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66-544: The Sedgwick County Zoo is an AZA -accredited wildlife park and major attraction in Wichita, Kansas , United States. Founded in 1971, with the help of the Sedgwick County Zoological Society, the zoo has quickly become recognized both nationally and internationally for its support of conservation programs and successful breeding of rare and endangered species. Having over 3,000 animals of nearly 400 species ,

132-668: A conference in September, one of the largest zoo and aquarium professionals' events in the US. AZA also manages the citizen science program FrogWatch USA . In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Drug Enforcement Administration , Occupational Safety and Health Administration , and others. Depending on

198-551: A drought. A new elephant exhibit named " The Reed Family Elephants of the Zambezi River Valley " opened in May of that year, housing all of the elephants. Later, a male African elephant, Ajani, from Alabama's Birmingham Zoo , joined the six female elephants for breeding purposes in May 2018. In May 2023, Callee was introduced to the herd from Omaha, Nebraska 's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium . A few months later, Ajani transferred to

264-690: A long tradition of live musical performance and radio broadcasting. With over 2,500 seats, The Capitol Theatre is the largest theatre in West Virginia. Opened in 1928, The Capitol was home to It's Wheeling Steel , a popular radio program in the early 1940s featuring musical performances by workers at a local steel plant. The Capitol has welcomed musical performances of all types, from Johnny Cash , Merle Haggard , and Tammy Wynette , to Ray Charles , Bob Dylan , B.B. King , and Black Sabbath . Other past performers include Jerry Seinfeld , David Copperfield , and George Carlin . The Wheeling Symphony Orchestra

330-601: A loss of working-class jobs and population. Capitalizing on its rich architectural heritage, Wheeling has worked to revive its Main Street with the Downtown Wheeling Streetscape project. Additionally, the city has been redeveloping the historic 1400 Market Street, just one block east of Main Street. Wheeling is located at 40°4′13″N 80°41′55″W  /  40.07028°N 80.69861°W  / 40.07028; -80.69861 (40.070348, -80.698604). The city has

396-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 45.8% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the city was 45.2 years. 18.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 20.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

462-571: A plan to use convict labor) left many bequests to the labor movement, which erected a memorial statue. The city's earliest union was the United Nailers (1860, which later merged into the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ), followed by the cigar makers in 1862. The 1877 railroad strike at Martinsburg, West Virginia , reached Wheeling and spread nationwide. In 1897, Eugene Debs , Mother Jones , and Samuel Gompers were among

528-635: A professional branch affiliate of the newly formed National Recreation and Park Association , which absorbed the American Institute of Park Executives. In the fall of 1971, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums membership voted to become an independent association. On January 19, 1972, it was chartered as the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums with its executive office located in Wheeling, West Virginia , within

594-569: A regatta, and numerous visits from the Delta , Mississippi and American Queen riverboats. The Port holds over 8,000 spectators and has become a city focal point. Formerly held in nearby Belmont County, Ohio , Jamboree In The Hills draws over 100,000 country music fans to the Wheeling area every July. Wheeling, known as Nail City, is home to the Wheeling Nailers hockey team. The Nailers play in

660-404: A token collection and, under the direction of a professional staff, provides its collection with appropriate care and exhibits them in an aesthetic manner to the public on a regularly scheduled basis. They shall further be defined as having as their primary business the exhibition, conservation and preservation of the earth's fauna in an educational and scientific manner." To achieve accreditation,

726-570: A total area of 16.01 square miles (41.47 km ), of which 13.79 square miles (35.72 km ) is land and 2.22 square miles (5.75 km ) is water. Wheeling is located in northern West Virginia, on what is known as the Northern Panhandle. The area lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau . The city is directly across the river from the state of Ohio and only 11 miles (18 km) west of Pennsylvania . It

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792-408: A zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed AZA's standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation

858-474: Is a large gorilla exhibit. They can be viewed in their indoor home, outside through large viewing windows or across a moat. Opened May 29, 2000, A path winds around exhibits of lions , red river hogs , and two exhibits of meerkats . Each exhibit has several views from all sides. The whole area has a kopje theme with giant boulders. At the end is an exhibit for African painted dogs . Opened in 2007, Penguin Cove

924-606: Is a part of the tri-state area of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, which is commonly referred to as the Ohio River Valley Region or "The Ohio Valley ". Wheeling Creek flows through the city, and meets the Ohio River in downtown Wheeling. The city is located both on the West Virginia side of the Ohio River, and on an island in the middle of the river called Wheeling Island . The following neighborhoods lie within

990-452: Is active in institution accreditation , animal care initiatives, education and conservation programs, collaborative research and advocacy. AZA serves as an accrediting body for zoos and aquariums and ensures accredited facilities meet higher standards of animal care than required by law. Institutions are evaluated every five years in order to ensure standards are met and to maintain accreditation. As of 2019 AZA had 238 accredited facilities in

