104-488: Shakugan no Shana ( Japanese : 灼眼のシャナ , lit. "Burning-Eyed Shana") , also known simply as Shana ( シャナ ) , is a Japanese light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi with illustrations by Noizi Ito . ASCII Media Works published 27 novels from November 2002 to November 2023 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint . The story focuses on Yuji Sakai, a high school boy who becomes involved in an age-old conflict between forces of balance and imbalance in existence; in
208-474: A light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi, with illustrations drawn by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 27 volumes between November 9, 2002 and November 10, 2023 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint ; 22 comprise the main story, while the other five are short story collections. Some short stories were initially published in ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko Magazine . Viz Media licensed
312-559: A pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has
416-736: A Crimson Lord, to maintain this balance by killing Denizens who disrupt it. Denizens and Flame Hazes fight using magic spells called Powers of Unrestraint ( 自在法 , Jizaihō ) , which are also known as Unrestricted Spells or Unrestricted Methods. One such spell is the Seal ( 封絶 , Fūzetsu ) , which creates a space where the Crimson Realm and the human world intersect and causalities, including time, are stopped. The story mainly takes place in Misaki City in Japan. It begins when high school student Yuji Sakai enters
520-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down
624-589: A complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )
728-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )
832-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as
936-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it
1040-682: A paradise for Denizens with unlimited Power of Existence. Shana and the other Flame Haze oppose the creation of Xanadu, as it would eventually cause large-scale disruptions in the human world, the Crimson Realm, and Xanadu itself. Shana formulates a countermeasure and adds a law to Xanadu that forbids the Denizens from eating humans. With Xanadu created, the Denizens depart along with other Flame Hazes who are determined to help enforce order on it. Yuji intends to go to Xanadu alone and ensure that humans and Denizens can learn to coexist, but Shana refuses to be left behind. Yuji ultimately accepts Shana's feelings and
1144-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),
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#17328550199921248-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate
1352-595: A standalone OVA episode. A PlayStation 2 video game was released in March 2006, which was ported to the Nintendo DS in March 2007. Viz Media licensed the novels and the first manga series for release in North America, but stopped publishing both prematurely. Geneon originally licensed the first television series for release in North America, but the license later transferred to Funimation, now Crunchyroll , who also licensed
1456-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of
1560-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,
1664-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing
1768-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number
1872-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider
1976-819: Is based on the events of the tenth novel and began serialization in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine Dengeki Black Maoh on September 19, 2007. The manga was later transferred to Dengeki Maoh and ran in that magazine between the December 2009 and September 2012 issues. Five volumes were released between January 27, 2009 and September 27, 2012. The manga is licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media. A 24-episode anime television series adaptation of Shakugan no Shana aired in Japan between October 6, 2005 and March 23, 2006 on TV Kanagawa . Produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Takashi Watanabe ,
2080-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto
2184-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to
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#17328550199922288-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through
2392-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey
2496-402: Is not. Martin noted that Shana's Flame Haze transformation is a visual highlight of the series, and other details are shown equal care. Reviewer Chris Beveridge of Mania.com felt uncomfortable about the morbid nature of the series. While Beveridge did not think the series is "groundbreaking", it proves to be a "solid title" that continuously gets better. The pacing in the middle of the first season
2600-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of
2704-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and
2808-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and
2912-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have
3016-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns
3120-460: The Assorted Shana albums. The player assumes the role of Yuji Sakai during the visual novel aspect, where much of the game's duration is spent on reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue . The game follows a branching plot line through eight chapters with five possible endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during
