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86-641: Seokchon Lake was originally a part of the Han River . There was an island named Burido in the middle of the Han River dividing it into two, Songpa River (the northern part) and Sincheon River (the southern part). In April 1971, a construction project to connect Burido with the mainland began. It proceeded by enlarging the Songpa River and closing the Sincheon River. Due to this construction, the enclosed southern part of

172-513: A bad drainage system were blamed for its creation. It swallowed a three-story building and a house; it measured approximately 20 m (66 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep. A similar hole had formed nearby in February 2007. This large vertical hole is not a true sinkhole, as it did not form via the dissolution of limestone, dolomite, marble, or any other water-soluble rock. Instead, they are examples of "piping pseudokarst", created by

258-548: A continuous increasing trend, with 1299 types of plant life dispersed around the river in 2022. The number of newly planted species in parks and flower beds has significantly increased, and the number of native aquatic plants is also steadily rising. Fish: A total of 19 families and 69 species were recorded, similar to the 2017 survey. The main river's fish species were relatively abundant, and Seoul's protected species, Gyeongmochi(Microphysogobio jeoni), Kkeokjeongi( rachidermus fasciatus Heckel), and Hwangbok( Takifugu obscurus) ,with

344-788: A gross underestimate based on inadequate data. The greatest amount of karst sinkhole damage in the United States occurs in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. The largest recent sinkhole in the USA is possibly one that formed in 1972 in Montevallo, Alabama , as a result of man-made lowering of the water level in a nearby rock quarry. This "December Giant" or "Golly Hole" sinkhole measures 130 m (425 ft) long, 105 m (350 ft) wide and 45 m (150 ft) deep. Other areas of significant karst hazards include

430-403: A primary target in the power struggles among the three kingdoms, and controlling the Han River basin provided a strong foundation for territorial expansion and national development. As historical records show, Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla alternately ruled the Han River basin. Occupying the Han River basin led to national prosperity, while losing it resulted in decline. Baekje was founded in

516-477: A result, during heavy rains—such as monsoons or torrential downpours—the Jamsu Bridge becomes submerged, and even the expansive riverbanks and Hangang Park are entirely flooded. This illustrates the significant fluctuations in the river's water volume. Conversely, during the dry winter season, the river's width decreases considerably. The Han River helps to reduce and mitigate the urban heat island effect. When

602-528: A small area, giving the landscape a pock-marked appearance. These sinkholes drain all the water, so there are only subterranean rivers in these areas. Examples of karst landscapes with numerous massive sinkholes include Khammouan Mountains ( Laos ) and Mamo Plateau (Papua New Guinea). The largest known sinkholes formed in sandstone are Sima Humboldt and Sima Martel in Venezuela . Some sinkholes form in thick layers of homogeneous limestone. Their formation

688-545: A tourist attraction and began a maintenance project clearing the water and enabling the ecological system to recover. The East Lake has a trail which is connected to West Lake under the Jamsilhosugyo (Jamsil Lake Bridge). Beside the trail, there are some facilities including some rest area and public restrooms. At the north side, there is a two-floor building which has the Songpa Travel Information Center on

774-455: A wide river running through it; few large cities are divided by a massive river approximately 1.2 kilometers wide. The term " Miracle on the Han River ," referring to South Korea's rapid economic growth, originates from this river. The name Han River originates from the Korean word "Hangaram". In old Korean , "han" means "big" or "great", and "garam" refers to a river—The Hanja character Han (漢)

860-521: Is 112,065 m large and is slightly larger than the East Lake. Around the West Lake, there are Seoul Playground and Lotte World's Magic Island . Seoul play ground ( 서울놀이마당 ; Seoul Norimadang ) is an outdoor stage located inside Seokchon Lake Park where different kinds of folk arts are performed. It was built in 1984 for the presentation and preservation of Korean traditional folk art. The whole facility

