Misplaced Pages

#414585

67-533: Semai may refer to: Semai people Semai language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Semai . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semai&oldid=933118071 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

134-408: A becharaa , or public assembly, at the headman's house. This assembly may last for days and involves thorough discussion of the causes, motivations and resolution of the dispute by disputants and the whole community, ending with the headman charging either or both of the disputants not to repeat their behavior lest it endanger the community. The Semai have a saying that "there are more reasons to fear

201-430: A shell , is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal or organism that lives in the sea. Most seashells are made by mollusks , such as snails , clams , and oysters to protect their soft insides. Empty seashells are often found washed up on beaches by beachcombers . The shells are empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have decomposed or been eaten by another organism. A seashell

268-441: A beach empty and clean, the animal having already died. Empty seashells are often picked up by beachcombers. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of large-scale exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on local ecosystems , and sometimes can significantly reduce

335-579: A dispute than a tiger." Semai children are never punished or forced against their will. If a parent asks a child to do something and the child says "I don't want to," the matter is ended. However, Semai parents use fear of strangers and violence in nature such as thunderstorms and lightning to control children's behavior if ever it becomes necessary. A concept similar to karma is also prevalent where children are told stories of sprites (mambang in Malay) and forest spirits who will take retribution if their sanctity

402-441: A few live animals, most responsible collectors do not often over-collect or otherwise disturb ecosystems. The study of the entire molluscan animal (as well as the shell) is known as malacology ; a person who studies mollusks is known as a malacologist . Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, which is natural detritus deposited along strandlines on beaches by the waves and the tides . Shells are very often washed up onto

469-470: A few titles on this subject in the US, see the list of books at the foot of this article.) Identifications to the species level are generally achieved by examining illustrations and written descriptions, rather than by the use of Identification keys , as is often the case in identifying plants and other phyla of invertebrates. The construction of functional keys for the identification of the shells of marine mollusks to

536-413: A fist or machete, though they do not actually carry out the threat, with the worst the child receiving being a tap. The games Semai children play are non-competitive. These games include forms of sports that encourage physical activity and exertions so that the body becomes tired and are therefore made ready for sleep and the subsequent dreaming . One game involves hitting at other children with sticks;

603-501: A flexible hinge. The animal's body is held protectively inside these two shells. Bivalves that do not have two shells either have one shell or they lack a shell altogether. The shells are made of calcium carbonate and are formed in layers by secretions from the mantle. Bivalves, also known as pelecypods, are mostly filter feeders; through their gills, they draw in water, in which is trapped tiny food particles. Some bivalves have eyes and an open circulatory system. Bivalves are used all over

670-457: A gastropod seashell is a reference to the sacred chank shell Turbinella pyrum of India. In 2003, Maggi Hambling designed a striking 13 ft (4 m) high sculpture of a scallop shell which stands on the beach at Aldeburgh , in England. The goddess of love, Venus or Aphrodite , is often traditionally depicted rising from the sea on a seashell. In The Birth of Venus , Botticelli depicted

737-493: A general norm of non-violence. The Semai value "getting along", and avoid violence by having a high tolerance for bad behaviour in order to prevent conflict. The Semai generally attribute learning to argue as a consequence of outsider influences, such as schools, though arguments amongst the Semai predate such contact; the Semai's self-image does not tolerate the admission of being argumentative, aggressive or angry. This does not mean

SECTION 10

#1732848390415

804-422: A girdle, usually come apart not long after death, so they are almost always found as disarticulated plates. Plates from larger species of chitons are sometimes known as "butterfly shells" because of their shape. Only a few species of cephalopods have shells (either internal or external) that are sometimes found washed up on beaches. Some cephalopods such as Sepia , the cuttlefish, have a large internal shell,

871-409: A hard "test" or shell. After the animal dies, the flesh rots out and the spines fall off, and then fairly often the empty test washes up whole onto a beach, where it can be found by a beachcomber. These tests are fragile and easily broken into pieces. The brachiopods , or lamp shells, superficially resemble clams, but the phylum is not closely related to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during