3224-505: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in
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3328-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than
3432-508: The Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from
3536-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of
3640-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to
3744-448: The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics ,
3848-510: The "fuel" for a being's existence. Denizens with exceptional power among their peers are known as Lords of the Crimson Realm ( 紅世の王 , Guze no Ō ) , while more powerful Lords are known as Gods ( 神 , Kami ) . Denizens who do not care about the balance between the two realms aim to gather the Power of Existence from humans to use for their own purposes. It is the duty of Flame Hazes ( フレイムヘイズ , Fureimu Heizu ) , humans who have contracted with
3952-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),
4056-461: The 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of
4160-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,
4264-515: The OVA series for release in North America, with a different English dub cast compared to the first anime season. For the first Shakugan no Shana anime series, four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme " Hishoku no Sora " ( 緋色の空 , The Crimson Sky ) by Mami Kawada was released in November 2005, and the second opening theme " Being " by Kotoko
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4368-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently
4472-649: The Reiji Maigo and seek to use it for their own ends. The organization is led by Hecate, Sydonay, and Bel Peol, three Lords collectively known as the Trinity who serve under the Snake of the Festival ( 祭礼の蛇 , Sairei no Hebi ) , a God who resides within the Reiji Maigo. When the Snake emerges, it merges its consciousness with Yuji's, taking command of Bal Masqué and planning to create a parallel world called Xanadu, which will serve as
4576-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand
4680-1334: The Secret Hideout (scenario writer) Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness & the Secret Hideout (anime scriptwriter) References [ edit ] ^ "Atelier Raiza Announced for PS4, Will Have More Realistic Graphics and Overhauled Combat System" . DualShockers . 26 May 2019 . Retrieved 2019-05-27 . ^ Loo, Egan (March 19, 2023). "Atelier Ryza RPG Gets TV Anime This Summer" . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 19, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Yashichiro Takahashi at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia v t e Shakugan no Shana by Yashichiro Takahashi and Noizi Ito Light novels Episodes Characters Authority control databases [REDACTED] International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Korea Poland Academics CiNii Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yashichiro_Takahashi&oldid=1190365464 " Categories : Light novelists Living people Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
4784-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which
4888-493: The anime adaptations. A CD compilation of the radio drama titled Shakugan no Shana Drama Disc , including an additional audio drama, was eligible for mail orders up to March 31, 2004. Another drama CD was released with the April 2008 issue of Tokuma Shoten 's Animage magazine; the cast is the same as with the anime versions. An action RPG visual novel titled Shakugan no Shana , developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks ,
4992-510: The anime adaptations: Anime Shakugan no Shana no Subete ( アニメ 『灼眼のシャナ』 ノ全テ ) on October 27, 2006 with 176 pages, and Anime Shakugan no Shana II no Subete ( アニメ 『灼眼のシャナII』 ノ全テ ) on October 19, 2009 with 168 pages. Four 128-page art books illustrated by Ito were published by ASCII Media Works: Guren ( 紅蓮 ) on February 25, 2005, Kaen ( 華焔 ) on August 9, 2007, Sōen ( 蒼炎 ) on August 10, 2009, and Shana ( 遮那 ) on August 9, 2013. A manga adaptation, illustrated by Ayato Sasakura ,
5096-492: The background art has little detail, and while the action scenes are handled well enough, they are still sub-par compared to the same scenes in the anime. Martin concludes the review by warning the readers that "[if] this is your first exposure to the franchise, look to the anime version to see it done right." When reviewing the anime, Martin thought the first Shakugan no Shana always manages to slightly exceed expectations, and while its story elements may be typical, its execution
5200-545: The conflict after a Flame Haze tells him that he died some time ago and that he is a Torch ( トーチ , Tōchi ) , a human with greatly diminished Power of Existence which will eventually run out. Yuji is also a Mystes ( ミステス , Misutesu ) , a special kind of Torch who can move within Seals and contains a Treasure Tool ( 宝具 , Hōgu ) , magical objects that the Denizens created which can provide special abilities or Powers of Unrestraint. Unfazed by his apparent death, Yuji befriends
5304-512: The course of the third series. Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes
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#17328550199925408-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there
