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78-516: Sendlinger Tor (located at Sendlinger Str 49) lies at the southern end of Sendlingerstrasse, the north-south thoroughfare through Munich's old town. Sendlinger Tor thus separates the old city from the Isar suburb. Sendlinger Tor is at an altitude of 525 metres (1,722 ft) above sea level. As part of the great urban expansion by Ludwig the Bavarian (from 1285 to 1337), a second city wall with four town gates

156-473: A Guardian ad Litem with completion of the Guardian ad Litem pre-service orientation requirements is requested. Although a guardian ad litem working through a CASA program volunteers their services, some guardians ad litem are paid for their services. They must submit detailed time and expense reports to the court for approval. Their fees are taxed as costs in the case. Courts may order all parties to share in

234-536: A determination whether the alleged incapacitated person is actually incapacitated. There will often be an evidentiary hearing. A systematic review of guardianship studies from the United States, Sweden, and Australia found that the most commonly used evidence in guardianship hearings was the alleged ward's medical condition; perhaps surprisingly, descriptions of the alleged ward's cognitive abilities, functional abilities and psychiatric symptoms are much less common. If

312-584: A few years later submitted to Pope John XXII. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily . Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy. When his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg died in 1330, Louis returned from Italy. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330. Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham , and

390-429: A guardianship action to become the legal guardians when the child reaches the age of majority . A famous example of such an arrangement is the situation involving Britney Spears , who was placed into a conservatorship under the supervision of her father, Jamie Spears , and attorney Andrew Wallet in 2008, following a series of highly publicized personal struggles and issues with mental health. Courts generally have

468-771: A healthcare setting, an advance directive would allow a patient to voice what treatment options they prefer and who they would like to make decisions on their behalf should they become incompetent. The establishment of advance directives is a common practice among seniors in the United States. Further, some individuals with limited functional capacities might maintain their autonomy by relying on family or friends who can help that individual informally or formally navigate important life decisions without formal guardianship, called "supported decision-making". For example, these support individuals can provide suggestions on where their loved one should live or recommend certain treatment options in medical settings. This support system can also help

546-474: A house, he or she needs approval from the local authorities. Once a year a legally assigned guardian have to send his accounting to the Chief Guardian for review. Since 2017, the ward can, while she still have her mental abilities, write a special future letter of attorney ( Framtidsfullmakt ) which later can be used when she loses her abilities. How such a letter should be written is described in detail in

624-409: A judge ultimately decides whether guardianship is appropriate and, if so, will appoint a guardian. Guardians are typically used in four situations: guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults and for adults found to be incompetent. A family member is most commonly appointed guardian, though

702-523: A loved one with functional incapacities might consider whether there are less restrictive alternatives that can achieve the same objectives. Three examples of alternatives include establishing advance directives, relying on supported decision-making, or taking advantage of community-related services that support individuals with functional limitations. Advance directives allow a competent individual to provide their input as to what actions should be taken should they become incompetent. For example, in

780-467: A neurological impairment such as dementia. Typically, a precipitating incident prompts a professional, family member, health care worker, or clergyman to initiate guardianship proceedings. While guardianship intends to protect and support incapacitated elderly people unable to care themselves or engage in the activities of daily living without assistance, guardianship sometimes results in financial exploitation of wards. The process will generally start with

858-445: A non-parent is appointed as guardian, the court will determine how the parents' parental rights are impacted by the appointment (e.g., establishing visitation schedules). Legal guardians may be appointed in guardianship cases for adults (see also conservatorship ). For example, because parents are not automatically appointed to serve as the guardian of their mentally or physical disabled child who reaches adulthood, parents may start

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936-415: A professional guardian or public trustee may be appointed if a suitable family member is not available. Guardianship for an incapacitated elderly person typically arises when someone determines that an elderly person has become unable to care for their own person and/or property. In fact, most alleged wards are elderly ( M s = 76–82 years), many of whom resided in a care facility and had been diagnosed with

1014-707: A stroke suffered during a bear-hunt in Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck . He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. The sons of Louis supported Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided the Wittelsbach possessions amongst themselves again. In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with

1092-548: A traditional legal guardian, but without absolute legal separation from the child's birth parents. These are not to be confused with court-appointed special guardians in other jurisdictions. See section 13 of the Prison Act 1952 . In section 4 of the Official Secrets Act 1989 , the expression "legal custody" includes detention in pursuance of any enactment or any instrument made under an enactment. See section 86 of