938-431: A major natural history or zoology museum at some point, however, shells with little or no collecting data are usually of no value to science, and are likely not to be accepted by a major museum. Apart from any damage to the shell that may have happened before it was collected, shells can also suffer damage when they are stored or displayed. For an example of one rather serious kind of damage see Byne's disease . There are

1005-604: A medium of exchange in various places, including many Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean islands, also in North America, Africa and the Caribbean. Seashells have often been used as tools , because of their strength and the variety of their shapes. Because seashells are in some areas a readily available bulk source of calcium carbonate, shells such as oyster shells are sometimes used as soil conditioners in horticulture . The shells are broken or ground into small pieces in order to have

1072-457: A number of books about land and freshwater mollusks, the majority of popular books emphasize, or focus exclusively on, the shells of marine mollusks. Both the science of studying mollusk shells and the hobby of collecting and classifying them are known as conchology . The line between professionals and amateur enthusiasts is often not well defined in this subject, because many amateurs have contributed to, and continue to contribute to, conchology and

1139-522: A number of clubs or societies which consist of people who are united by a shared interest in shells. In the US, these clubs are more common in southerly coastal areas, such as Florida and California , where the marine fauna is rich in species. Seashells are usually identified by consulting general or regional shell-collecting field guides , and specific scientific books on different taxa of shell-bearing mollusks ( monographs ) or "iconographies" (limited text – mainly photographs or other illustrations). (For

1206-433: A sturdy, and usually readily available, "free" resource which is often easily found on beaches, in the intertidal zone , and in the shallow subtidal zone. As such they are sometimes used second-hand by animals other than humans for various purposes, including for protection (as in hermit crabs ) and for construction. There are numerous popular books and field guides on the subject of shell-collecting. Although there are

1273-457: A wooden (usually octagonal) hinged box-frame. The patterns used often featured heart-shaped designs, or included a sentimental expression of love spelled out in small shells. The making of shell work artifacts is a practice of Aboriginal women from La Perouse in Sydney , dating back to the 19th century. Shell work objects include baby shoes, jewelry boxes and replicas of famous landmarks, including

1340-490: Is considered a social norm to share whatever one can afford. Smaller catches are shared among one's nuclear family or close neighbors. If it is a larger catch with more surplus, the meat is shared across the entire settlement. It is considered punan to refuse a request for food or to ask for more than the donor can give. This type of food sharing not only helps build relationships among the community, but also helps provide food security to individual households because it increases

1407-504: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Semai people It is thought that the Semai are the descendants of the original population of Southeast Asia, arriving on the Malay peninsula approximately sometime during 8000 to 6000 BC. According to Keene State College 's Orang Asli Archive, in 1991 there were 26,627 Semai and according to

SECTION 20

#1732848390415

1474-408: Is extremely mild, involving minimal or no physical contact. While the Semai have no competitive games themselves, they have imported competitive games from other cultures and modified them. In games of competition, when conflict arises, they are quickly solved by deference to the older player, who is always considered right. The Semai people is also known for their traditional Sewang dance, where it

1541-726: Is not to be found". This concept is also shared by the rural Malays, of whom, many are descended from mixed marriages with the Semais and other Orang Asli people. They carry with them the wisdom and lore of the Semais, including their non-violent and pacifist tendencies, harmonized with other prevailing religions of their adoption. The vast majority of Semai marriages are monogamous. Less than five percent of women are married polygynously. Semai marriages are exogamous: East Semai may not marry consanguineal kinsman, or blood relations, and West Semai are not supposed to marry anybody who descended from one of his grandparents. Therefore, in most marriages,

1608-468: Is some violence amongst the Semai, it is reportedly rare; writing in 2004, Robert Dentan reported only four murders had occurred since the 1970s, though the Semai could be reluctant to disclose information about fighting. It has been suggested that the Semai's non-violence is a response to historic threats from slaving states; as the Semai were constantly defeated by slavers and Malaysian immigrants, they preferred to flee rather than fight, and this evolved into

1675-413: Is that they live in a hostile and dangerous world beyond their control. The jungles surrounding their villages are viewed as being full of terrifying forces and malevolent entities (to the extent that the Semai are reluctant to go into the jungles alone, especially at night). Since the Semai see themselves as helpless in a hostile world, the only source of safety and nurturance lies with their community. This

