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31-605: Serrano may refer to: People [ edit ] Serrano people , a Native American tribe of Southern California Serrano language , the language spoken by the Serrano people Serrano (surname) , people with the surname Serrano Places [ edit ] Serrano, Lecce , an Italian town Serrano Community in El Dorado Hills, California Villa Serrano , Bolivia Ships [ edit ] Serrano -class destroyer ,

62-517: A Brazilian football club Serrano Sport Club , a Brazilian football club Serrano (Madrid Metro) , a station on Line 4 Los Serrano , a Spanish television drama comedy Serrano , a series of novels by Elizabeth Moon set in the fictional Familias Regnant universe Serrano, code name for the Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

93-488: A class of Chilean warship; also the name of the lead destroyer in the class Serrano , or Teniente Serrano , a Chilean destroyer built in 1896 Other uses [ edit ] Serrano ham , a type of dry-cured Spanish ham Serrano (restaurant) , a chain of Tex-Mex restaurants in Iceland and Sweden Serrano pepper , a type of chili Serrano Football Club , a Brazilian football club Serrano Futebol Clube (PE) ,

124-522: A white settlement at Lake Arrowhead, during which buildings were burned. Three American ranch hands were killed at a ranch called Los Flores in Summit Valley, near present-day Hesperia. Tribal leader Santos Manuel led the survivors from the mountains to the valley, where they established permanent residence adjacent to the hot springs near present-day Highland . In 1891 the United States established

155-566: The Cahuilla and Quechan tribes, in 1812 the Serrano revolted against it and other local missions practicing Indian reductions . There is significant historical documentation of trade between Serrano peoples, other, non-Serrano Indigenous groups, and the Spanish in California during the 18th and 19th centuries. Diary accounts of trade from Franciscans and oral accounts from Native Serrano both discuss

186-747: The San Bernardino Mountains and extended northwest into the Mojave River area of the Mojave Desert and west into the Tejon Creek watershed in the Tehachapi Mountains . The Serrano populations along Tejon Creek were identified as the Cuahajai or Cuabajay , their exonyms by the neighboring Mojave tribe. Mountain camps were used for hunting. One such encampment was accidentally unearthed by

217-920: The San Manuel Band of Mission Indians , and Morongo Band of Mission Indians reservations there are efforts now underway to teach the language and the history and culture of the Serrano people. Language teacher Pauline Murillo helped develop an interactive CD ROM for learning Serrano. As of 2013, apps and games have been developed, and the San Manuel Band's Serrano Language Revitalization Project (SLRP) seeks to develop further multimedia resources for language learners. In May 2013, Cal State San Bernardino announced it would offer Serrano language classes to its students. The Limu project offers online courses in Maarrênga' (Morongo Band "Serrano" dialect) and Yuhaviat (San Manuel Band "Serrano" dialect). The Serrano language

248-676: The San Manuel Reservation for the Serrano people, which took its name to honor of Chief Santos Manuel. The Serrano historically lived in the San Bernardino Mountains and into the San Bernardino Valley , and later extended northwest through east into the Mojave Desert , and west into the San Gabriel Mountains , the Sierra Pelona Mountains , and the southern Tehachapi Mountains . The Serrano populated

279-458: The Yurok . San Manuel Public Relations Manager, Jenna Brady, believes that these ancient trade relations should be maintained to both stimulate cultural growth and to stimulate economic security for Indigenous Californian groups. The tribe is currently analyzing prospects of new and ongoing inter-tribal relations, based on historic trade relations. Estimates have varied as scholars struggle to determine

310-626: The Asistencia in Redlands, California . The Serrano built Mill Creek Zanja here, an irrigation system which provided water for most of the region. In 1834 the Mexican Alta California government forcibly relocated many Serrano to the missions. They suffered devastating smallpox outbreaks in 1840 and 1860. Due to the cultural suppression that occurred during the Mission Period, there

