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28-563: Shalya Parva describes the appointment of Shalya as the fourth commander-in-chief of the Kaurava alliance, on the 18th day of the Kurukshetra War . The parva recites Salya's death, how Duryodhana becomes mortally wounded and out of the entire Kaurava army, only 3 survive. Shalya parva also describes how Pandavas and Krishna are victorious in the war, but lament the enormous toll of the 18-day war on human lives on both sides. The book mentions

56-511: A 15 volume set of the Mahabharata which includes Shalya Parva. This translation is modern, by multiple authors and uses an old manuscript of the epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the epic in 1st or 2nd millennium AD. Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Shalya Parva, after removing verses and chapters generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted into

84-662: A great warrior in spite of his slight build. On his way to Hastinapura , King Pandu encountered Shalya's army. At parlay, Shalya and his general met with Pandu; Pandu was very impressed by Shalya's slight general and became friends. Bhishma , head of Pandu's family, learned of Shalya's beautiful sister, Mādrī and decided to arrange Pandu's second marriage with Madri. Shalya agreed and was gifted with gold and jewels from Hastinapura . Years after Madri had decided to self-immolate herself, Shalya invited his nephews Nakula and Sahadeva to Madra, wishing to make them his heirs. On their eighteenth birthday, Shalya revealed his intention to

112-444: A poet by his skill at rhyme. It is composed of a varying number of short poems or cantos, that tells the story of a classical epic. Each poem is composed in a metre that is fitting to the subject matter, such as a description of the seasons, a geographical form of nature such as a mountain, and cities. In the relatively secluded world of modern Sanskrit literature, mahakavya s continue to be produced. Some of these have been awarded

140-733: Is a genre of Indian epic poetry in Classical Sanskrit . The genre is characterised by ornate and elaborate descriptions of phenomena such as scenery, love , and battles . Typical examples of mahākāvya are the Kumarasambhava and the Kiratarjuniya . The genre evolved from earlier epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana . Despite the length of mahākāvya s (15-30 cantos , a total of about 1500-3000 verses), they are still much shorter than

168-585: Is helpless against Abhimanyu's attacks. On the 14th day, he tries to stop Arjuna’s advance towards Jayadratha but is defeated; injured so badly that he cannot even sit down. During the night battle at the end of the day, he vanquishes Virata and makes him flee. On 16th day of battle, Karna defeated, but spared the lives of Nakula and Sahadeva , stating that they are younger and not his equals, therefore not deserving of death by his hands. He proceeded to clash with Arjuna, having previously promised Kunti that he would not attempt to slay any Pandava except Arjuna. During

196-583: Is the Saundarananda , which focuses on the conversion of Nanda , Buddha's half-brother. Tradition identifies five works as model mahākāvya : To this list, sometimes a sixth one is also added. In the mahākāvya genre, more emphasis was laid on description than on narration. Daṇḍin 's Kāvyādarśa lists the traditional characteristics of a mahākāvya as: About this list, Ingalls observes: These are not random suggestions but specific requirements. Every complete mahākāvya that has come down to us from

224-636: The Hindu epic Mahabharata , King Shalya ( Sanskrit : शल्य , lit. Pike ) was the brother of Madri (mother of Nakula and Sahadeva ), and the ruler of the Madra kingdom. Skilled with the mace and a formidable warrior, he was tricked by Duryodhana to fight the war on the side of the Kauravas . He was encouraged to serve as the charioteer of Karna by Duryodhana. Shalya was an incredibly calm and deliberate fighter, his level-headedness and prowess in warfare making him

252-645: The Kauravas , Shalya met the Pandavas and apologised for his mistake. Nakula and Sahadeva grew enraged, saying that Shalya had truly proven that Nakula and Sahadeva were not real brothers to the Pandavas, but only step-brothers . Yudhishthira quickly stepped in and reprimanded the twins, commanding that they were never to again cheapen their relationship by saying they were "step" brothers. At this point, Shalya realised that he had underestimated their brotherly bond. Yudhishthira promised to Shalya that he would kill him during