1742-408: Is the cause of Semai's emphasis on community harmony and non-violence, as violence threatens to destroy their only perceived source of safety. An important belief that affects many aspects of Semai culture is Punan. Punan is the idea that making somebody else unhappy, especially by imposing your own wishes or denying his or her desires, is taboo. The Semai believe that committing punan will increase

1809-545: Is unwanted is by drawing down the curtains. To allow entry, the curtain is drawn to the sides and tied to form an opening. Expressed permission must be requested in cases where entry is needed when the curtains are closed. An entry without permission is a transgression and entails some sort of natural retribution. With regards to space and dominion, there appears to be no distinction between the public and private realms, and thus, "the Western concept of privacy, domestic or otherwise,

1876-402: Is usually performed in events such as celebrating birth, funerals, circumcision ceremony, healing of sicknesses and for other superstitions ; of which some of those events can last for three to six days. The animist traditions of the Semai include a thunder deity called Enku . A small eyeless snake is called Thunder's headband. One of the most important beings associated with thunder are

1943-492: Is usually the exoskeleton of an invertebrate (an animal without a backbone), and is typically composed of calcium carbonate or chitin. Most shells that are found on beaches are the shells of marine mollusks, partly because these shells are usually made of calcium carbonate, and endure better than shells made of chitin. Apart from mollusk shells , other shells that can be found on beaches are those of barnacles , horseshoe crabs and brachiopods . Marine annelid worms in

2010-464: Is violated. Children also appear to be taught to fear their own aggressive impulses. The concept of mengalah or giving in is most cherished where children since young are taught to 'give way' to others so as to preserve the peace and harmony of the village. Unlike American children, who are taught to be self-reliant and courageous, Semai children are encouraged to be fearful, particularly of strangers. Because thunderstorms are particularly threatening to

2077-928: The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Large numbers of new species are published in the scientific literature each year. There are currently an estimated 100,000 species of mollusks worldwide. The term seashell is also applied loosely to mollusk shells that are not of marine origin, for example by people walking the shores of lakes and rivers using the term for the freshwater mollusk shells they encounter. Seashells purchased from tourist shops or dealers may include various freshwater and terrestrial shells as well. Non-marine items offered may include large and colorful tropical land snail shells, freshwater apple snail shells, and pearly freshwater unionid mussel shells. This can be confusing to collectors, as non-marine shells are often not included in their reference books. Seashells have been used as

Semai - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-649: The Nāga , a group of huge, subterranean dragons that ravage villages during thunder-squalls and are associated with rainbows. Chuntah is a ritual performed to make the evil spirits leave. Chuntah is performed in the middle of a storm where a man collects rain in a bamboo container until it is nearly full, then gashes his skin and lets the blood run into the container. The Semai divide the animal world into three categories: cheb for those which have feathers or fly, ' ka for those which have rounded scales or moist skin and live in or near water, and menhar for those which live on

2211-475: The Permian-Triassic extinction event , and their ecological niche was filled by bivalves. A few of the remaining species of brachiopods occur in the low intertidal zone and thus can be found live by beachcombers. Some polychaetes , marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae , secrete a hard tube made of calcium carbonate, adhering to stones or other shells. This tube resembles, and can be confused with,

2278-699: The Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House . The shellwork tradition began as an Aboriginal women's craft which was adapted and tailored to suit the tourist souvenir market, and which is now considered high art. Small pieces of colored and iridescent shell have been used to create mosaics and inlays , which have been used to decorate walls, furniture and boxes. Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate mirror frames, furniture and human-made shell grottos . A very large outdoor sculpture at Akkulam of

2345-400: The cuttlefish bone , and this often washes up on beaches in parts of the world where cuttlefish are common. Spirula spirula is a deep water squid-like cephalopod. It has an internal shell which is small (about 1 in or 24 mm) but very light and buoyant. This chambered shell floats very well and therefore washes up easily and is familiar to beachcombers in the tropics. Nautilus is