5512-576: The eighth Dengeki Novel Prize . Most of his work includes references to the tokusatsu Choukou Senshi Changéríon ( 超光戦士シャンゼリオン , Choukou Senshi Changèrion ) . Works [ edit ] A/B Extreme (2002–2004) A/B Extreme - CASE-314 Emperor A/B Extreme - Mask of Nicolaus A/B Extreme - Dream of Abraxas Shakugan no Shana (2002–2012) 22 main novels and 4 short story collections Kanae no Hoshi (2014-?) Others Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-Chan desu (collective writing) Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness &
5616-626: The ending theme "Tenjō o Kakeru Monotachi" ( 天壌を翔る者たち , Those Who Scale Heaven and Earth ) by Love Planet Five—made up of Kotoko, Kawada, Eiko Shimamiya , Mell , and Kaori Utatsuki —was released in April 2007; the insert song "Akai Namida" ( 赤い涙 , Red Tears ) by Kawada was released in May 2007. The film's original soundtrack was released in September 2007. For Shakugan no Shana Second , two theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme " Joint " by Kawada
5720-523: The events of episode 13, was released on December 8, 2006. An anime film based on the first novel that was released in Japanese theaters on April 21, 2007 as one of three films released at Dengeki Bunko's Movie Festival. The staff who produced the anime series returned to produce the film. The version shown in theaters was 65 minutes in length. Those who saw the film in theaters could buy a short book titled Shakugan no Shana M containing two short stories written by Takahashi published by ASCII Media Works under
5824-474: The first TV series for North American distribution, but after Geneon withdrew from the North American market, Funimation Entertainment took up the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution rights, though Geneon still retained the license. A DVD box set was released by Funimation in September 2008, and was re-released in September 2009 under Funimation's "Viridian Collection". Funimation later re-licensed
5928-581: The first series and re-released it in a BD/DVD combo pack on August 21, 2012. The series made its North American television debut on September 10, 2012 on the Funimation Channel . The first season and its accompanying OVA were also licensed by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand, and by MVM Films in the United Kingdom. Funimation later licensed the film, the second and third TV series, and
6032-486: The 💕 Japanese novelist Yashichiro Takahashi ( 高橋 弥七郎 , Takahashi Yashichirō ) is a Japanese novelist best known for the creation of the Shakugan no Shana series. Shakugan no Shana was adapted into a radio drama, manga , anime , and a video game . In addition, it was adapted into an anime film on April 21, 2007. Takahashi also made another series titled A/B Extreme , which won Honorable mention in
6136-488: The game titled Shakugan no Shana DS , developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 29, 2007. Those who pre-ordered the game received a calendar spanning April 2007 to March 2008, and an art book of rough sketches by Ito titled Tōka ( 灯火 ) was available for a limited time with the purchase of the game. A new story for the DS version was written by Takahashi. The game also contains an image gallery that allows
6240-503: The game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. Text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. Sometimes during text progression, an "active countdown" minigame appears, which requires
6344-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had
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#17328550199926448-508: The girl and names her "Shana" after her sword. They later discover that the Treasure Tool within Yuji is the Reiji Maigo ( 零時迷子 , Midnight Lost Child ) , which restores his Power of Existence each midnight. Over time, Shana and Yuji encounter other Flame Hazes, such as Margery Daw and Wilhelmina Carmel, and Denizens as an organization of Denizens called Bal Masqué discover that Yuji possesses
6552-522: The imprint Dengeki Gekijō Bunko. The film was released on DVD in Japan on September 21, 2007 in regular and special editions, which featured the full length 90-minute director's cut version. It was later released on Blu-ray Disc (BD) in Japan on July 27, 2011. Shana 's production staff would again return to produce two additional TV series and an OVA series. The 24-episode second season, titled Shakugan no Shana Second ( 灼眼のシャナII ) , aired between October 5, 2007 and March 28, 2008 on MBS . The series
6656-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system
6760-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of
6864-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,
6968-498: The manga for English distribution in North America. Viz released six volumes between April 17, 2007 and September 21, 2010, but then cancelled the release of the final four volumes. The manga is also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I. , in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media, and in Germany by Egmont. A second manga illustrated by Shii Kiya, titled Shakugan no Shana X Eternal song: Harukanaru Uta ( 灼眼のシャナX Eternal song -遙かなる歌- ) ,
