , Amiga 500 , Atari 2600 , NES /Family Computer, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive , PlayStation , Nintendo 64 , Dreamcast , SNES /Super Famicom, and classic Game Boy games and consoles. Emulation often plays a part in retrogaming if

140-541: A demythologization of the past, distancing the present from the big ideas that drove the modern age. Most commonly retro is used to describe objects and attitudes from the recent past that never seem modern. It suggests a fundamental shift in the way we relate to the past. Different from more traditional forms of revivalism, "retro" suggests a half ironic, half longing consideration of the recent past; it has been called an "unsentimental nostalgia", recalling modern forms that are no longer current. The concept of nostalgia

175-399: A few pieces are required to be produced, and the alternative methods are cost- or tooling-intensive. They also have considerable retro appeal to many hobbyist machinists, who are happy to obtain a used shaper or, in some cases, even to build a new one from scratch. Wood shaper A wood shaper (usually just shaper in North America or spindle moulder in the UK and Europe), is

210-405: A job than fit on one. The primary safety feature on a wood shaper is a guard mounted above the cutter protecting hands and garments from being drawn into its blades. Jigs, fixtures such as hold-downs, and accessories that include featherboards, also help prevent injury and generally result in better cuts. The starter, or fulcrum, pin is a metal rod which threads into the table a few inches away from

245-512: A stationary woodworking machine in which a vertically oriented spindle drives one or more stacked cutter heads to mill profiles on wood stock. A wood moulder (American English) is similar to a shaper, but is a more powerful and complex machine with multiple cutting heads at both 90-degrees and parallel to its table. A wood shaper has only a single cutting head, mounted on a perpendicular axis to its table. Wood shaper cutter heads typically have three blades, and turn at one-half to one-eighth

280-410: Is 1 + 3 ⁄ 4  in (44 mm), with 3 ⁄ 4 or 1 ⁄ 2  in (19 or 13 mm) on small shapers and 30 mm on European models. Most spindles are tall enough to accommodate more than one cutter head, allowing rapid tooling changes by raising or lowering desired heads into position. Additional spindles can be fitted with pre-spaced cutter heads when more are needed for

315-540: Is distinctive from modern computer-generated styling. Contemporary artist Anne Taintor uses retro advertising art as the centerpiece for her ongoing commentary on the modern woman. Specific styling features include analog machine design and vintage television programs . A famous example of a retro pop-art character is the more generalized form of the Ward Cleaver -styled J. R. "Bob" Dobbs -esque icon which has been widely played off, copied, and parodied. Foreshadowed by

350-435: Is essentially the same thing as a slotter (slotting machine), although technically a distinction can be made if one defines a true vertical shaper as a machine whose slide can be moved from the vertical. A slotter is fixed in the vertical plane The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of the machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath

385-454: Is linked to retro, but the bittersweet desire for things, persons, and situations of the past has an ironic stance in retro style. Retro shows nostalgia with a dose of cynicism and detachment. The desire to capture something from the past and evoke nostalgia is fuelled by dissatisfaction with the present. Since the 1980s the implications of the word retro have been expanding in the application to different mediums. Several fields have adopted

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420-579: The Mothers of Invention album Cruising with Ruben & the Jets in 1968, and the revival and parody group Sha Na Na in 1969, the 1970s and 1980s brought about a 1950s–early 1960s revival with films and television shows such as American Graffiti , M*A*S*H , Grease , Happy Days and Peggy Sue Got Married set in this time period. Retrogaming is a pastime which is becoming increasingly popular where individuals play video games on vintage computers or

455-443: The " nostalgia cycle" is typically for the two decades that begin 20–30 years ago. The term retro has been in use since 1972 to describe on the one hand, new artifacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, and materials of the past. But on the other hand, many people use the term to categorize styles that have been created in the past. Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of