1170-413: Is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty ) to make decisions relevant to the personal and property interests of another person who is deemed incompetent , called a ward . For example, a legal guardian might be granted the authority to make decisions regarding a ward's housing or medical care or manage the ward's finances. Guardianship

1248-400: Is always so for minors. The guardianship for adults can take two legal forms, "conservator" or "administrator". The main difference between these two is that an "administrator" has the sole permission to take legal actions within the field of the guardianship. A guardianship can have different legal forms for different parts of the guardianship. Such things as basic human rights is never denied

1326-508: Is incapable of managing his own affairs, a guardian (Betreuer) can be appointed (section 1,896, German Civil Code ). An adult guardian is responsible for personal and estate matters, as well as for medical treatment. However, the ward has normally full capacity with all human rights such as those to marry, vote or make a will. The ward's legal capacity can be lost as a result of a court judgment or order (section 1903, German Civ. C.; Einwilligungsvorbehalt ). Every guardian has to report annually to

1404-416: Is most appropriate when an alleged ward is functionally incapacitated, meaning they have a lagging skill critical to performing certain tasks, such as making important life decisions. Guardianship intends to serve as a safeguard to protect the ward. Anyone can petition for a guardianship hearing if they believe another individual cannot make rational decisions on their own behalf. In a guardianship hearing,

1482-404: Is not federally regulated in the United States; therefore, states vary widely in how they address and manage guardianship cases. Guardians ad litem (GsAL) are persons appointed by the court to represent "the best interests of the child" in court proceedings. They are not the same as "legal guardians" and are often appointed in under-age-children cases, many times to represent the interests of

1560-410: Is regulated by a law of its own. Except for normal parenthood, the guardianship is assigned by the district court and supervised by the Chief Guardian, a municipal authority that is mandatory in every Swedish municipality. What is included in the field of guardianship is decided by the district court. The responsibility for health care and nursing is never included in the guardianship for adults, but

1638-513: The Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured. Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle ( Schwandorf ) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and a ban by Pope John XXII , who excommunicated Louis in 1324, induced Louis to release Frederick in

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1716-546: The Children Act 1975 . Any person required or authorized by or by virtue of the Mental Health Act 1983 to be conveyed to any place or to be kept in custody or detained in a place of safety or at any place to which he is taken under section 42(6) of that Act is, while being so conveyed, detained or kept, as the case may be, deemed to be in legal custody. In England and Wales, only an Approved Mental Health Professional has

1794-655: The Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet ("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself also took part in the battle but escaped. But then Louis' sudden death avoided a longer civil war. Louis died in October 1347 from

1872-516: The Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity should he not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis. As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed

1950-414: The minor children . Guardians ad litem may be called, in some U.S. states, Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA). In New York State, they are known as attorneys-for-the-child (AFCs). They are the voice of the child and may represent the child in court, with many judges adhering to any recommendation given by a GAL. GALs may assist where a child is removed from a hostile environment and custody given to

2028-781: The Herzog-Wilhelm-Str. It gives its name to the Sendlinger Tor U-Bahn station. 48°08′02″N 11°34′03″E  /  48.133965°N 11.567624°E  / 48.133965; 11.567624 Ludwig the Bavarian Louis IV (German: Ludwig ; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian ( Ludwig der Bayer , Latin : Ludovicus Bavarus ), was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347. Louis' election as king of Germany in 1314

2106-461: The House of Luxembourg – Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg , who contested Rudolph of Wittenberg's claim to the electoral vote. This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen  – the customary site of coronations – by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had

2184-486: The House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany , a great-grandnephew of Louis. In 1308 Louis married his first wife, Beatrice of Silesia (1290–1322). Their children were: In 1324, Louis married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1308–1356). Their children were: Legal guardian A legal guardian

2262-684: The Ministry of Justice in matters of property only. However, changes in Israel and other countries along with public pressure, appeals to the courts by social organizations, academic studies and the State Comptroller's 2004 report led to the decision to broaden the scope of supervision to include personal matters as well, to ensure that the guardians take care of all areas of life, including medical care, personal care, suitable housing, work and employment, social and recreational activities, etc., taking account of

2340-689: The Palatinate , who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg , and Henry of Carinthia , whom the Luxembourgs had deposed as King of Bohemia . These four electors chose Frederick as King. The Luxembourg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt , Archbishop of Mainz , five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia – both of