946-458: Is 8,250 m large, and seats are 825 m large having seating capacity of 1,500. The building is a traditional style tile-roofed house, which has hip-and-gable roof and entasis columns. Annually from April to October, Intangible Cultural Property and fusion folk art performance are held every weekend. Also, special performances are perform in traditional holidays of Korea ( Seollal , Daeboreum , Chuseok ). Songpa Sandae Noli , sheaf burning are some of

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1032-559: Is a phonetic transcription. Until the early Three Kingdoms period, the Han River was called "Daesu" (帶水). It is recorded as Arisu (阿利水) on the Gwanggaeto Stele —an ancient stone monument erected in 414 AD. In the kingdom of Baekje , it was called "Ungniha" (郁利河). The Samguk sagi ("History of the Three Kingdoms"), a historical text, records the river as "Hansanha" (漢山河) or "Bukdok" (北瀆). The name "Han River" began to be used around

1118-1013: Is a type of sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath. Sink , and stream sink are more general terms for sites that drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sediment or crumbled rock. Most sinkholes are caused by karst processes – the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks , collapse or suffosion processes. Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide. Sinkholes may capture surface drainage from running or standing water, but may also form in high and dry places in specific locations. Sinkholes that capture drainage can hold it in large limestone caves. These caves may drain into tributaries of larger rivers. The formation of sinkholes involves natural processes of erosion or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as limestone ) by percolating water,

1204-641: Is believed that these people engaged in intensive foraging activities in hills and low mountains, utilizing primitive fishing techniques like handline fishing or spear fishing from an early period, using tools such as spears or harpoons to catch fish. However, while handline and spear fishing were individual efforts with limited catch yields, net fishing enabled large-scale catches through collective labor in conjunction with foraging methods. Evidence of net fishing has been found at numerous archaeological sites. These communities accumulated surplus production through such collective activities, enhancing their adaptability to

1290-590: Is facilitated by high groundwater flow, often caused by high rainfall; such rainfall causes formation of the giant sinkholes in the Nakanaï Mountains , on the New Britain island in Papua New Guinea. Powerful underground rivers may form on the contact between limestone and underlying insoluble rock, creating large underground voids. In such conditions, the largest known sinkholes of the world have formed, like

1376-676: Is subsidence due to subterranean human activity, such as mining and military trenches . Examples have included, instances above World War I trenches in Ypres , Belgium ; near mines in Nitra , Slovakia ; a limestone quarry in Dudley , England; and above an old gypsum mine in Magheracloone , Ireland . Some of the largest sinkholes in the world are: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

1462-482: Is the pollution of groundwater resources, with serious health implications in such areas. The Maya civilization sometimes used sinkholes in the Yucatán Peninsula (known as cenotes ) as places to deposit precious items and human sacrifices. When sinkholes are very deep or connected to caves, they may offer challenges for experienced cavers or, when water-filled, divers . Some of the most spectacular are

1548-420: Is well understood, and proper site characterization can avoid karst disasters. Thus most sinkhole disasters are predictable and preventable rather than " acts of God ". The American Society of Civil Engineers has declared that the potential for sinkhole collapse must be a part of land-use planning in karst areas. Where sinkhole collapse of structures could cause loss of life, the public should be made aware of

1634-484: The Rosetta space probe . Collapses, commonly incorrectly labeled as sinkholes, also occur due to human activity, such as the collapse of abandoned mines and salt cavern storage in salt domes in places like Louisiana , Mississippi and Texas , in the United States of America. More commonly, collapses occur in urban areas due to water main breaks or sewer collapses when old pipes give way. They can also occur from

1720-553: The Ebro Basin in northern Spain ; the island of Sardinia ; the Italian peninsula; the Chalk areas in southern England ; Sichuan , China ; Jamaica ; France ; Croatia ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Slovenia ; and Russia , where one-third of the total land area is underlain by karst. Sinkholes tend to occur in karst landscapes. Karst landscapes can have up to thousands of sinkholes within

