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45-554: They began ruling in the city of Dvin, and eventually ruled other major cities, such as Barda and Ganja . A cadet line of the Shaddadids were given the cities of Ani and Tbilisi as a reward for their service to the Seljuqs , to whom they became vassals . From 1047 to 1057, the Shaddadids were engaged in several wars against the Byzantine army. The area between the rivers Kura and Aras

90-498: A conciliatory policy towards the city's overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. A son and successor of Manuchihr, Abu'l-Aswar was accused by the contemporary Armenian historian Vardan Areveltsi of persecuting Christians and attempting to sell Ani to the emir of Kars . His rule was terminated by the resurgent King David IV of Georgia , whom Ani surrendered without

135-567: A deep hatred in Shaddad towards Saltuk. In 1154 he planned a plot and formed a secret alliance with the Demetrius I. While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to Saltukids , ruler of Erzerum and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal. In 1153-1154 Emir Saltuk II marched on Ani, but Shaddad informed his suzerain, the King of Georgia, of this. Demetrius marched to Ani, defeated and captured

180-530: A few years. Muhammad's third son, Fadl I , expanded his territory during his lengthy reign. He took Dvin from Armenian Bagratids in 1022, and his campaigns against them met with varying degrees of success. He also raided the Khazars in 1030, while holding parts of Arran (present-day Azerbaijan). Later that year, while returning from a successful campaign in Georgia , his army encountered Georgian and Armenian forces and

225-718: A fight in 1124. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ended his days as a captive of the Georgians, while Ani was given by David IV to his general, Abuleti . Abu'l-Aswar Shavur's son Fadl IV would be able to resume the Shaddadid reign in Ani in 1125. In 1130 Georgia was attacked by the Sultan of Ahlat, Shah-Armen Sökmen II ( c. 1128-1183). This war was started by the passage of Ani into the hands of the Georgians; Demetrius I had to compromise and give up Ani to Fadl IV on terms of vassalage and inviolability of

270-433: A united Muslim host. This marked the beginning of another long struggle for Ani. The chronicles do not allow the reconstruction of any coherent picture of this struggle, but we can assume that the town and region frequently changed hands. The Georgians captured Ani four times; 1124, 1161, 1174 and 1199. The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgia's Queen Tamar captured Ani, she granted

315-484: Is also the more recently built Imamzadeh Mosque, which has four minarets. Agriculture is the main activity in the area. The local economy is based on the production and processing of cotton, silk, poultry and dairy products. The cease-fire line, concluded at the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, is just a few kilometers west of Barda, near Terter. On 27 October 2020, Armenian missiles struck

360-589: Is attested in members of the family bearing Armenian names such as Ashot. In 951, Muhammad established himself at Dvin . Unable to hold Dvin against Musafirid incursion, he fled to the Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan . His son, Lashkari I , ended Musafirid influence in Arran by taking Ganja in 971. He later expanded into Transcaucasia as far north as Shamkir and as far east as Barda (present-day Azerbaijan). The reign of his brother, Marzuban , also lasted only

405-528: Is described by the Ottoman historian Münejjim Bashi as a troubled reign. When he died in 1049, Anushirvan succeeded him, but he was still underage, and real power lay with the chamberlain ( hajib ) Abu Mansur, who served as regent . The new regime was quickly opposed by a large faction among the populace. Münejjim Bashi, summarizing a now lost local chronicle, reports that this was because Abu Mansur immediately agreed to surrender several frontier fortresses to

450-615: The Caucasian Albanian king Vache II ( r.  440–462 ) to have the city of Perozapat ("the city of Peroz" or "Prosperous Peroz") constructed. However, this is unlikely as the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania had been abolished by Peroz after a suppressing a revolt by Vache II in the mid-460s. The city was seemingly founded by Peroz himself after the removal of the ruling family in Caucasian Albania. Due to its more secure location, it

495-761: The Kakhetians , the Georgians and Byzantines , in order "to restrain their greed for Arran". This decision provoked the leading men to revolt under the leadership of al-Haytham , chief of the tanners in Shamkor . According to Vladimir Minorsky , this movement represented an uprising of the town notables against the senior bureaucratic caste. Abu Mansur, then residing at Shamkor, attempted to arrest al-Haytham, but al-Haytham and his ghilman (servants) "drew their daggers" and declared for Anushirvan's great-uncle Abu'l-Aswar Shavur , ruler of Dvin . Abu'l-Aswar occupied Shamkor, settled

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540-584: The Novodevichy Cemetery , which was reserved exclusively for outstanding artists, literary men, composers, scholars, etc.; the bulk of his personal library was given to Leningrad . Minorsky received numerous honors during his lifetime, including being made a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy , 1943, Honorary Member of the Société Asiatique of Paris, 1946, and Doctor honoris causa of

