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44-477: The Select Society initially had fifteen members, who included: By the end of its first year, The Select Society had eighty three members. Some years later, some of the members established The Poker Club . Their mission was articulated in The Scots Magazine in 1755: "The intention of these gentlemen was, by practice to improve themselves in reasoning and eloquence, and by the freedom of debate, to discover

88-568: A broad generalisation, Cabernet Sauvignon (Bordeaux's second-most planted grape variety) dominates the blend in red wines produced in the Médoc and the rest of the left bank of the Gironde estuary . Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Merlot. This is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend". Merlot tends to predominate in Saint-Émilion , Pomerol and

132-557: A convivial atmosphere. The Poker Club was created in 1762 out of the ashes of The Select Society . The Poker was the name given to the Militia Club at its third or fourth meeting. The Militia was formed in Edinburgh to promote the cause of establishing a militia in Scotland . It was thought that the formation of a democratic national force was essential to grace the dignity of

176-411: A major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Amongst the possible causes for this economic crisis are that many consumers tend to prefer wine labels that state the variety of grape used, and often find the required French AOC labels difficult to understand. Christian Delpeuch , president emeritus of Plan Bordeaux hoped to reduce production, improve quality, and sell more wine in

220-562: A period of ageing (commonly a year). The traditional Bordeaux barrique is a 225-litre oak barrel. At some point between pressing and bottling the wine is blended. This is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process, as scarcely any Bordeaux wines are varietals ; wine from different grape varieties is mixed together, depending on the vintage conditions, so as to produce a wine in the château's preferred style. In addition to mixing wine from different grape varieties, wine from different parts of

264-574: A period to refer to all red wine rather than to the claret style specifically. The export of Bordeaux was interrupted by the Hundred Years' War outbreak between France and England in 1337. By the end of the conflict in 1453 France had repossessed the province, thus taking control of wine production in the region. As part of the Auld Alliance , the French granted Scottish merchants a privileged position in

308-483: A slang term for blood. Many of the top Bordeaux wines are primarily sold by receiving the related payment in advance, the so-called selling en primeur . Because of the combination of longevity, fairly large production, and an established reputation, Bordeaux wines tend to be the most common wines at wine auctions. Market reports released in February 2009 showed that the market had increased in buying power by 128% while

352-417: A smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. Other permitted grape varieties are Sauvignon gris , Ugni blanc , Colombard , Merlot blanc , Ondenc and Mauzac . Recently permitted by Bordeaux wineries, three new white grapes have been added: Alvarinho , Petit Manseng , and Liliorila. In the late 1960s Sémillon was the most planted grape in Bordeaux. Since then it has been in constant decline although it still

396-565: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to Edinburgh , Scotland , is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . The Poker Club The Poker Club was one of several clubs at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment where many associated with that movement met and exchanged views in

440-433: Is popular in other places. Following harvest, the grapes are usually sorted and destemmed before crushing. Crushing was traditionally done by foot, but mechanical crushing is now almost universally used. Chaptalization is permitted, and is fairly common-place. Fermentation then takes place, usually in temperature controlled stainless steel vats. Next the must is pressed and transferred to barriques (in most cases) for

484-832: Is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France , around the city of Bordeaux , on the Garonne River . To the north of the city, the Dordogne River joins the Garonne forming the broad estuary called the Gironde ; the Gironde department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares, is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon. Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily table wine to some of

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528-489: Is rarely used, with Château Clerc Milon , a fifth growth Bordeaux, being one of the few to still retain Carménère vines. As of July 2019, Bordeaux wineries authorized the use of four new red grapes to combat effects of climate change on viticulture in Bordeaux, though only for those wines designated as Bordeaux or Bordeaux Supérior. These newly approved grapes are Marselan , Touriga Nacional , Castets , and Arinarnoa. As

572-547: Is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes. Sauvignon blanc's popularity on the other hand has been rising, overtaking Ugni blanc as the second most planted white Bordeaux grape in the late 1980s and now being grown in an area more than half the size of that of the lower yielding Sémillon. Wineries all over the world aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. In 1988, a group of American vintners formed The Meritage Association to identify wines made in this way. Although most Meritage wines come from California, there are members of

616-494: The Gironde , but the French navy escorted them safely to the port of Bordeaux to protect them from Huguenot privateers. In the seventeenth century, Dutch traders drained the swampy ground of the Médoc so it could be planted with vines, and this gradually surpassed Graves as the most prestigious region of Bordeaux. Malbec was the dominant grape here, until the early 19th century, when it was replaced by Cabernet Sauvignon . In 1855,

660-703: The Assassin, Andrew Crosbie and the Assassin’s Assessor, David Hume "without whose assent nothing could be done, so that between "plus" and "minus" there was likely to be no bloodshed". The minute book of 1776 names forty three members, including Joseph Black , "Jupiter" Carlyle , Sir John Clerk of Eldin , Henry Dundas , Adam Ferguson , Lord Elibank , Sir John Dalrymple , John Hume, David Hume , William Robertson , John Robison , George Dempster , and Adam Smith . Claret Bordeaux wine ( Occitan : vin de Bordèu ; French : vin de Bordeaux )