2412-596: The Center for Orang Asli Concerns in 2000 there were 34,248 Semai living on the Malay Peninsula. This number has increased in recent years with the advent of better nutrition as well as improved sanitation and healthcare practices. These numbers, however, do not include other peoples of Semai or mixed descent, most of whom have assimilated into other cultures and have abandoned their ancestral tribal lands in order to seek better employment and education opportunities, especially in

2479-626: The Malays). Fish are mainly caught by women, who use basket traps to scoop fish, whereas hunting is primarily done by men, using blowguns, poison darts, and spears. Any large game caught, such as deer, pigs, pythons, or binturong (bearcat), are shared among the community. The Semai live in settlements of 30 to 200 people. Individual households consist of nuclear families with sometimes a few extended relatives. Most dwellings are built with wood, bamboo with weaved walls and thatched roofs using palm leaves. Semai houses have no visible bedrooms, especially for

2546-534: The Semai are incapable of violence however; during the Malayan Emergency, the British recruited some Semai to fight against communist insurgents and Dentan argues the Semai believe that as Malaysia industrialises, it will be harder for the Semai to use their strategy of fleeing and they will have to fight instead. In addition, Bruce Knauft argues that while Dentan reported only two murders between 1955 and 1977, this

2613-399: The Semai due to the damage they cause, when a child is angry the parents will yell "Tarlaid!" - an act that is Tarlaid is one that is said to be able to rouse the anger of spirits and bring forth natural calamities; Semai parents use the fear that accompanies these storms to encourage the children to control their own aggressive impulses. Parents may also threaten to hit their children and raise

2680-547: The Semai to Islam. The Semai are semi-sedentary horticulturalists who practice "slash and burn" agriculture. They mainly rely on growing rice and manioc or cassava roots for their subsistence. The Semai use machetes to clear forested areas, after which they burn and plant crops in that area. After two or three harvests when the land is worn, the Semai will begin planting in a new area. The Semai also supplement their diet with hunting and fishing, as well as raising chickens (for their own consumption) and goats and ducks (to sell to

2747-470: The children, as they all sleep in the main hall. The only separation seems to be in the form of wooden-beaded curtains for the parents' chambers. This form of separation is also adopted by the coastal Malays, who use instead curtains made of seashells , and deutero-Malays, who use the batik cloth to form the curtains. There are no locks or otherwise, usual devices used to preventing an unwanted entry into any of these rooms. A simple way of telling that an entry

Semai - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-504: The class Malacostraca (crabs, shrimps and lobsters, for instance), the plates of the exoskeleton may be fused to form a more or less rigid carapace . Moulted carapaces of a variety of marine malacostraceans often wash up on beaches. The horseshoe crab is an arthropod of the family Limulidae . The shells or exuviae of these arachnid relatives are common in beach drift in certain areas of the world. Some echinoderms such as sea urchins , including heart urchins and sand dollars , have

2881-841: The couples are from different settlements. This might be the reason why Semai tend to have an ambilocal residence pattern after marriage, or shuttle between living with the wife or husband's kinsman every few weeks, slowly lengthening the time period stayed until the couple decides to settle down. One reason the Semai give for shuttling between residences is homesickness. Even after settling down, couples occasionally separate, "going on week- or month-long visits to his or her consanguineal kinsman". The ambilocal residence pattern may also explain why few marriages are polygynous, for both practical reasons in managing travel and because couples tend to separate after long periods of living apart, and divorce and remarriages are fairly common. The Semai are known for their extremely low levels of violence. While there

2948-399: The desired effect of raising the pH and increasing the calcium content in the soil. Seashells have played a part in religion and spirituality, sometimes even as ritual objects. Seashells have been used as musical instruments, wind instruments for many hundreds if not thousands of years. Most often the shells of large sea snails are used, as trumpets, by cutting a hole in the spire of

3015-421: The distribution of rare species . Seashells are created by the molluscs that use them for protection. Molluscs have an outside layer of tissues on their bodies – the mantle – which creates the shell material and which connects the shell to the mollusc. The specialized cells in the mantle form the shell using different minerals and proteins . The proteins are then used to create the framework that supports