585-916: The Qajar dynasty (now Iran ), first in the Tabriz Consulate-General and then the Tehran Legation, and 1908–1912 in Saint Petersburg . In 1911, jointly the Four-Power (British, Russian, Turkish, and Persian) Commission, he carried out a mission in North-Western Persia to delimit the Turko-Persian border, and also published a monograph on the Ahl-i Ḥaqq religion for which he was awarded the Gold Medal of

630-621: The Russian - Dagestani historian Murtazali Gadjiev , however, the name means "Parthian/Arsacian" (cf. Parthian *Parθaυ ; Middle Persian : Pahlav ; Old Persian : Parθaυa- ). The name is attested in Georgian as Bardav[i] (ბარდავი). According to The History of the Country of Albania , the Sasanian King of Kings ( shahanshah ) of Iran , Peroz I ( r.  459–484 ) ordered his vassal

675-442: The iron gate of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to Gelati Monastery at Kutaisi . Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years. In reply to this, the sultan of Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town again fell to the sultan who appointed his own emir to rule it. Fakr al-Din Shaddad asked for Saltuk II 's daughter's hand, however Saltuk refused him. This caused

720-563: The Christian churches. Fadl extended his rule to Dvin and Ganja , but failed to maintain these cities. He was murdered by his courtiers following the fall of Dvin to the Turkish emir Qurti c. 1030. His brothers, Mahmud and Khushchikr, ruled briefly in quick succession until the emirate was taken over by Fadl's nephew, Fakr al-Din Shaddad . In 1139, Demetrius raided the city of Ganja in Arran. He brought

765-698: The Ethnography Section of the Imperial Society of Natural Sciences in Moscow. One of the most important Kurdish manuscripts he obtained during this period was The Forqan ol-Akhbar , by Hajj Nematollah , which he later wrote about in "Etudes sur les Ahl-I Haqq, I.", Revue de L'Histoire des Religions, tome XCVII, No. 1, Janvier 1928, pp. 90–105. His surveys in Iran also provided invaluable material for his 1915 work, Materialï dlya izucheniya vostoka (Materials for

810-653: The Fourth Grammar School in Moscow. In 1896 he entered Moscow University to study law, graduating in 1900, then entered the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages where he spent 3 years preparing for a diplomatic career. He made his first trip to Iran ( Qajar dynasty ) in 1902, where he collected material on the Ahl-e Haqq . In 1903 he entered the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , serving 1904–1908 in

855-757: The Minorskys retired apart from a year (1948–49) at Fuad University , Cairo . In 1934 Minorsky was one of the distinguished participants in the Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration in Tehran . In 1960 Minorsky was invited by the Soviet Academy of Sciences to attend the meeting of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists in Moscow . After his death, his ashes were interred in

900-691: The Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan . In 1075 Alp Arslan annexed the last of the Shaddadid territories. A cadet branch of Shaddadids continued to rule in Ani and Tbilisi as vassals of the Seljuq Empire until 1175, when Malik-Shah I deposed Fadl III . In 1085, Fadl III instigated a revolt and gained possession of Ganja. Malik-Shah launched a campaign in 1086 and removed Fadl from power again. A collateral line of Shaddadids, through Manuchihr , continued to rule in Ani . The historian Andrew Peacock notes that

945-548: The Shaddadid troops to flight. On the road through Kakheti , Fadl was taken prisoner by the local ruler Aghsartan . At the price of conceding several fortresses on the Iori River , Bagrat ransomed Fadl and received from him the surrender of Tbilisi where he reinstated a local emir on the terms of vassalage. During the captivity of Al-Fadl II, his older brother Ashot ruled Arran for eight months (August 1068 – April 1069), even minting coins in his own name and that of his overlord,

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990-569: The Shaddadids "aspired to a more illustrious origin than that of Kurdish tribesmen". Some members of the Shaddadid family, such as Manuchihr, Anushirvan, Gudarz and Ardashir, were named after the Sasanian shahanshahs of pre-Islamic Iran (224-651 AD), and the dynasty claimed descent from the Sasanians as well. The notion of claiming links with the pre-Islamic Iranian past as they "sought to legitimize themselves as heirs to pre-Islamic Iranian traditions"

1035-797: The Study of the East), published by the Imperial Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, St. Petersburg. From 1915-17 he served as Chargé d'affaires in the Russian Legation at Tehran . As the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 made problematic his return to Russia, in 1919 he moved to Paris where he worked at the Russian Embassy. There his expertise in Middle Eastern and Caucasian affairs