490-505: The 1970s reappraised in film and novels the conduct of French civilians during the Nazi occupation. The term rétro was soon applied to nostalgic French fashions that recalled the same period. Shortly thereafter retro was introduced into English by the fashion and culture press, where it suggests a rather cynical revival of older but relatively recent fashions. In Simulacra and Simulation , French theorist Jean Baudrillard describes retro as

525-533: The 1970s, the 1960s, or 1950s. The value of old artifacts has increased, because the objects used to be considered old-fashioned and every day. In this case ‘retro’ indicates a value, which is also partly why today's retailers produce new objects in an old style. Long before the use of the word retro , graphic design made reference to earlier graphic characteristics. William Morris can be seen as an example: for book design and other purposes he adopted Medieval production and stylistic models in 1891. Furthermore, in

560-416: The 1980s pastel revival being a rebirth of a 1950s trend). Also at this time, late 1980s-style high-waisted mom jeans made a comeback with female hipsters . In the 2010s and 2020s, 1990s fashion has made a comeback: many of the fabrics and patterns ubiquitous in that decade (such as crushed velvet and floral) are popular now, and Dr. Martens , a shoe brand popular in the 1990s, also made a strong comeback in

595-488: The 1980s, design history emerged as a discipline and several histories of design were published. The access to these overviews and the ability to experiment with computer design programs has caused an increase of retro designed objects in the last decades. Interior design magazines often show retro style as an interior decoration of mixed styles and objects from the past, second hand and new. For example, 1970s patterned wallpapers, combined with second-hand furniture also from

630-547: The beginning of the twentieth century, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo motifs were used for new products. In typography , classicism has always been an influence and throughout the 20th century, and in early woodcut printing as well. The introduction of the technique of photocomposition in the 1960s allowed typographers greater flexibility in the selection and arrangement of type styles and sizes. For example, psychedelic typefaces were developed, gaining inspiration from Art Nouveau and other cultures. Historicist styles are also used in

665-574: The belts on a stepped pulley system, much like that on a drill press . Unlike routers, shapers are also able to run in reverse, which is necessary in performing some cuts. The most common form of wood shaper has a vertical spindle, some with tilting spindles or tables. Some European models variously combine sliding tablesaws, jointers, planers, and mortisers. Shapers can be adapted to perform specialized cuts employing accessories such as sliding tables, tenon tables, tilting arbor, tenoning hoods, and interchangeable spindles. The standard US spindle shaft

700-580: The cutter allowing stock to be fed into it in a freehand cut. In addition to aiding productivity and setting a consistent rate of milling, a power feeder keeps appendages and garments out of harm's way. It may be multi-speed, and employ rubber wheels to feed stock past the cutter head. Single head moulder (a "shaper" in the US): Multi Head Moulder (a "moulder" in the US): An alternative configuration has two bottom and two top heads, in order to size

735-407: The cutter. The ram is typically actuated by a mechanical crank inside the column, though hydraulically actuated shapers are increasingly used. Adding axes of motion to a shaper can yield helical tool paths, as also done in helical planing . A single-point cutting tool is rigidly held in the tool holder, which is mounted on the ram. The work piece is rigidly held in a vise or clamped directly on

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770-464: The early 2010s, as 2011–12 was the British company's best-selling season of all time. The style now called retro art is a genre of pop art which was developed from the 1940s to 1960s, in response to a need for bold, eye-catching graphics that were easy to reproduce on simple presses available at the time in major centres. Retro advertising art has experienced a resurgence in popularity since its style

805-459: The forward, cutting stroke. This return stroke is governed by a quick return mechanism . The most common use is to machine straight, flat surfaces, but with ingenuity and some accessories a wide range of work can be done. Other examples of its use are: Samuel Bentham developed a shaper between 1791 and 1793. However, Roe (1916) credits James Nasmyth with the invention of the shaper in 1836. Shapers were very common in industrial production from