1806-609: The Goguryeo period, Arisu referred to the Han River. In the "Samguk sagi" ( History of the Three Kingdoms ), Baekje Annals Volume 3, in the account from early September of the 21st year of King Gaero, there is a record similar to that on the Gwanggaeto Stele in which the Han River is referred to as "Ungniha" (郁里河). According to historical records from the Three Kingdoms period, Baekje referred to it as "Ungniha" or "Hansu," while in Silla, it

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1892-561: The Korean Peninsula and also has the largest basin area. In terms of length, It is the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok , Tuman , and Nakdong rivers. The river begins as two smaller rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula , which then converge near Seoul . Seoul , the capital city of South Korea, is the only example of a major metropolis with such

1978-1084: The Zacatón cenote in Mexico (the world's deepest water-filled sinkhole), the Boesmansgat sinkhole in South Africa, Sarisariñama tepuy in Venezuela, the Sótano del Barro in Mexico, and in the town of Mount Gambier, South Australia . Sinkholes that form in coral reefs and islands that collapse to enormous depths are known as blue holes and often become popular diving spots. Large and visually unusual sinkholes have been well known to local people since ancient times. Nowadays sinkholes are grouped and named in site-specific or generic names. Some examples of such names are listed below. The 2010 Guatemala City sinkhole formed suddenly in May of that year; torrential rains from Tropical Storm Agatha and

2064-423: The collapse of a cave roof, or a lowering of the water table . Sinkholes often form through the process of suffosion . For example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cement holding the sandstone particles together and then carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void. Occasionally a sinkhole may exhibit a visible opening into a cave below. In the case of exceptionally large sinkholes, such as

2150-544: The west to the east There are 11 subway crossings below the river. 37°45′N 126°11′E  /  37.750°N 126.183°E  / 37.750; 126.183 Sinkhole A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline , enclosed depressions that are also known as shakeholes , and to openings where surface water enters into underground passages known as ponor , swallow hole or swallet . A cenote

2236-509: The 662-metre-deep (2,172 ft) Xiaozhai Tiankeng ( Chongqing , China), giant sótanos in Querétaro and San Luis Potosí states in Mexico and others. Unusual processes have formed the enormous sinkholes of Sistema Zacatón in Tamaulipas (Mexico), where more than 20 sinkholes and other karst formations have been shaped by volcanically heated, acidic groundwater. This has produced not only

2322-589: The Bronze Age in the Han River basin was influenced by the northeastern regions of the Korean Peninsula (Hamgyeongbuk-do and Hamgyeongnam-do) and the northwestern regions (Pyeongannam-do and Hwanghae-do). This led to the establishment of the Bronze Culture in the Han River basin. The cultures of these two regions developed uniquely through their own progress and blending, creating a distinctive Bronze Age culture in

2408-457: The City of Seoul started supplying water to maintain the lake's water level. As of 2015, the lake had an average water level of 4.8 meters. 37°30′36″N 127°06′11″E  /  37.510°N 127.103°E  / 37.510; 127.103 Han River (Korea) [REDACTED] The Han River ( Korean :  한강 ; RR :  Hangang ) is a river in the central region of

2494-532: The Han River area surrounding Seoul. During the first few decades of South Korea's existence, the Han River became very polluted, as burgeoning industry and an impoverished populace used it as a convenient spillway for industrial and urban refuse. Though it no longer plays a central role in commerce or transportation, it is a prime fixture in the life of the South Korean capital. During the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul,

2580-473: The Han River basin and further extended to the southern regions. During the Three Kingdoms period, the fortunes of nations were closely tied to the gains and losses of the Han River basin. This was because the Han River, as a major river flowing through the central part of the peninsula, became the central stage of the Korean Peninsula. Additionally, it was considered important for military, economic, social, and diplomatic reasons. Consequently, this region became

2666-479: The Han River basin. Additionally, the Han River basin served as an intermediary region that facilitated the spread of culture to the southern regions of the Korean Peninsula. By this stage, agriculture had further advanced compared to the Neolithic period. Carbonized grains such as rice, barley, millet, and job's tears were excavated from habitation sites, indicating that mixed grain farming had become widespread across