1080-617: The chief city of the Islamic province of Arran , the classical Caucasian Albania, remaining so until the tenth century. The name of the town derives from ( Arabic : برذعة , romanized :  Bardhaʿa ) which derives from Old Armenian Partaw ( Պարտաւ ). The etymology of the name is uncertain. According to the Iranologist Anahit Perikhanian , the name is derived from Iranian * pari-tāva- 'rampart', from * pari- 'around' and *tā̆v- 'to throw; to heap up'. According to

1125-488: The city which killed at least 21 civilians, including a 7 year old girl, and injured 70 others. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International verified the use of cluster munition by Armenia. Vladimir Minorsky Vladimir Fyodorovich Minorsky ( Russian : Владимир Фёдорович Минорский ; 5 February [ O.S. 24 February] 1877 – 25 March 1966) was a Russian academic, historian, and scholar of Oriental studies , best known for his contributions to

1170-498: The city did not serve as the residence of the Albanian kings, and was a symbol of foreign rule. The city was fortified by shahanshah Kavad I ( r.  488–496, 498/9–531 ) and renamed Perozkavad ("victorious Kavad"). Nevertheless, the city was still referred to as Partaw. In 552, the city became the seat of the catholicos of the Church of Caucasian Albania . Partaw served as

1215-637: The city to the Armeno–Georgian Mkhargrzeli family. Ancient Medieval Modern Barda, Azerbaijan Barda ( Azerbaijani : Bərdə (listen) ) is a city and the capital of the Barda District in Azerbaijan , located south of Yevlax and on the left bank of the Tartar river . It served as the capital of Caucasian Albania by the end of the 5th-century. Barda became

1260-458: The dynasty claimed descent from the Sasanians as well. The notion of claiming links with the pre-Islamic Iranian past as they "sought to legitimize themselves as heirs to pre-Islamic Iranian traditions" was a feature which the Shaddadids shared with numerous other contemporaneous dynasties. In addition to Iranian influences, there were strong Armenian influences among the Shaddadid ruling house, which

1305-418: The emir. At the request of neighbouring Muslim rulers and released him for a ransom of 100,000 dinars , paid by Saltuk's sons in law and Saltuk swore not to fight against the Georgians he returned home. In 1156 the Christian population of Ani rose against the emir Fakr al-Din Shaddad , and turned the town over to his brother Fadl V . But Fadl, too, apparently could not satisfy the people of Ani, and this time

1350-405: The late eleventh century, the twelfth-century Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa described Partav as an "Armenian city ["K'aghak'n Hayots'"], which is also called Paytakaran and located near the vast [Caspian] Sea." Muslim geographers also described Barda as a flourishing town with a citadel, a mosque (the treasury of Arran was located here), a circuit wall and gates, and a Sunday bazaar that

1395-601: The ninth to tenth centuries, Barda had largely lost its economic importance to the nearby town of Gandzak/Ganja ; the seat of the Catholicos of the Church of Albania was also moved to Bardak (Berdakur), leaving Partav a mere bishopric. According to the Muslim geographers Estakhri , Ibn Hawqal , and Al-Muqaddasi , the distinctive Caucasian Albanian language (which they called al-Raniya, or Arranian) persisted into early Islamic times, and

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1440-510: The province of Arminiya . Its governors strengthened the defenses of the city in order to counter the invasions of the Khazars attacking from the north. In 768, the Catholicos of All Armenians , Sion I Bavonats'i, convoked an ecclesiastical council at Partav, which adopted twenty-four canons addressing issues relating to the administration of the Armenian Church and marriage practices. By

1485-461: The raids and oppression of the rulers of the neighboring regions, when the town lost ground to Beylaqan . Centuries of earthquakes and, finally, the Mongol invasions destroyed much of the town's landmarks, with the exception of the fourteenth-century tomb of Ahmad Zocheybana, built by architect Ahmad ibn Ayyub Nakhchivani. The mausoleum is a cylindrical brick tower, decorated with turquoise tiles. There

1530-562: The residence of the Sasanian prince Khosrow (the future Khosrow II ) after his appointment to the governorship of Albania by his father Hormizd IV ( r.  579–590 ) in 580. Partaw was most likely captured before 652 by the Rashidun Caliphate . It became known as Bardha‘a in Arabic . In ca. 789, it was made the second alternate capital (after Dvin ) of the governor ( ostikan ) of

1575-573: The study of history of Iran and the Iranian peoples such as Persians , Laz people , Lurs , and Kurds . Minorsky was born on 5 February 1877 in Korcheva , Tver Governorate , northwest of Moscow on the upper Volga River , a town now submerged beneath the Ivankovo Reservoir . His father was Feodor M. Minorsky and his mother was Olga Minorsky ( née  Golubitsky ). He was a gold medallist of