3082-426: The family Serpulidae create shells which are tubes made of calcium carbonate cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of sea urchins are called " tests ", and the moulted shells of crabs and lobsters are exuviae . While most seashells are external, some cephalopods have internal shells. Seashells have been used by humans for many different purposes throughout history and prehistory. However, seashells are not

3149-401: The goddess Venus rising from the ocean on a scallop shell. Sea shells found in the creek and backwater of the coast of west India are used as an additive to poultry feed. They are crushed and mixed with jowar maize and dry fish. Seashells, namely from bivalves and gastropods, are fundamentally composed of calcium carbonate. In this sense, they have potential to be used as raw material in

3216-622: The ground or in the trees. Menhar also includes fungi . The Semai have restrictions on eating animals that straddle two groups, for example snakes are considered inedible because they live on land (like menhar ) but have scales and lack legs (like ka ). Some of the settlements that the Semai people are located includes:- The population dynamics of the Semai people in Malaysia : In all age groups, men tend to outnumber women, perhaps due to high mortality rates during childbirth. Seashells A seashell or sea shell , also known simply as

3283-527: The growing shell. Calcium carbonate is the main compound of shell structure, aiding in adhesion . The word seashell is often used to mean only the shell of a marine mollusk . Marine mollusk shells that are familiar to beachcombers and thus most likely to be called "seashells" are the shells of marine species of bivalves (or clams ), gastropods (or snails ), scaphopods (or tusk shells ), polyplacophorans (or chitons ), and cephalopods (such as nautilus and spirula ). These shells are very often

3350-628: The larger cities. A genetic study conducted in 1995 by a team of biologists from the National University of Singapore has shown a close relationship between the Semai and the Khmer of Cambodia. This is in line with the linguistic situation of the Semai, whose language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family. Furthermore, the Semai seem to be more closely related to the Javanese than to their Malay neighbors on

3417-658: The larger science of malacology . Many shell collectors belong to "shell clubs" where they can meet others who share their interests. A large number of amateurs collect the shells of marine mollusks, and this is partly because many shells wash up empty on beaches, or live in the intertidal or sub-tidal zones, and are therefore easily found and preserved without much in the way of specialized equipment or expensive supplies. Some shell collectors find their own material and keep careful records, or buy only "specimen shells", which means shells which have full collecting data : information including how, when, where, in what habitat, and by whom,

SECTION 50

#1732848390415

3484-417: The likelihood of themselves being injured physically. The importance of punan in Semai life can be seen in their food sharing norms, leadership style, method of child rearing, for example. Food sharing, or the system by which Semai distribute food, is one of the most significant ways in which members of the community interact. When large game is caught, it is shared equally among members of the community. It

3551-414: The most common seashells that wash up on large sandy beaches or in sheltered lagoons . They can sometimes be extremely numerous. Very often the two valves become separated. There are more than 15,000 species of bivalves that live in both marine and freshwater. Examples of bivalves are clams, scallops, mussels, and oysters. The majority of bivalves consist of two identical shells that are held together by

3618-399: The most commonly encountered, both in the wild, and for sale as decorative objects. Marine species of gastropods and bivalves are more numerous than land and freshwater species, and the shells are often larger and more robust. The shells of marine species also often have more sculpture and more color, although this is by no means always the case. In the tropical and sub-tropical areas of

3685-399: The only genus of cephalopod that has a well-developed external shell. Females of the cephalopod genus Argonauta create a papery egg case which sometimes washes up on tropical beaches and is referred to as a "paper nautilus". The largest group of shelled cephalopods, the ammonites , are extinct, but their shells are very common in certain areas as fossils . Empty molluscan seashells are

3752-455: The only kind of shells; in various habitats, there are shells from freshwater animals such as freshwater mussels and freshwater snails , and shells of land snails . When the word "seashells" refers only to the shells of marine mollusks, then studying seashells is part of conchology . Conchologists or serious collectors who have a scientific bias are in general careful not to disturb living populations and habitats: even though they may collect

3819-517: The peninsula. The Malays are thought to have arrived on the peninsula approximately 1000 years after the Semai, at first trading peacefully with them. However, when the Malays created kingdoms and converted to Islam, this relationship changed. The Malays began considering the Semai as "despised pagans" and sanctioned murdering Semai adults and kidnapping young children. Several Malaysian state governments have religious agencies that have programs to convert