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2752-429: The Han River became Seokchon Lake, and the land made by the reclamation project became Jamsil-dong and Sincheon-dong. In the 1970s, following construction, Seokchon Lake and the surrounding area was unsightly. A walking trail was made and trees planted, transforming the area into a park. Later, Seokchon Lake became polluted causing a foul smell. People avoided Seokchon Lake Park due to this. In 2001, Songpagu designated it

2838-402: The Han River near Gimpo in Seoul to Incheon . On November 4, 2018, a team of ten people from North Korea and ten from South Korea began a joint inter-Korean survey which will lead to the development a Joint Utilization Zone along the Han River's estuary. The zone will allow civilians to access the estuary for tourism, ecological protection and the collection of construction aggregate under

2924-663: The Han River that flows through Seoul maintains a water level above a certain point due to the Singok Submerged Weir installed in Gimpo . This maintained water level is referred to as the "low water level" (jeosu-wi), and the filled section is called the "low water channel" (jeosu-ro). This is aesthetically pleasing and facilitates the operation of boats. Following the Han River Comprehensive Development Project, extensive aggregate extraction deeply excavated

3010-570: The Han River was the site of the Olympic rowing regatta. It became the focus of government-sponsored environmental efforts to clean it up. There have been fears, such as the 1986 Water Panic in South Korea, that North Korea could attack Seoul by releasing waters from upstream dams, creating floods downstream. In July 2000, the US military admitted to dumping 20 gallons (75.7 liters) of diluted formaldehyde in

3096-517: The Han River's wide expanse and its suitability for river transport, highlighting its geographical features and advantages. Among them, Noryangjin (Nodeul Naru) was renowned as a key transportation hub, managing both passenger and grain transport on the Han River, leading to grain warehouses and fishing ports being established there. Even in the 2020s, Noryangjin is home to the Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market. The section of

3182-512: The Korean Peninsula. It is also inferred that rice farming had become quite common in both the northwestern regions and the southern areas. Rice farming in the Han River basin is closely related to the southward movement of residents from the Pangyi ( 팽이 ) Pottery culture in the northwestern regions. As these southern-moving Pangyi Pottery people interacted and blended with the local Minmuni-toki-in ( 민무늬토기인 ) communities, rice farming became widespread in

3268-795: The Korean Peninsula—such as the Taedong River, Geum River, Yeongsan River, and Nakdong River—and the shipping routes of the southwestern sea. After the unification of the Three Kingdoms, Silla designated the Hansanha (another name for the Han River) in the north as one of the nation's four great rivers, alongside the Hwangsanha (Nakdong River) leading to the South Sea, the Ungcheonha (Geum River) leading to

3354-457: The Korean peninsula, with some of its tributaries and drainage basin in North Korea . It is classified as a national first-class river in South Korea. The Han River currently has eight river islands: Nanjido , Yeouido , Ttukseom  [ ko ] , Nodeulseom , Seoraeseom  [ ko ] , Sebitseom , Bamseom , and Seonyudo . The Han has the highest flow rate of any river on

3440-650: The Minyé sinkhole in Papua New Guinea or Cedar Sink at Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky , an underground stream or river may be visible across its bottom flowing from one side to the other. Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone or other carbonate rock , salt beds , or in other soluble rocks, such as gypsum , that can be dissolved naturally by circulating ground water . Sinkholes also occur in sandstone and quartzite terrains. As

3526-652: The West Sea, and the Tojiha (Gokgangcheon in Heunghae-eup, Pohang) leading to the East Sea. These were collectively known as the "Four Waterways" (四瀆). The state held regular rituals (Jungsa, 中祀) for these rivers, underscoring their ideological importance. In the 21st year of King Munjong 's reign, the importance of the Han River basin was recognized, and Yangju (now Seoul) was promoted to Namgyeong (Southern Capital), making it one of

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3612-620: The banks of the Han River during events such as Jeongwol Daeboreum (the first full moon of the lunar year). Modern History Within the first week of the start of the Korean War , the South Korean Army destroyed the Hangang Bridge in a bid to stem the advance of the invading North Korean military . In early 1951, there was a fair amount of fighting between Chinese People's Volunteer Army troops and US-led United Nations forces in