2418-684: The Rhine, and Matilda , a daughter of King Rudolph I . Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I , he quarreled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria . A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands

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2496-505: The Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories. Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers. Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city chronicles for

2574-483: The best interest of abused and neglected children. The program defines a child's best interest as a safe, permanent home. Guardians ad litem can be appointed by the court to represent the interests of mentally ill or disabled persons. For example, the Code of Virginia requires that the court appoint a "discreet and competent attorney-at-law" or "some other discreet and proper person" to serve as guardian ad litem to protect

2652-488: The best solution to supporting an individual who demonstrates functional incapacity, one might consider exploring alternative solutions before seeking legal guardianship. The Korean Family Courts, typically, has the authority to appoint a guardian in Korea. A general adult guardian is one who is in charge of both the ward's financial interests and personal welfare. The Korean family court, or one of its branches, has authority over

2730-529: The central tower was demolished. In 1860 a restoration of the two remaining Medieval flanking towers and the wall with three arches took place. In 1906, these original three arches were replaced by the one large single arch. In the Second World War , the gate was barely damaged. It was refurbished in the 1980s. On the Sendlinger Tor, a remnant of the old city wall can still be seen, which previously went up

2808-458: The child's natural guardians. Most jurisdictions recognise that the parents of a child are the natural guardians of the child, and that the parents may designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, typically subject to the approval of the court. The court may appoint a guardian for a minor if their parents are disabled or deceased or if the minor's parents cannot properly manage their child's safety and well-being. If

2886-462: The conclusion that in a number of cases the courts did not properly oversee these arrangements. In 2018, the investigative documentary "The Guardians" was published, alleging "legal kidnapping of elderly people" in Nevada by private guardianship businesses with no familial or other preexisting relations to their wards, seeking to economically profit from seniors' savings. A minor child's parents are

2964-604: The cost, or the court may order a particular party to pay the fees. Volunteer guardians ad litem and those that volunteer though a CASA program need to make sure that they do not engage in the unauthorized practice of law. Therefore, when they appear in court (even if they are an attorney) as a volunteer GAL, it is best practice to be represented by an attorney and have attorneys file motions on their behalf. Guardians ad litem are also appointed in cases where there has been an allegation of child abuse , child neglect , PINS , juvenile delinquency , or dependency. In these situations,

3042-439: The court determines an individual is incapacitated, the court then determines whether a guardian is necessary, the extent of the guardian's legal authority, (e.g. a guardian may be needed for the person's finances but not for the person) and, if so, who the guardian should be. The determination of whether a guardianship is necessary may consider a number of factors, including whether there is a lesser restrictive alternative, such as

3120-473: The courts failed to adequately screen guardians ahead of time and appointed individuals with criminal convictions or significant financial problems, and in 12 of 20 cases, the courts failed to oversee guardians once they had been appointed. In October 2017, The New Yorker published an article looking at the situation in Nevada in which professional guardians sometimes have a number of clients, and argued toward

3198-552: The duchy of Bavaria. John's mother , a member of the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the House of Luxemburg even more. In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay princes by conferring Hainaut , Holland , Zeeland , and Friesland upon his wife, Margaret II of Hainaut . The hereditary titles of Margaret's sisters, one of whom

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3276-576: The emperor reconciled the sons of his late brother Rudolph and returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert . After the death of Henry of Bohemia , the duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on 2 May 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg cousins Albert II, Duke of Austria , and Otto, Duke of Austria , while Tyrol was first placed into Luxemburg hands. With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited

3354-466: The guardian ad litem is charged to represent the best interests of the minor child, which can differ from the position of the state or government agency as well as the interest of the parent or guardian. These guardians ad litem vary by jurisdiction and can be volunteer advocates or attorneys. For example, in North Carolina, trained GAL volunteers are paired with attorney advocates to advocate for

3432-539: The guardianship court ( Betreuungsgericht ). Professional guardians (Berufsbetreuer) normally hold university degrees in law or social work. In Israel, over 50,000 adults have had legal guardians appointed for them; 85% of them have family members as their guardians, and 15% have professional guardians. Until 2014, guardians (the term there is " Apotropos ") were supervised by the Office of the Administrator General at