3886-695: The planet, there are far more species of colorful, large, shallow water shelled marine mollusks than there are in the temperate zones and the regions closer to the poles. Although there are a number of species of shelled mollusks that are quite large, there are vast numbers of extremely small species too, see micromollusks . Not all mollusks are marine. There are numerous land and freshwater mollusks, see for example snail and freshwater bivalves . In addition, not all mollusks have an external shell: some mollusks such as some cephalopods (squid and octopuses) have an internal shell, and many mollusks have no shell, see for example slug and nudibranch . Bivalves are often

3953-433: The probability of having a good meal each day. The Semai have no police and no government per se . According to Dentan, adults appear to be controlled primarily by public opinion. The Semai themselves say "There is no authority here but embarrassment." Although popular and verbally facile individuals are influential in public affairs, the Semai have no formal leaders. Disputes in the Semai community are resolved by holding

4020-629: The production of lime . Along the Gulf Coast of the United States , oyster shells were mixed into cement to make "shellcrete" which could form bricks, blocks and platforms. It could also be applied over logs. A notable example is the 19th-century Sabine Pass Lighthouse in Louisiana, near Texas. Many arthropods have sclerites , or hardened body parts, which form a stiff exoskeleton made up mostly of chitin . In crustaceans , especially those of

4087-549: The shell or cutting off the tip of the spire altogether. Various different kinds of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into "blowing shells"; however, the most commonly encountered species used as " conch " trumpets are: Children in some cultures are often told the myth that you can hear the sound of the ocean by holding a seashell to ones ear. This is due to the effect of seashell resonance . Whole seashells or parts of sea shells have been used as jewelry or in other forms of adornment since prehistoric times. Mother of pearl

SECTION 60

#1732848390415

4154-446: The shells were collected. On the other hand, some collectors buy the more widely available commercially imported exotic shells, the majority of which have very little data, or none at all. To museum scientists, having full collecting data (when, where, and by whom it was collected) with a specimen is far more important than having the shell correctly identified. Some owners of shell collections hope to be able to donate their collection to

4221-570: The species level can be very difficult, because of the great variability within many species and families. The identification of certain individual species is often very difficult, even for a specialist in that particular family. Some species cannot be differentiated on the basis of shell character alone. Numerous smaller and more obscure mollusk species (see micromollusk ) are yet to be discovered and named. In other words, they have not yet been differentiated from similar species and assigned scientific (binomial) names in articles in journals recognized by

4288-470: The sticks, however, always stop short a few inches from their target so that no one actually gets struck. Modern games are also played but with significant modifications. A game of badminton for example uses no partition nets and keeps no score. The shuttlecock is deliberately hit so that it could be easily intercepted by the other player and passed back, and so forth. The objective seems to be purely for exercise. Children do engage in rough and tumble play but it

4355-603: The world as food and as a source of pearls. The larvae of some freshwater mussels can be dangerous to fish and can bore through wood. Shell Beach, Western Australia , is a beach which is entirely made up of the shells of the cockle Fragum erugatum . Certain species of gastropod seashells (the shells of sea snails ) can sometimes be common, washed up on sandy beaches, and also on beaches that are surrounded by rocky marine habitat. Chiton plates or valves often wash up on beaches in rocky areas where chitons are common. Chiton shells, which are composed of eight separate plates and

4422-486: Was historically primarily a seashell product, although more recently some mother of pearl comes from freshwater mussels. Also see pearl . " Sailor's Valentines " were late 19th-century decorative keepsakes which were made from the Caribbean, and which were often purchased by sailors to give to their loved ones back home for example in England. These valentines consisted of elaborate arrangements of small seashells glued into attractive symmetrical designs, which were encased on

4489-413: Was in the context of a study population of 300 and would give a homicide rate of 30.3 per 100,000 people, three times higher than the United States in the 1990s (though this has been contested due to issues concerning the relevant base population, which could yield substantially lower homicide estimates). Physical violence has also occasionally been known to occur over sexual jealousy. The Semai worldview

#414585