3698-434: The basin of the Han River, and from the Three Kingdoms period onward, the zenith of each kingdom was determined by who controlled the middle and lower reaches of this river. Controlling the Han River was so crucial that it essentially defined a nation's golden age. Initially, Baekje held control, followed by Goguryeo, and later by Silla. As each kingdom rose to prominence, the other two would invariably form alliances to balance

3784-482: The café street. There is one at approximately every 100 meters. There are various cafes in the vicinity of Seokchon Lake, which have unique names and different atmospheres. There are coffee shops, bakeries, and places you can eat fusion dishes. Also, since outdoor business is allowed in this area, one can eat outside looking at the scenery of the Seokchon Lake. From 2010 to 2013, the average water level of Seokchon lake

3870-551: The capital was moved back to Gaeseong , effectively ending the issue of relocating the capital (to Hanyang,or Seoul) within the Goryeo Dynasty. The eventual relocation of the capital to Hanyang(Seoul) was achieved in 1394 when Yi Seong-gye founded the Joseon Dynasty . After ascending to the throne, Taejo Yi Seong-gye ordered the relocation of the capital to Hanyang on August 3, 1392, sixteen days after his coronation. This

3956-465: The capital were largely supplied by ships through the Han River. With the implementation of tax reforms and the introduction of the Daedong Law  [ ko ] in the late Joseon period, the Han River's importance increased further, facilitating the transportation of rice collected from regions including Honam and Chungcheong Province by water. Thus, the Han River became a vital supply route for

4042-437: The collapse of cavities in soil that have developed where soil falls down into underlying rock cavities, pose the most serious hazards to life and property. Fluctuation of the water level accelerates this collapse process. When water rises up through fissures in the rock, it reduces soil cohesion . Later, as the water level moves downward, the softened soil seeps downwards into rock cavities. Flowing water in karst conduits carries

4128-675: The collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly Quaternary volcanic deposits underlying the city. Although weak and crumbly, these volcanic deposits have enough cohesion to allow them to stand in vertical faces and to develop large subterranean voids within them. A process called " soil piping " first created large underground voids, as water from leaking water mains flowed through these volcanic deposits and mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them, then progressively eroded and removed coarser materials. Eventually, these underground voids became large enough that their roofs collapsed to create large holes. A crown hole

4214-725: The confluence at Yangpyeong , Gyeonggi Province , of the Namhan River (South Han River), which originates from Daedeoksan , and the Bukhan River (North Han River), which originates on the slopes of Mount Kumgang in North Korea. The river flows through Seoul and then merges with the Imjin River (or "Rimjin River") shortly before it flows into the Yellow Sea . Broad tidal flats can be found at

4300-405: The downward movement of water beyond the natural rate of groundwater recharge. The increased runoff from the impervious surfaces of roads, roofs, and parking lots also accelerate man-induced sinkhole collapses. Some induced sinkholes are preceded by warning signs, such as cracks, sagging, jammed doors, or cracking noises, but others develop with little or no warning. However, karst development

4386-401: The environment and increasing their chances of survival. Consequently, their populations grew, settlements expanded, and stable, sedentary lifestyles emerged, leading to further cultural development. This progression laid the foundation for the emergence of ancient states in the Han River basin following the advanced cultures of the Bronze Age. Geographically encompassing most of central Korea,

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4472-537: The festival season, the Lotte World Tower at Seokchon Lake and the Magic Island combine with cherry blossoms, making a beautiful landscape. The 2021 Seokchon Lake Cherry Blossom Festival was held online due to Corona 19. In fall, Seokchon Lake Deciduous Street Festival begin, and Seokchon Lake is filled with thousands of deciduous leaves such as platanus , King cherry trees , ginkgo trees and maple trees . On