280-458: The Ramayana (500 cantos, 24000 verses) and the Mahabharata (about 100000 verses). The Buddhist poet and philosopher Aśvaghoṣa ( c.  80 – c. 150 CE ) is one of the earliest Sanskrit poets with surviving Kāvya literature. His Buddhacarita ( Acts of the Buddha ) calls itself a mahākāvya and was influential enough to be translated into both Tibetan and Chinese. Another kāvya by Aśvaghoṣa

308-673: The Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit . In the introduction to Ṣoḍaśī: An Anthology of Contemporary Sanskrit Poets (1992), Radhavallabh Tripathi writes: On the other hand, the number of authors who appear to be very enthusiastic about writing in Sanskrit during these days is not negligible. […] In a thesis dealing with Sanskrit mahākāvya s written in a single decade, 1961–1970, the researcher [Dr. Ramji Upadhyaya] has noted 52 Sanskrit mahākāvya s (epic poems) produced in that very decade. Some modern mahākāvya s do not aim to satisfy all

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336-851: The Kambhojas, the Shakas, the Mlechas, the Mountaineers and the Yavanas have all been killed; The Easterners, the Southerners, the Northerners and the Westerners, O king, have all been killed, All the kings and princes have been killed; Duryodhana too have been killed by Pandu's son Bhima, All the men collected have been destroyed, as also the elephants; all chariot warriors and horsemen have been slain in battle. Amongst

364-542: The Kaurava forces, Krishna suggested that Yudhishthira should kill the powerful warrior, as the eldest Pandava was not a man of aggression and could meet Shalya's aggressive demeanor in battle. Yudhishthira engages Shalya in an long archery duel. With the assistance of Bhima, Yudhishthira deprives Shalya of his charioteer and horses. In a fit of rage, Shalya rushes towards Yudhishthira with a sword and shield in hand. Using his arrows, Bhima destroys Shalya’s weapons but Shalya undeterred by this, proceeds towards Yudhishthira with

392-678: The Pandavas seven are alive, amongst your people just three. Gadayuddha Parva , Chapter 32: In difficulty, every one forgets considerations of virtue. Gadayuddha Parva, Chapter 60: Morality is always followed by the good. Morality is always followed for two motives: the desire for Profit, or the desire for Pleasure Whoever without making distinction between Morality and Profit, or Morality and Pleasure, or Pleasure and Profit, follows all three together - Morality, Profit and Pleasure, always succeeds in obtaining great happiness. Shalya Dyutimat (younger brother) Madrasena (younger brother) Lakshmana Krishna's wife (niece) In

420-479: The Pandavas would give them no power, his brothers and Kunti genuinely loved him, and would never try to make Nakula and Sahadeva their pawns. After some deliberation, Nakula was convinced that Shalya had no ulterior motives. Sahadeva and he agreed to become the heirs to Shalya's throne, on the condition that they would always stay with the rest of the Pandavas. When Shalya heard of the impending Kurukshetra War , he marched forth with his army to join his nephews. On

448-436: The anger and hatred among survivors on the Kauravas side, particularly Duryodhana , Aswatthama , Kritavarman and Kripa . This Parva (book) traditionally has 4 sub-parvas (parts or little books) and 65 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The following are the sub-parvas: After three commander-in-chiefs of Kauravas army slain, Shalya is appointed the leader. He too is killed, as is Shakuni . Millions more soldiers die on

476-401: The arrow destroyed Arjuna's crown which was given to him by Indra. On the 17th day, unarmed and on foot, Karna is killed by Arjuna. After Karna's demise, Shalya would console the grieving Duryodhana by reminding him that Karna's death was inevitable. Duryodhana subsequently named Shalya as the new commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces. After Shalya is named the new commander-in-chief for

504-461: The course of the battle, Karna invoked the Ashwasena snake on his arrow and directed it towards Arjuna . However, Shalya advised him to aim it at Arjuna's chest. Karna disregarded his advice, as he had already aimed the arrow towards Arjuna's head and said that changing the target of a bow right before firing it is not a brave act. Krishna drove Arjuna's chariot into the earth, saving Arjuna's life, as