704-543: The Bordeaux region. Henry Plantagenet became King Henry II of England in 1154, and within his so-called Angevin Empire Bordeaux developed a long-lived export market for its wine in England. At this time, Graves was the principal wine region of Bordeaux, and the principal style was clairet . This accounts for the ubiquity of claret in England, though the anglicized term "claret" came to be used by English-speakers for

748-480: The Gironde. These rivers define the main geographical subdivisions of the region: In Bordeaux the concept of terroir plays a pivotal role in wine production with the top estates aiming to make terroir driven wines that reflect the place they are from, often from grapes collected from a single vineyard. The soil of Bordeaux is composed of gravel , sandy stone, and clay. The region's best vineyards are located on

792-546: The Meritage Association in 18 states and five other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico. The red grapes in the Bordeaux vineyard are Merlot (62% by area), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%) and a small amount of Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total). The white grapes are Sémillon (54% by area), Sauvignon blanc (36%), Muscadelle (7%) and a small amount of Ugni blanc, Colombard and Folle blanche (3% in total). Because of

836-520: The United States. However, two years after the beginning of the program, Mr Delpeuch resigned, "citing the failure of the French government to address properly the wine crisis in Bordeaux." Delpeuch told journalists assembled at the Bordeaux Press Club "I refuse to countenance this continual putting off of decisions which can only end in failure." "Delpeuch said he was shocked and disappointed by

880-439: The châteaux of Bordeaux were classified ; this classification remains widely used today. From 1875 to 1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by phylloxera infestations. The region's wine industry was rescued by grafting native vines onto pest-resistant American rootstock . The major reason for the success of winemaking in the Bordeaux region is the excellent environment for growing vines. The geological foundation of

924-462: The club collapsed, Adam Smith said, "Divided counsels and diminished zeal supply, no doubt, the main reason for the decay of the Poker Club," but he also mentioned the rising costs to members. The club was said by Dr. Carlyle to consist of all the literati of Edinburgh and its surroundings. The establishment was frugal and moderate, "as that for all clubs for a public purpose should be. The dinner

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968-472: The first growths of the 1855 classification, and often sell for even higher prices. Bordeaux wine labels generally include: Claret ( / ˈ k l ær ɪ t / KLARR -it ) is a name primarily used in British English for red Bordeaux wine. Claret derives from the French clairet , now a rare dark rosé , which was the most common wine exported from Bordeaux until the 18th century. The name

1012-647: The following meeting at which a vote of three-fourths was needed to confirm the membership. In 1755 the Select Society founded a subsidiary body: the Edinburgh Society for Encouraging Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, and Agriculture in Scotland . The society was not the only one of its kind in Edinburgh, with The Speculative Society performing a similar role. Members of the society would go on to be involved with Edinburgh's convivial societies, such as The Poker Club . This Scottish history -related article

1056-401: The generally humid Bordeaux climate, a variety of pests can cause a problem for the vigneron . In the past, this was counteracted by the widespread use of pesticides, although the use of natural methods has recently been gaining in popularity. The vines are generally trained in either single or double guyot. Hand-picking is preferred by most of the prestigious châteaux, but machine-harvesting

1100-431: The largest appellation producing fine wines, and the strong foundation of the pyramid of Bordeaux wines, Bordeaux AOC & Bordeaux Supérieur AOC today account for 55% of all Bordeaux wines consumed in the world. Plan Bordeaux was an initiative introduced in 2005 by ONIVINS , the French vintners association, designed to reduce France's wine production in order to improve profitability for the remaining producers. Part of

1144-560: The market. In November 2011 the president of the Union des Maisons de Négoce de Bordeaux announced an intention to use the term claret de Bordeaux for wines that are "light and fruity, easy to drink, in the same style as the original claret when it was prized by the English in former centuries". "Claret" is also sometimes used as a colour name to refer to the dark, purplish-red colour of Bordeaux wine . In Britain and Australia, "claret" has also been

1188-403: The most effectual methods of promoting the good of the country." A member would pose a question for debate during the following meeting. Meetings were held on Wednesday nights from 6 PM to 9 PM 12 November – 12 August. To become a member, one needed to be recommended in writing by two current members. If more than one name was up for consideration, members voted and the majority name made it to

1232-588: The nation and the aim was to make up for the omission of that provision in the Militia Act of 1757 which applied only to England and the Scottish Militia Bill which was rejected in April 1760. The aim of the club provoked some unwelcome opposition and, at the suggestion of Adam Smith the name was changed so as to be enigmatic to the general public. Much as a fireplace poker stirs a fire to flame up, The Poker

1276-452: The other right bank appellations. These Right Bank blends from top -quality Châteaux are typically 70% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Cabernet Sauvignon. White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet Sauternes , made from Sémillon , Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle . Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and