1620-654: The town was offered to the George III of Georgia , who took advantage of this offer and subjugated Ani, appointing his general Ivane Orbeli as its ruler in 1161. A coalition of Muslim rulers led by Shams al-Din Eldiguz , ruler of Adarbadagan and some other regions, embarked upon a campaign against Georgia in early 1163. He was joined by the Shah-Armen Sökmen II, Ak-Sunkur, ruler of Maragha , and others. With an army of 50,000 troops they marched on Georgia. The Georgian army

1665-561: The troubled situation there, and went on to take up his residence in the capital, Ganja. He arrested Anushirvan, whose reign ended abruptly after two months, as well as Abu Mansur and his relations. Abu'l-Aswar's long reign ( c. 1049–67) would prove to be the zenith of the Shaddadids. He was the last independent ruling Shaddadid emir, when Tughril I arrived at Ganja and demanded his vassalage. On July, 1068 Abu'l-Aswar Shavur's son, Fadl II invaded Georgia with 33,000 men and ravaged its countryside. Bagrat IV of Georgia defeated him and forced

1710-479: Was a feature which the Shaddadids shared with numerous other contemporaneous dynasties. In addition to Iranian influences, there were strong Armenian influences among the Shaddadid ruling house, which is attested in members of the family bearing Armenian names such as Ashot. In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the Shaddadid emir of Manuchihr . Manuchihr repaired and enlarged the walls of Ani. The Shaddadids generally pursued

1755-560: Was called "Keraki," "Korakī" or "al-Kurki" (a name derived from Greek κυριακή [ kyriaki ], the Lord's Day and Sunday; the Armenian kiraki similarly derives from kyriaki). In 914, the city was captured by the Rus , who occupied it for six months. In 943, it was attacked once more by the Rus and sacked. This may have been a factor in the decline of Barḏa in the second half of the tenth century, along with

1800-692: Was decisively defeated. Following Fadl I's defeat, the entire region became chaotic, with the Byzantine Empire pressuring Armenian princes and the Seljuq Turks gaining influence over Arran after a resurgent Seljuq attack on Dvin. Abu'l-Fath Musa succeeded Fadl I in 1031, and reigned until his murder by his son and successor Lashkari II in 1034. The poet Qatran Tabrizi praised Lashkari II for his victory over Armenian and Georgian princes during his stay in Ganja. Lashkari II ruled Arran for fifteen years in what

1845-413: Was defeated. George had no choice but to make peace. Eldiguz , a resurgent atabeg of Azerbaijan handed the city over to Shahanshah on terms of vassalage. The Shaddadids, ruled the town for about 10 years, but in 1174 King George took the Shahanshah as a prisoner and occupied Ani once again. Ivane Orbeli, was appointed governor of the town. In 1175 the southern provinces of Georgia were again overrun by

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1890-441: Was made the new residence of the Iranian marzban ( margrave ). Within Albania, it was located in the province of Utik . The city was most likely renamed Partaw (cf. Parthian *Parθaυ ) between 485–488 and became the new capital of Albania (thus replacing Kabalak ) under Vachagan III ( r.  485–510 ), who was installed on the throne by Peroz's brother and successor Balash ( r.  484–488 ). Regardless,

1935-412: Was ruled by a Shaddadid dynasty. The Shaddadids were of Kurdish origin, hailing from the Hadhabani Tribe. The historian Andrew Peacock notes that the Shaddadids "aspired to a more illustrious origin than that of Kurdish tribesmen ". Some members of the Shaddadid family, such as Manuchihr, Anushirvan, Gudarz and Ardashir, were named after the Sasanian shahanshahs of pre-Islamic Iran (224-651 AD), and

1980-411: Was still spoken in Barda in the tenth century. Ibn Hawkal noted that the people of Barda spoke Arranian, while Estakhri says that Arranian was the language of the "country of Barda." During this time, the city boasted a Muslim Arab population, as well as a substantial Christian community. Barda was even the seat of a Nestorian ,(Christian) Bishopric in the 10th century. Referring to events in

2025-665: Was useful during the Versaille and Trianon peace settlements. In 1923 he began to lecture on Persian literature at the École nationale des langues orientales vivantes , where he subsequently taught Turkish and Islamic history. In 1930 he was named Oriental Secretary to the 1931 International Exhibition of Persian Art at Burlington House , London , and in 1932 was made lecturer in Persian at London's School of Oriental Studies . In 1933 he became Reader in Persian Literature and History, University of London ; Professor of Persian in 1937; and in 1944 retired. During World War II , SOAS had evacuated to University of Cambridge , and there

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