3510-826: The individual modify their environment to promote their success. For example, if a family member is concerned that their loved one with reduced functional capacity might engage in an unsafe behavior (e.g., leaving the gas stove on), this family member can reduce the opportunity for this behavior (e.g., removing the gas stove) without court involvement. This technique allows individuals to support and empower loved ones who are cognitively impaired. Finally, employing community services that will alleviate stressors of daily living may allow an alleged ward to maintain their autonomy. For example, certain volunteer organizations provide services such as telephone check-ins and home visits, and many medical or mental health professionals offer in-home services. In summary, while guardianship sometimes offers

3588-408: The interests of a person under a disability. Guardians ad litem are sometimes appointed in probate matters to represent the interests of unknown or unlocated heirs to an estate. When a settlement is reached in personal injury or medical malpractice cases involving claims brought on behalf of a minor or an incapacitated plaintiff, courts normally appoint a guardian ad litem to review the terms of

3666-468: The interests of children in cases where the child's wishes differ from those of either parent, known as a Section 16.4 case. The posts are filled by senior social workers with experience in family law proceedings. In 2006, a legal status of "special guardianship" was introduced (using powers delegated by the Adoption and Children Act 2002 ) to allow for a child to be cared for by a person with rights similar to

3744-556: The late Duke Otto III , the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage . This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke. The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John , King of Bohemia since 1310,

3822-428: The most use of his or her remaining capacity and choose a suitable guardian. The court has the power to decide the beginning of guardianship, the choice of a guardian, change of guardian, cessation of guardianship, the extent of the legal representative's authority, etc. Guardians ad litem are employed by Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) , a non-departmental public body , to represent

3900-503: The new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon . King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III

3978-509: The old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans , while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from

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4056-666: The parties in the suit, and often enjoys quasi-judicial immunity from any action from the parties involved in a particular case. Qualifications for becoming recognized as a GAL could differ in some states. In, for instance, North Carolina, an applicant (volunteer) must go through a background check and complete 30 hours of training. In Minnesota, the minimum qualifications to become a GAL are Bachelor's degree in psychology, social work, education, nursing, criminal justice, law or child-related discipline and some experience working with families and children or an equivalent combination of education and relevant experience. In addition, experience as

4134-516: The person's wishes and acting accordingly. The Office of the Administrator General (public guardian) at the Ministry of Justice is now implementing a system to supervise guardians in regard to personal matters in order to help identify situations in which guardians are not performing their duties adequately. The court-appointed guardian system in the Republic of Ireland was brought into law on

4212-451: The philosopher Marsilius of Padua , who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which

4290-413: The power to appoint a guardian for an individual in need of special protection. A guardian with responsibility for both the personal well-being and the financial interests of the ward is a general guardian . A person may also be appointed as a special guardian , having limited powers over the interests of the ward. A special guardian may, for example, be given the legal right to determine the disposition of

4368-529: The power to detain a person under the Act. For this purpose "convey" includes any other expression denoting removal from one place to another. The German guardianship law with regard to adults was completely changed in 1990. Guardianship ( Vormundschaft ) of an adult was renamed 'curatorship' ( Betreuung ), although it remains Vormundschaft for minors. When a person of full age who, as a result of mental disease or physical, mental or psychological handicap or otherwise

4446-623: The privileges he granted. In 1330 the emperor for example permitted the Frankfurt Trade Fair , and in 1340 Lübeck , as the leading member of the Hanseatic League , received the coinage prerogative for golden gulden . In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V after the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania had died out. With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329

4524-593: The proposal of the noted gay activist and member of Seanad Éireann (the Irish Senate), David Norris . The Children Acts Advisory Board which was set up to advise the ministers of the government on policy development under the Child Care Act 1991 was then abolished in September 2011. Judges are responsible for appointing child guardians and can choose guardians from Barnardo's a children's charitable service or from among

4602-572: The regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330. After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples , which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti

4680-410: The relevant state or county family services agency, and in those cases assists in the protection of the minor child. Qualifications vary by state, ranging from no experience or qualification, volunteers to social workers to attorneys to others. The GAL's only job is to represent the minor children's best interest and advise the court. A guardian ad litem is an officer of the court, does not represent

4758-440: The right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn . In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty. After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold . However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on

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4836-635: The self-employed guardians, who are mostly former social workers who have gone into private business since the legislation. Saudi Arabia has edited the law, and women in Saudi Arabia are no longer required to have a male guardian ( Wali ) to give permission for various government and economic transactions, as well as some personal life and health decisions. Swedish parental law ( the Parental Code ) regulates legal guardianship for both children and disabled adults. Legal guardianship for unaccompanied minors