4558-482: The first and last being Korean endemics, were found. In the main stream of the Han River, Tridentiger brevispinis, Barbel steed, and Acheilognathus were the dominant species, while in the tributaries, Pale chubs, Stripe False Gudgeons, and Crucian carp were predominant. A total of 13 species, including water deer , raccoon dogs, moles, otters, and lynx, were identified. In the main stream, water deer were frequently observed, while wild cats and dogs were commonly found in

4644-474: The following February. During the reign of the last Goryeo monarch, Gongyang (1390), the capital was moved back again to Hanyang in September 1390. However, after the establishment of Hanyang, significant storms, thunder, lightning, and disasters struck the nation,causing frequent misfortunes like people being swept away by the river,alongside bad omens such as tigers killing men. As a result, in February 1391,

4730-482: The formation of the deepest water-filled sinkhole in the world— Zacatón —but also unique processes of travertine sedimentation in upper parts of sinkholes, leading to sealing of these sinkholes with travertine lids. The U.S. state of Florida in North America is known for having frequent sinkhole collapses, especially in the central part of the state. Underlying limestone there is from 15 to 25 million years old. On

4816-490: The fringes of the state, sinkholes are rare or non-existent; limestone there is around 120,000 years old. The Murge area in southern Italy also has numerous sinkholes. Sinkholes can be formed in retention ponds from large amounts of rain. On the Arctic seafloor, methane emissions have caused large sinkholes to form. Sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of waste . A consequence of this

4902-419: The lake, you can see colorful Lanterns, and there is a night scenery view photo zone. The Seokchon Lake Music Concert is held at East Side Central Waterfront Stage every Friday, Saturday and Sunday from mid-April to November. There are performances of various genres such as singing, dancing, pop, musical instrument. The cafe street is located next to the East Lake, about 1.1 km. There are about 12 cafes in

4988-459: The land surface and natural drainage. Since water level changes accelerate sinkhole collapse, measures must be taken to minimize water level changes. The areas most susceptible to sinkhole collapse can be identified and avoided. In karst areas the traditional foundation evaluations ( bearing capacity and settlement ) of the ability of soil to support a structure must be supplemented by geotechnical site investigation for cavities and defects in

5074-591: The major performances held in the place. Seokchon Lake has many various festivals, including the Cherry Blossom Festival, Deciduous Street Festival, and the Seokchon Lake Concert. These festivals show many attractive parts of the Seokchon Lake. The Seokchon Lake Cherry Blossom Festival is one of the most representative spring festivals in Seoul. The festival has many events such as shows performed by popular singers and amateur performance team. During

5160-482: The mouth of the Han River, where it meets the sea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone that divides South and North Korea. The total length of the Han River is approximately 514 kilometres (319 mi). Although it is not a long river, the lower Han River is remarkably broad. Within Seoul city limits, the river is more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide. Prior to the construction of several major dams,

5246-444: The natural dissolution of rock. The U.S. Geological Survey notes that "It is a frightening thought to imagine the ground below your feet or house suddenly collapsing and forming a big hole in the ground." Human activities can accelerate collapses of karst sinkholes, causing collapse within a few years that would normally evolve over thousands of years under natural conditions. Soil-collapse sinkholes, which are characterized by

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5332-417: The overpumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids. Sinkholes can also form when natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed. Some sinkholes form when the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created; the substantial weight of the new material can trigger a collapse of the roof of an existing void or cavity in

5418-409: The power. This power dynamic continued throughout the entire Three Kingdoms period. The importance of the Han River stemmed from its numerous advantages: the agricultural productivity of its basin, the securing of transportation routes through river navigation, and the establishment of maritime trade routes with China. It was the only region that could simultaneously connect major rivers flowing through

5504-572: The protection of militaries from both sides of the Korean border. On November 5, 2018, the councils of South Korea's Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, which border the DMZ , signed a "peace working agreement" at Dorasan Station in Paju , giving local approval to the Joint Utilization Zone. The Han River has an exceptionally high flow variability coefficient and is known for its excessively narrow basin. As