7072-544: The novels for English distribution in North America, but they only released two volumes in 2007. The novels are also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I. , and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media . A 160-page guide book titled Shakugan no Shana no Subete ( 灼眼のシャナノ全テ , All About Shakugan no Shana ) was published on December 10, 2005 by ASCII Media Works. Two more guide books were published by ASCII Media Works for
7176-510: The novels were reported to have sold over 8.6 million copies. As reported on the obi strip on volume 4 of the Shakugan no Shana manga released in January 2008, 1.2 million copies of the manga had been sold. Theron Martin from Anime News Network reviewed the manga and called it "inferior" to the anime, and notes the anime develops characters better than the manga. Martin also critiques the art, saying
7280-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by
7384-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with
7488-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,
7592-427: The player to press the game buttons in a specific order in a set time limit. Success or failure in these minigames influence which endings are viewed. During the turn-based battle sequences, the player assumes the role of Shana. The player uses a combination of fire, powers of unrestraint, and treasure tools to battle Crimson Denizens; and Shana is also able to use a special attack and defend. A Nintendo DS port of
7696-572: The player to see what Shana and Yoshida Kazumi look like in different clothes, and a battle mode that lets the player fight against the computer with a character other than Shana. Shana appears as a playable character in the crossover RPG Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus for the Nintendo DS, and other characters from Shakugan no Shana also appear in the game. Shana appears in the 2014 fighting game Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax , which features various Dengeki Bunko characters. In October 2014,
7800-498: The process, he befriends a fighter for the balancing force and names her "Shana". The series also incorporates fantasy and slice of life elements. Two manga adaptations were published by ASCII Media Works in Dengeki Daioh and Dengeki Maoh . Between 2005 and 2012, the series was adapted by J.C.Staff into three 24-episode anime television series, a four-episode original video animation (OVA) series, an animated film, and
7904-477: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as
8008-501: The remaining anime properties. Critics praised the series for its execution of typical story elements. Shakugan no Shana follows an age-old conflict between the human world and the Crimson Realm ( 紅世 , Guze ) , which is a parallel universe to it. The inhabitants of the Crimson Realm, the Crimson Denizens ( 紅世の徒 , Guze no Tomogara ) , can manipulate the Power of Existence ( 存在の力 , Sonzai no Chikara ) , which serves as
8112-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning
8216-503: The screenplay was written by Yasuko Kobayashi , and chief animator Mai Otsuka based the character design used in the anime on Noizi Ito's original designs. The sound director is Jin Aketagawa, and the soundtrack is composed by Kow Otani . The series was later released by Geneon in eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2006. Later, an original video animation (OVA) episode titled Shakugan no Shana SP , which takes place after
8320-715: The single for "Serment", "Akai Namida" in episode 19, and "Hishoku no Sora" in episode 24. Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana Assorted Shana containing image songs , audio dramas and background music tracks were released between February and April 2006. Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana II Splendide Shana containing images songs and audio dramas were released between February and May 2008. Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana F Superiority Shana containing audio dramas, background music tracks, and short versions of theme songs from Shakugan no Shana Final were released between February and July 2012. The third Superiority Shana album also included
8424-407: The song "Kōbō". A compilation album of songs used in the series was released on January 24, 2018. A weekly radio drama of Shakugan no Shana aired four episodes between November 29 and December 20, 2003 on Dengeki Taishō . The scenario was an original side-story written by Takahashi, and takes place between the first and second light novel volumes. The cast for the radio drama was different from
8528-797: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this
8632-436: The story in a different dimension and described the main character as having the initial personality of Shana, but the appearance of an older woman similar to Margery Daw. However, after talking with an editor, Takahashi rewrote the character to have the appearance of a young girl. In doing so, he used Shana's small build to symbolize a story of growth and to emphasize the physical conflict between her and her opponents. Noizi Ito
8736-476: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This
8840-557: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Yashichiro Takahashi From Misplaced Pages,
8944-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,