4914-453: The settlement, and to ensure it is fair and in the best interests of the claimant. The settlement guardian ad litem thoroughly investigates the case, to determine whether the settlement amount is fair and reasonable. Because guardianship limits a ward's autonomy and ability to make certain life decisions, guardianship has the potential to damage a ward's health and well-being. As a result, individuals considering guardianship to support

4992-539: The use of an already existing power of attorney and health care proxy . In some cases, a guardianship dispute can become quite contentious and can result in litigation between a parent and adult children or between different siblings against each other in what is essentially a pre-probate dispute over a parent's wealth. A report published in 2010 by the U.S. Government Accountability Office looked at 20 selected closed cases in which guardians stole or otherwise improperly obtained assets from clients. In 6 of these 20 cases,

5070-430: The ward by this law, but some of them can be denied by other laws. A conservator is normally assigned with the approval of the ward. But if the physical conditions of the ward does not permit him to give such approval, a conservator can be assigned anyhow. Everything a conservator does for his ward have to be approved by him, or can be assumed to be approved by him. For more complex situations, like taking loans or selling of

5148-482: The ward owns substantial property, then the guardian may be required to give a surety bond to protect the ward in case dishonesty or incompetence on their part causes financial loss to the ward. The Latin legal term ad litem means "for the lawsuit" or "for the legal proceeding". A guardian ad litem is thus someone appointed to represent in court the interests of a person too vulnerable to represent themselves, typically due to youth or mental incapacity. Guardianship

5226-466: The ward's address and will hear the guardianship case. When the Family Court is not present in the ward's address, typically, a district court or a branch court has jurisdiction over the matter. Typically, after an evaluation of the ward's health by a doctor, the court proceedings begin. The court will often question the ward and hear his/her testimony regarding the guardianship. So that the ward can make

5304-467: The ward's property without being given any authority over the ward's person. Depending on the jurisdiction, a legal guardian may be called a " conservator ", "tutor", "custodian", or curator. Many jurisdictions and the Uniform Probate Code distinguish between a "guardian" or "guardian of the person" who is an individual with authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for the physical person of

5382-432: The ward, and a "conservator" or "guardian of the property" of a ward who has authority over and fiduciary responsibilities for significant property (often an inheritance or personal injury settlement) belonging to the ward. Some jurisdictions provide for public guardianship programs serving incapacitated adults or children. A guardian is a fiduciary and is held to a very high standard of care in exercising their powers. If

5460-465: Was Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, and Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He was the last Bavarian to be a king of Germany until 1742. He became Count of Hainaut , Holland , Zeeland , and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited those domains. Louis was born in Munich , the son of Louis II , Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of

5538-404: Was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first. Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of

5616-414: Was built, of which Sendlinger Tor was one. In 1318, Sendlinger Tor was first mentioned as a starting point for the road to Italy, but probably existed earlier. Originally, there was only the distinctive central tower gate (typical of the Munich city gates of the time). In 1420 that was supplemented by the two flanking towers , which were required to terminate the end of the outer city wall properly. In 1808

5694-579: Was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful. One alternative was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I , of the House of Habsburg . In reaction, the pro- Luxembourg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election. On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors at Sachsenhausen , south of Frankfurt . Participants were Louis' brother, Rudolph I of

5772-578: Was controversial, as his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair was simultaneously elected king by a separate set of electors. Louis defeated Frederick in the Battle of Mühldorf in 1322, and the two eventually reconciled. Louis was opposed and excommunicated by the French Pope John XXII ; Louis in turn attempted to depose the pope and install an anti-pope. Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294 to 1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I ,

5850-522: Was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope. In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna , called captain of the Roman people . Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII ( Jacques Duèze ), who resided in Avignon , deposed on grounds of heresy . He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan , Pietro Rainalducci as antipope Nicholas V , who soon left Rome and

5928-429: Was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich. In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I . Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria ( Henry XIV , Otto IV , and Henry XV ) was entrusted to Frederick, even though

6006-618: Was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time. Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights . In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon

6084-587: Was the queen of England, were ignored. Because of the dangerous hostility of the Luxemburgs, Louis had increased his power base ruthlessly. The acquisition of these territories and his restless foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies among the German princes. In the summer of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was elected rival king, with the support of Pope Clement VI . Louis himself obtained much support from

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