341-728: The Maarrênga'yam are enrolled in the Morongo Band of Mission Indians , and the Yuhaviatam are enrolled in the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians . Some other Serrano people are enrolled in the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians . The Serrano are typically divided into the Mountain Serrano and the Desert Serrano. The Desert Serrano historically occupied the Western and Central Mojave Desert along

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372-799: The Mojave River. The Mojave River Region begins in the San Bernardino Mountains and provided ease of trading access between the Serrano and other Indigenous groups, including the Mojave. The area of the Mojave Desert now and historically occupied by the Serrano used to have many oases, while it is now much drier and warmer. Serrano language is part of the Takic subset of the large Uto-Aztecan languages group of Indigenous people of North America . The language family historically extended from Mexico along

403-643: The Pleistocene. Conversely, Holocene artifacts found at these quarries indicate a year-long occupation of single sites and a combination of both foraging and hunting for sustenance. Materials harvested at the sites suggest high use of stone tools such as grinding stones. Lithic artifacts found in the Central Mojave suggest high exploitation of stone quarries. During the Gypsum period, subsistence strategies shifted to rely more on hunting, and early Desert Serrano adapted

434-601: The Serrano people. Serrano language Serrano (Serrano: Maarrênga'twich ) is a language in the Serran branch of the Uto-Aztecan family spoken by the Serrano people of Southern California . The language is closely related to Tongva , Tataviam , Kitanemuk and Vanyume , which may be a dialect of Serrano. Serrano has free word order with the only rule being that verbs usually come last. According to Ethnologue , there

465-416: The Serrano “exploitation” of the Mojave River, and its use to efficiently trade both food and beads. Coastal California groups traded shell beads and asphaltum to Southwestern groups, such as and including the Serrano, for ceramics and textiles . Coastal shell beads and shell jewelry are frequently found in pre-modern Southwestern burial sites. The traded materials are treated as “prestige goods” due to

496-667: The U.S. Forest Service fighting a wildfire in 2003 near Baldwin Lake . Uncovered were artifacts of non-local jasper and obsidian , ash and charcoal, grinding stones, and fire pits possibly dating back 1,000 years. Serrano villages included Akxawiet, Cucamonga , Homhoabit, Jurumpa, Juyubit , Muscupiabit, Topapaibit ( Victorville ), Guapiabit ( Hesperia ), Paso del Cajon, San Benito, San Gorgonio , San Pascual, ( Rancho ) San Timoteo, Temeku ( Rancheria ), Tolocabi, and Yucaipa . The modern San Manuel Band of Mission Indians maintains ancient trade relations with local Californian groups such as

527-450: The United States established the San Manuel Reservation for the Serrano people where many of its last speakers lived. In 1967, Researcher Kenneth Cushman Hill noted that about 6 people still spoke the now dormant language. As of today, the nephew of Dorothy Ramon is seen as the last person who is able to speak the language at a fluent level. The language was at a time considered to be extinct but there are attempts at reviving it. Both at

558-688: The West Coast and into the Great Basin , with representation among tribes in Mesoamerica . They were a branch of the Takic languages speaking people who arrived in Southern California around 2,500 years ago. Serrano means "highlander" or "mountaineer" in Spanish . When the Spanish missionaries came into the region, in the late 18th century they helped create the tribal name Serrano , distinguishing

589-499: The ancestors of the modern-day Serrano groups. The Spanish founded Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771, south of the San Gabriel Mountains and southwest of the San Bernardino Mountains. With the establishment of the mission, the Serrano lands claimed by the Spanish came under the jurisdiction of the mission and its subsequent outposts, or asistencias , in particular the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia , established in 1819. With

620-579: The bow and arrow. A much cooler and moister environment meant intensified occupation of the area. Increased moisture during the “Rose Spring” period, 1700-1000 BP, is closely correlated with continuous Indigenous occupation of the Western Mojave, followed by an abandonment of the area during a subsequent drought. The first Takic speakers are speculated to have arrived in the area around the Shoshonean Period, around 1100 CE. These are thought to be