840-427: The lumber with the first top and the first bottom head, and then shape the lumber with the remaining top and bottom heads. Machines with two or more right heads are more common in the furniture industry to give the ability to run shorter stock and deeper more detailed cuts on the edge of the stock. Tooling refers to cutters, knives, blades, as well as planer blades, and cutter heads. Most blades are made from either

875-628: The mid-19th century through the mid-20th. In current industrial practice, shapers have been largely superseded by other machine tools (especially of the CNC type), including milling machines , grinding machines , and broaching machines . But the basic function of a shaper is still sound; tooling for them is minimal and very cheap to reproduce; and they are simple and robust in construction, making their repair and upkeep easily achievable. Thus, they are still popular in many machine shops, from jobbing shops or repair shops to tool and die shops , where only one or

910-418: The past emerged and a broader range of objects from the recent past was used for new designs. Before the word retro came into use in the 1970s, the practice of adopting old styles for new designs was already common. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, designers borrowed from the past, for example, classicistic style. The difference is that since the 1960s, people started to refer to the recent past. In

945-783: The past. Unlike the historicism of the Romantic generations , it is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions, and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, the successive styles of Modernity . The English word retro derives from the Latin prefix retro , meaning backwards, or in past times. In France, the word rétro , an abbreviation for rétrospectif , gained cultural currency with reevaluations of Charles de Gaulle and France's role in World War II . The French mode rétro of

980-465: The promotion and packaging of food and household products, referring to childhood memories and domestic nostalgic ideals. In logo designing, retro logos have been highlighted. Brands have incorporated retro logo designs to highlight their brand's voice and message: clean, classic, and reminiscent of the recent past. In the 2000s and 2010s, there was a revival of pastel and neon colors, stereotypically associated with 1980s and early 1990s fashion (with

1015-422: The reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by an automatic feed mechanism acting on the feedscrew . The ram slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds the clapper box and tool post, from which

1050-606: The shaper's table, and rotates between 3,000 and 10,000 rpm, with stock running along a vertical fence. Being both larger and much more powerful than routers, shapers can cut much larger profiles than routers  – such as for crown moulding and raised-panel doors  – and readily drive custom-made bits fabricated with unique profiles. Shapers feature between 1.5 and 5 horsepower (1.1 and 3.7 kW) belt-driven motors, which run much more quietly and smoothly than typically 10,000 to 25,000 rpm direct-drive routers. Speed adjustments are typically made by relocating

1085-456: The speed of smaller, much less expensive two-bladed bits used on a hand-held wood router . Adapters are sold allowing a shaper to drive router bits, a compromise on several levels. As are router tables , cost-saving adaptations of hand-held routers mounted to comparatively light-duty dedicated work tables. The wood being fed into a moulder is commonly referred to as either stock or blanks . The spindle may be raised and lowered relative to

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1120-415: The table. The table may be supported at the outer end. The ram reciprocates and the cutting tool, held in the tool holder, moves forwards and backwards over the work piece. In a standard shaper, cutting of material takes place during the forward stroke of the ram and the return stroke remains idle. The return is governed by a quick return mechanism . The depth of the cut increments by moving the workpiece, and

1155-514: The term from the design field. Until the 1960s, interiors were often decorated with antiques . During the 1960s in London, shops started selling pieces of second-hand furniture. These shops differed from the previous antique shops because they sold daily life objects from the recent past. These objects used to be seen as junk: Victorian enamel signs, stuffed bears, old furniture painted with union jacks, bowler hats etc. A new way of producing and consuming

1190-430: The tool can be positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to deepen a cut. This flexibility, coupled with the use of specialized cutters and toolholders, enables the operator to cut internal and external gear teeth. The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on

1225-400: The workpiece is fed by a pawl and ratchet mechanism . Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw-cut, horizontal, universal, vertical, geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and traveling head, with a horizontal arrangement most common. Vertical shapers are generally fitted with a rotary table to enable curved surfaces to be machined (same idea as in helical planing ). The vertical shaper

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