1320-473: The plan was to uproot 17,000 hectares of the 124,000 hectares of vineyards in Bordeaux. The wine industry in Bordeaux has been experiencing economic problems in the face of strong international competition from New World wines and declining wine consumption in France. In 2004, exports to the U.S. plummeted 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK,

1364-409: The prices had been lowered for the very best Bordeaux wines. Syndicate des Vins de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur is an organization representing the economic interests of 6,700 wine producers in Bordeaux, France. The wine lake and other economic problems have increased the salience of the winemakers' association, whose members are facing increasing costs and decreasing demand for their product. As

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1408-511: The region is limestone, leading to a soil structure that is heavy in calcium. The Gironde estuary dominates the regions along with its tributaries , the Garonne and the Dordogne rivers, and together irrigate the land and provide an Atlantic Climate, also known as an oceanic climate , for the region. Bordeaux lies at the center of the confluence of the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers, which flow into

1452-547: The request of Emperor Napoleon III for the Exposition Universelle de Paris . This came to be known as the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, which ranked the wines into five categories according to price. The first growth red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), are among the most expensive wines in the world. The first growths are: At the same time,

1496-532: The sweet white wines of Sauternes and Barsac were classified into three categories, with only Château d'Yquem being classified as a superior first growth. In 1955, St. Émilion AOC were classified into three categories, the highest being Premier Grand Cru Classé A with two members: In the 2012 classification, two more Châteaux became members: There is no official classification applied to Pomerol . However some Pomerol wines, notably Château Pétrus and Château Le Pin , are often considered as being equivalent to

1540-544: The term. Claret is occasionally used in the United States as a semi-generic label for red wine in the style of the Bordeaux, ideally from the same grapes as are permitted in Bordeaux. The French themselves do not use the term, except for export purposes. The meaning of "claret" has changed and now refers to a dry, dark-red Bordeaux. It has remained a term associated with the English upper class and consequently appears on bottles of generic red Bordeaux to raise their status in

1584-586: The trade of claret. This position continued largely unchanged after the Treaty of Edinburgh ended the military alliance between France and Scotland. Even when the by then Protestant kingdoms of England and Scotland, both ruled by the same Stuart king by this point, were trying to militarily aid the Huguenot rebels in their fight against Catholic France in La Rochelle , Scots trading vessels were not only permitted to enter

1628-420: The vineyard is often aged separately, and then blended into either the main or the second wine (or sold off wholesale) according to the judgment of the winemaker. The wine is then bottled and usually undergoes a further period of ageing before it is released for sale. The Bordeaux wine region is divided into subregions including Saint-Émilion , Pomerol , Médoc , and Graves . The 60 Bordeaux appellations and

1672-431: The well-drained gravel soils that are frequently found near the Gironde river. An old adage in Bordeaux is the best estates can "see the river" from their vineyards. The majority of land facing riverward is occupied by classified estates . Red Bordeaux is generally made from a blend of grapes. Permitted grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon , Cabernet Franc , Merlot , Petit Verdot , Malbec and Carménère . Today Carménère

1716-406: The wine styles they represent are usually categorized into six main families, four red based on the subregions and two white based on sweetness: The vast majority of Bordeaux wine is red, with red wine production outnumbering white wine production six to one. There are four different classifications of Bordeaux, covering different parts of the region: The 1855 classification system was made at

1760-507: The world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably Sauternes ), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines ( Crémant de Bordeaux ) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or châteaux . There are 65 appellations of Bordeaux wine. Viticulture

1804-636: Was anglicised to "claret" as a result of its widespread consumption in England during the period in the 12th–15th centuries that Aquitaine was part of the Angevin Empire and continued to be controlled by Kings of England for some time after the Angevins . It is a protected name within the European Union , describing a red Bordeaux wine, accepted after the British wine trade demonstrated over 300 years' usage of

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1848-458: Was introduced into the Bordeaux region by the Romans , probably in the mid-1st century CE, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since then. During the 12th century, the popularity of Bordeaux wines in England increased dramatically following the marriage in 1152 of Henry Plantagenet and Eleanor of Aquitaine , whose Aquitaine lands included

1892-458: Was set soon after two o'clock, at one shilling a head, the wine to be confined to sherry and claret , and the reckoning to be called at six o’clock". The first fifteen members were chosen by nomination, the rest by ballot , "two black balls to exclude the candidate". A new "preses" (chairman) was chosen at each meeting. There were three office bearers: the Secretary, Sir William Pulteney ,

1936-557: Was to "stir up" the militia question. David Hume could well find the company of The Poker a relief from a skeptical depression – "Most fortunately it happens that since reason is incapable of dispelling these clouds, nature herself suffices to that purpose ... I dine, I play a game of backgammon , I converse, and am merry with my friends; and when after three or four hours amusement, I return to these speculations, they appear so cold, and strain'd, and ridiculous, that I cannot find it in my heart to enter into them any farther." As to why

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