5590-493: The risks. The most likely locations for sinkhole collapse are areas where there is already a high density of existing sinkholes. Their presence shows that the subsurface contains a cave system or other unstable voids. Where large cavities exist in the limestone large surface collapses can occur, such the Winter Park, Florida sinkhole collapse . Recommendations for land uses in karst areas should avoid or minimize alterations of

5676-445: The river flows normally, the kinetic energy of the water collides with the air to create wind, which helps circulate the surrounding air. Several places in Seoul bear names derived from former boat crossings, such as Gwangjin (Gwangnaru), Mapo, Sangam Naru, Ttukseom Naru, Gongam Naru, Songpa Naru, Hangangjin, Yanghwajin (Yanghwa Naru), Sambat Naru, Dongjak Naru, Seogang Naru, Noryangjin (Nodeul Naru), and Yeongdeungpo. These names reflect

5762-450: The river the second most scenic location in the city, following Mount Namsan in the top spot. The riparian zones of the Han River are predominantly dominated by willow species in most areas, and locust trees are frequently found in some sections. Additionally, through planting efforts, species such as poplar, Eastern cottonwood, lacebark elm, pin oak, birch, and metasequoia are widely distributed. The found number of plant species has shown

5848-494: The river was known for its huge coefficient of river regime (ratio between the maximum and minimum amount of flow) of 1:39. (For comparison, The Thames and the Rhine have coefficients of 1:8 and 1:18, respectively.) Tributaries are listed in order from the mouth of the Han River to the source. Subtributaries are listed accordingly. A total of 31 bridges cross the Han River in Seoul National Capital Area ( Seoul , Gyeonggi Province , Incheon ), South Korea. They are: From

5934-546: The riverbed, providing sufficient depth for tour boats even without the submerged weir. However, to accommodate docking and other activities, the submerged weir remains necessary unless additional dredging is performed near the docks. The lower stretches of the Han River are lined with pedestrian walkways, bicycle paths, public parks and restaurants, particularly in Seoul. In a 2011 survey conducted by Seoul Development Institute of 800 residents and 103 urban planning and architectural experts, 51% of residents and 69% of experts voted

6020-414: The rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. These sinkholes can be dramatic, because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not enough support. Then, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. On 2 July 2015, scientists reported that active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts, were found on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by

6106-412: The second floor. In October 2014, the Rubber Duck was held on the East Lake by Lotte Group to celebrate the opening of the new Lotte World Mall . Also, the Super Moon Project was held in September 2016, an art project planned by the art collaborative group FriendsWithYou. The Super Moon is a 60-foot inflatable sculpture surrounded by a garden of eight symbolic planets of color and light. The West Lake

6192-479: The sewer system connected to the river. As the river serves as a drinking source for some 12 million South Koreans, some South Koreans launched large protests and accused the US military of ignoring South Korea's environmental regulations. Activists lobbed toy rockets—filled with water from the river—into the main US Army base. The political party Green Party Korea had earlier accused the US of dumping nearly 60 gallons of

6278-512: The soil away, preventing soil from accumulating in rock cavities and allowing the collapse process to continue. Induced sinkholes occur where human activity alters how surface water recharges groundwater . Many human-induced sinkholes occur where natural diffused recharge is disturbed and surface water becomes concentrated. Activities that can accelerate sinkhole collapses include timber removal, ditching, laying pipelines, sewers, water lines, storm drains, and drilling. These activities can increase

6364-467: The soil to create larger surface depressions. Cover-collapse sinkholes or "dropouts" form where so much soil settles down into voids in the limestone that the ground surface collapses. The surface collapses may occur abruptly and cause catastrophic damages. New sinkhole collapses can also form when human activity changes the natural water-drainage patterns in karst areas. Pseudokarst sinkholes resemble karst sinkholes but are formed by processes other than

6450-576: The state's grain reserves and national finances. As mentioned above, during the Joseon Dynasty when river transport was central, the Han River served as a vital route through which goods from the Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , and Jeolla Provinces flowed into Hanyang. Additionally, when conducting rituals such as praying for rain at famous mountains and great rivers, the Han River was always included. Even today people set up ritual tables and offer prayers along