651-407: The language and the Serrano people. University of California, Los Angeles provides a recording of a Serrano speaker reading a word list here. The charts of consonants and vowels below are used in the Serrano language: In 1967, the language of Serrano was charted as having 33 consonants and 9 vowels in its phonetic form. Vowels /ɨ/, /a/, /o/, can be rhoticized as /ɨ˞/, /a˞/, /o˞/. Serrano

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682-439: The language is now considered dormant, as revitalization efforts have allowed the language to survive in some form. Traditionally referring to themselves as Maarrênga'yam meaning "people of Maarra" (Maarra' is considered to be modern day Twentynine Palms) or Yuhaviatam meaning "people of the pines," the Serrano people originally occupied the area near the Mojave River and San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California. In 1891

713-605: The people from neighboring tribes who were designated as the Tongva (Gabrileño—Fernandeño) to the southwest, and Kitanemuk and Tataviam to the northwest. Excavations of two precontact quarries in the central Mojave indicate the lifestyles of early Serrano and Serrano-Predecessors. The quarries, dating back to the Pleistocene , indicate a much wetter landscape present in the desert than exists today. The high number of hunting tools suggest that local communities were nomadic hunters during

744-509: The population. The 1880 census reported only 381 Serranos, a number Helen Hunt Jackson thought was too low as it did not account for those who were living in remote areas. Kroeber estimated the combined population of the Serrano, Kitanemuk, and Tataviam in 1910 as 150. The Morongo Reservation in Banning, California , and the San Manuel Reservation near San Bernardino, California , are both federally recognized Indian reservations belonging to

775-459: The precontact populations of most Native groups in California. (See Population of Native California .) Alfred L. Kroeber put the combined 1770 population of the Serrano, Kitanemuk , and Tataviam at 3,500 and the Serrano proper (excluding the Vanyume ) at 1,500. Lowell John Bean suggested an aboriginal Serrano population of about 2,500. As noted, smallpox epidemics and social disruption reduced

806-489: The pursuit of good health, such as the hot sand pit. Women practiced health rituals to rid themselves of bad energy associated with taboo, such as menstruation periods. In 1867 the Yuhaviatam band of Serrano were the victims of a massacre conducted by American settlers of the San Bernardino Valley, during a 32-day campaign at Chimney Rock. The massacre was a response to a raid, probably carried out by Chemehuevi , on

837-492: The title Serrano . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serrano&oldid=1143296296 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Serrano people Today

868-545: The wealthy contexts in which they are currently found by archaeologists and other researchers, indicating a healthy trade economy. The power of Indigenous trade relations hindered Spanish Colonial forces from regulating [taxing] “neophytes” and hinterland natives. Textiles woven by Southwestern groups were extremely valuable to Coastal groups, and historical accounts describe the long-distance trade of these textiles through Mojave desert traders. In 1819, Serrano were relocated to estancia throughout southern California, such as

899-507: Was 1 speaker in 1994. The last fully fluent speaker was Dorothy Ramon, who died in 2002. During the last years of Dorothy Ramon's life, she worked with linguist Eric Elliot. Together they wrote a book named Wayta' Yawa' (Always Believe) . This book was written in Serrano and in English which talks about the Serrano culture and the life of Dorothy Ramon, which in turned saved the Serrano language from complete extinction. After Dorothy Ramon's death,

930-412: Was one remaining hümtc medicine man who revived religious ceremonies nearly lost to time in the early 1900s, as documented by anthropologist and ethnographer Ruth F. Benedict . Ceremonies such as the tuwituaim [dance] revive not only Serrano religious and spiritual practices, but communal and familial practices as well. Spiritual practices followed by female practitioners are often associated with

961-418: Was traditionally a spoken language; an alphabet was not used until the 1990s. A new alphabet, with 47 letters, including the glottal stop , was developed starting in 2005. The Endangered Languages Project lists Serrano as in the "Awakening" stage, meaning that the language has lost its native and fluent speakers and can be considered "extinct" but has revitalization projects underway to preserve knowledge of

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