532-401: The eve of the war. Prior to the start of the war, Yudhishthira met with his elders on the Kaurava side, seeking their blessings. Shalya readily offered his blessings to Yudhishthira, wishing him victory. Shalya was requested by Yudhishthira to heap praises of his brothers in order to infuriate Karna. Though not spirited in his fight, Shalya confronted many great warriors during the war. On

560-464: The first day, he attacks Yudhishthira and snaps his bow. However, Yudhishthira takes another bow and wounds Shalya. Shalya killed Uttara Kumara on the first day of the war. He killed the boy with his spear after a fantastic duel, and subsequently hailed his brave death. On the second day, his eldest son Madranjaya is killed by Virata as revenge for Uttara. On the 13th day, Shalya's sons Rukmangada and Rukmaratha were killed by Abhimanyu ; Shalya himself

588-527: The intent of killing him with his bare hands. After fighting with the mace, spear and by the means of archery, Yudhishtira took his javelin (which was once used by Shiva to kill the demon Andhaka ) and hurled it at Shalya. That divine weapon struck squarely on his leg and Shalya was injured, the bhargavasta shot by Yudhistira from the Vijay bow hit him in the chest and he died. Mahakavya Mahākāvya (lit. great kāvya, court epic), also known as sargabandha ,

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616-564: The last day of war. Duryodhana in anguish leaves the battlefield, and goes to a lake. Bhima meets him there, challenges him to a battle. Bhima mortally wounds Duryodhana by crushing his thighs and later, Duryodhana dies. Out of 11 Akshauhinis of the Kauravas, only survivors are mortally injured Duryodhana along with Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa. From Pandavas army, all five brothers, Krishna, 2000 chariots, 700 elephants, 5,000 horsemen and 10,000 foot soldiers survive. Shalya parva describes

644-485: The original, has 4 parts, 64 adhyayas (chapters) and 3,541 shlokas (verses). Debroy has published a translated version of the critical edition of Shalya Parva in Volume 7 of his series. The entire parva has been "transcreated" and translated in verse by the poet Dr. Purushottama Lal published by Writers Workshop . Shalya-vadha Parva , Chapter 1: Shalya has been killed, as also Shakuni and his son Uluka, The Samsaptakas,

672-451: The time of Kalidasa contains the whole list, which, if one considers it carefully, will be seen to contain the basic repertory of Sanskrit poetry. Contained in it are the essential elements of nature, love, society, and war which a poet should be able to describe. The great kāvya tested a poet by his power of rendering content, which is a better test at least than the Persian diwan, which tested

700-525: The traditional criteria, and take as their subject historical matter (such as Rewa Prasad Dwivedi 's Svatantrya Sambhavam on the Indian independence movement , or K.N. Ezhuthachan 's Keralodayah on the history of Kerala ), or biographies of historical characters (such as S.B. Varnekar 's Shrishivarajyodayam on Shivaji , M. S. Aney 's Sritilakayasornavah on Bal Gangadhar Tilak , or P. C. Devassia 's Kristubhagavatam on Jesus Christ ). Some others like

728-460: The twins. Shalya argued that Nakula could be a king one day, instead of fourth-in-line to the throne of Hastinapura, provided that Yudhishthira would be named the crown prince . Nakula supposed that Shalya only wished to anoint Nakula and Sahadeva as his heirs because they were both children of deities , and that Shalya was rejecting his own children from the line of succession with this gambit. Nakula admitted that while Sahadeva and he staying with

756-579: The war as over with a heavy toll on human lives, Pandavas are victorious, yet a desire for revenge is brewing in Duryodhana, Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa. Shalya Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations of the book in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations. Clay Sanskrit Library has published

784-400: The way, Shalya was tricked by Duryodhana , who arranged a huge feast for Shalya and his men, entertaining him for hours. Impressed, Shalya was generous with his praise and asks to see Yudhishthira , who Shalya thought was his host. When Duryodhana revealed the treachery, Shalya is astounded but is compelled to grant a boon due to the hospitality. Unable to turn down Duryodhana's request to join

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