6536-441: The subsurface, resulting in development of a sinkhole. Solution or dissolution sinkholes form where water dissolves limestone under a soil covering. Dissolution enlarges natural openings in the rock such as joints, fractures, and bedding planes. Soil settles down into the enlarged openings forming a small depression at the ground surface. Cover-subsidence sinkholes form where voids in the underlying limestone allow more settling of

6622-399: The three major strategic locations alongside Kaegyeong (New/Open capital) and Seogyeong (Western Capital). Later, in September 1382 (8th year of King U), the capital was moved to Hanyang (Another name for now Seoul). However, due to political and social unrest, along with the prevalence of geomancy and the belief that the new capital was inauspicious, the capital was returned to Gaeseong

6708-407: The time were mostly paid in commodities. The capital's position along the Han River meant that the allocation and transportation of grains and various commodities from various provinces to the capital was made much easier, allowing landlords residing in the capital to transport sharecropped grains from provincial (non-capital regions) farms to Hanyang via the river. Additionally, general goods within

6794-573: The time when Baekje started interacting with China's Eastern Jin Dynasty; from then on, it was called "Hansu" (漢水) or "Hangang" (漢江). Arisu (阿利水) is an archaic term used to refer to both the Han River and the Amnok River . Because of this historical significance, today it is also used as the brand name for tap water sourced from the Han River. The term seems to derive from ari, meaning "big" or "great", combined with su (水), which means "water". During

6880-416: The toxic chemical into the river, and said that "... if people are exposed to the chemical for a long period of time, it could cause lung cancer [and when] dissolved into water, it could kill fish and other aquatic creatures." The events inspired Bong Joon-Ho 's acclaimed 2006 film The Host . In 2012 the 18-kilometer Ara Canal , suitable for large container and passenger vessels, was completed, linking

6966-405: The tributaries. Legally protected species include otters, which are designated as natural monuments and classified as Category I endangered wildlife, and lynx, classified as Category II endangered wildlife. Otters serve as indicator species for assessing ecosystem health and act as regulators of aquatic ecosystems by consuming non-native species such as bass and bluegill. The Han River is formed by

7052-428: The underlying rock. Since the soil/rock surface in karst areas are very irregular the number of subsurface samples ( borings and core samples ) required per unit area is usually much greater than in non-karst areas. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the cost for repairs of damage arising from karst-related processes as at least $ 300 million per year over the preceding 15 years, but noted that this may be

7138-543: Was called "Wangbongha" or "Hansanha." During the Goryeo Dynasty, it was also known as "Yeolsu." Among the old names of the Han River, "Arisu" is the most familiar to modern Koreans. In the 19th century, the river was attested to in one English-language source as the Han River or Hang Kang . At one time, the Standard Korean Language Dictionary listed "Arisu" as a dialectal term for "deception", but due to insufficient data and lack of clear evidence, it

7224-676: Was deleted. There are records during the Goryeo period, that the Han River was also called Yeolsu (洌水),Sapyeongdo (沙坪島) and Sarijin. During the Joseon period, also as Gyeonggang (京江). Various Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts have been discovered in the Han River basin, with Amsa-dong Prehistoric Site in Gangdong District representing the local area's Neolithic culture . Artifacts such as pottery, stone tools, and spearheads, which provide insights into their dietary habits, have been unearthed. It

7310-429: Was done on October 25, 1394 (lunar calendar). After the capital relocation, the first time Seoul was the capital since any Korean nation since Bakjae's Wiryeseong , the Han River grew in importance alongside the city's new prestiege. The Korean peninsula, being a very mountainous region,has traditionally relied heavily on canal- and river-based water transport for everything from inter-province trade to taxes, which at

7396-463: Was lowered from 4.63 meters to 4.17 meters. About 4 million tons of water was leaked from Seokchon Lake. Also, several large underground voids and sinkholes were observed near the lake and caused controversy about safety problems. According to an investigation by the City of Seoul , it was caused by massive underground operation from the construction of Lotte World Tower and Seoul Subway Line 9 . In 2013,

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