9048-415: The two kiss, activating a spell Crimson Lord Lamia left for Yuji, which restores his existence and his humanity, meaning that he is no longer a Torch. With the help of another spell from Lamia, Yuji restores all humans in Misaki City whose existence the Denizens absorbed before he and Shana depart for Xanadu together. In an early draft of what would later become Shakugan no Shana , Yashichiro Takahashi set
9152-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of
9256-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It
9360-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending
9464-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or
9568-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular
9672-493: Was contacted in early August 2002 to be the illustrator for the series, and she was very excited to work on the project after she read the manuscript for the first novel; this was the first time Ito drew illustrations for a book. Shortly before writing Shakugan no Shana , Takahashi made his debut as an author with A/B Extreme , which was awarded an honorable mention in the eighth Dengeki Novel Prize by MediaWorks (now ASCII Media Works) in 2001. By his own admission, A/B Extreme
9776-472: Was criticized for quickly ending an arc before "going into a storyline that feels out of character for the show." Martin's review of Shakugan no Shana Final was less positive; he described Yuji as having been made into a different character (though his complexity was praised), criticized the addition of a large number of prominent characters without sufficient development, and described some things as not making sense, although he praised Shana's development over
9880-718: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,
9984-485: Was later released by Geneon to eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2008. A four-episode OVA series titled Shakugan no Shana S was released on BD/DVD from October 23, 2009 to September 29, 2010. The 24-episode third season, titled Shakugan no Shana Final ( 灼眼のシャナIII -Final- ) , aired between October 8, 2011 and March 24, 2012 on Tokyo MX . The series was released by Geneon on eight BD/DVD compilation volumes from December 2011 to July 2012. Geneon licensed
10088-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )
10192-562: Was released in January 2008. For Shakugan no Shana S , the single for the opening theme " Prophecy " by Kawada was released in November 2009, and the ending theme "All in Good Time" by Kawada was released on her album Linkage in March 2010. The song "Portamento" by Kawada was used as an insert song in episode 4, and was released on Savia . For Shakugan no Shana Final , four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme " Light My Fire " by Kotoko
10296-549: Was released in March 2006. The first ending theme "Yoake Umarekuru Shōjo" ( 夜明け生まれ来る少女 , The Girl Born at Dawn ) by Yoko Takahashi was released in October 2005, and the second ending theme "Aka no Seijaku" ( 紅の静寂 , Crimson Silence ) by Yoko Ishida was released in February 2006. The original soundtrack for the first anime series was released in January 2006. For the Shakugan no Shana film, two theme song singles were released:
10400-480: Was released in November 2011, and the second opening theme "Serment" by Kawada was released in February 2012. The first ending theme "I'll Believe" by Altima was released in December 2011, and the second ending theme "One" by Altima was released in February 2012. The song "Kōbō" ( 光芒 , Beam of Light ) by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24. Three insert songs by Kawada were also used in Shakugan no Shana Final : "u/n" in episode 15 released on
10504-480: Was released in October 2007, and the second opening theme " Blaze " by Kotoko was released in March 2008. The first ending theme is "Triangle" by Kawada and was released on the single for "Joint", and the second ending theme "Sociometry" by Kotoko was released on the single for "Blaze". The song "Sense" by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24, and was released on Kawada's album Savia in March 2008. The original soundtrack for Shakugan no Shana Second
10608-478: Was released on March 23, 2006 for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). A 36-page A4 -sized art book titled Honō ( 焔 ) featuring illustrations by Ito was available to those who pre-ordered the game. The game was re-released as a " Best " version on February 7, 2008. The story was written by Takahashi, and features character designs by Ito. The opening theme song is "Exist" by Rie Kugimiya , which was released on volume one of
10712-462: Was serialized in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine Dengeki Daioh between the April 2005 and October 2011 issues. The individual chapters were collected and published in ten tankōbon volumes from October 27, 2005 and October 27, 2011. A special limited edition version of volume two was bundled with a booklet titled Grimoire including contributions from guest artists and writers for various illustrations, manga, and short stories. Viz Media licensed
10816-413: Was too difficult for readers to understand, so for his next work, he set out to write something easier to grasp. As such, the initial premise of Shakugan no Shana was to write a boy meets girl story in a school setting, though initially love was not one of the themes included. He was given the freedom to write as he pleased based on this premise after showing it to his editor. Shakugan no Shana began as
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