1056-710: Is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,800 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of 2019; fewer than 10% are accredited. Certification is possible for facilities that hold animals, but are not regularly open to the public. AZA's Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) program prioritizes collaboration between zoos and aquariums to support highly vulnerable species. SAFE builds on existing recovery plans to implement strategic conservation and public engagement activities. In 2017, AZA member zoos and aquariums invested $ 15.6 million towards SAFE program species. The SAFE program signature species include

1122-581: Is housed at the Capitol Theatre and performs a range of contemporary, classical, and seasonal arrangements. Wheeling is also home to the Victoria Theater , the oldest theater in West Virginia. The 700-seat Victorian-style theater was home to the WWVA Jamboree program from 1933 to 1936. More recently, it has been the site for the "Wheeling Jamboree", a local initiative started in 2009 and modeled after

1188-430: Is the zoo's first marine exhibit, and home to a colony of Humboldt penguins . The $ 1.5 million exhibit features a 42,000-US-gallon (159,000 L) pool with rocky areas and coves on each side. This exhibit features reticulated giraffes , African bush elephants , grévy's zebras , and a black rhinoceros . On March 11, 2016, six African elephants arrived at the zoo from Eswatini 's Hlane Royal National Park to survive

1254-455: The African lion , African species of vultures , Asian elephant , Atlantic Acropora coral, black-footed ferret , black rhinoceros , cheetah , eastern indigo snake , giraffe , gorilla , sea turtles , orangutan , radiated tortoise , red wolf , sharks , and sting rays , vaquita , western pond turtle , and whooping crane . There were more than 20 species or taxonomic groups included in

1320-610: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad connected Wheeling to Pennsylvania, Maryland, and markets in the Northeast. A new bridge connected the city to Bellaire, Ohio , just across the river, and to western areas of the U.S. Much of the area had been settled by yeoman farmers, few of whom owned slaves. With the railroad, a larger industrial or mercantile middle class developed that depended on free labor; it felt either disinterest or hostility to slavery. The Wheeling Intelligencer newspaper expressed

1386-499: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . After the decline of heavy industry and substantial population loss following World War II , Wheeling's major industries now include healthcare, education, law and legal services, entertainment and tourism, and energy. The origins of the name "Wheeling" are disputed. One of the more credible explanations is that the word comes from the Lenni-Lenape phrase wih link or wee lunk , which meant "place of

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1452-597: The Mississippi River . Settlers began to move into new areas along the Ohio. In 1793, Ebenezer Zane divided the town into lots, and Wheeling was officially established as a town in 1795 by legislative enactment. The town was incorporated on January 16, 1805. On March 11, 1836, the town of Wheeling was incorporated into the city of Wheeling. By an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 27, 1797, Wheeling

1518-562: The Oglebay Park Good Zoo . In 1994, the shorter name American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) was adopted. In early 2018, AZA acquired the Wildlife Trafficking Alliance to help grow public awareness about the purchase and sale of illegal wildlife products in the United States. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums reported 195 million visitors to its 236 accredited member facilities in 2017. The organization

1584-665: The Toledo Zoo to breed with its two female elephants. This $ 3 million Asian themed naturalistic exhibit was opened in 2009 as the Slawson Family Tiger Trek, and housed Amur tigers, Malayan tigers , red pandas , and brow-antlered deer . In 2021, the exhibit was added on to an reopened as the Slawson Family Asian Big Cat Trek, and added amur leopards , snow leopards , and an area where they can be seen above guests' heads. African Veldt Pride of

1650-934: The WesBanco Arena (formerly the Wheeling Civic Center), and are part of the North division of the Eastern Conference of the ECHL . Formerly home to the Ohio Valley Greyhounds , Wheeling became home to a second team in 2009. The team, known as the Wheeling Wildcats , played in the Continental Indoor Football League but folded after the 2009 season. High school football and soccer are played at Wheeling Island Stadium . The Wheeling Doggies of

1716-518: The "First West Virginia Artillery" to oppose the Confederacy and played a role in the initial movement to separate from Virginia. The Germans' culture influenced the city, such as their "German Singing Societies", the first of which began in 1855. Although Wheeling lost its position as state capital in 1865, it continued to grow. In the late nineteenth century, Wheeling was the new state's prime industrial center. One early nickname (until an 1885 strike)

1782-461: The AZA community's research. To be a member, a facility must either be accredited or certified. Accredited facilities maintain a professional staff and appropriate animal care, and are open to the public on a predictable basis. The following list is from 2013. Pier 39 Pier 3, Inner Harbor Pier 59 Certified facilities maintain a professional staff and appropriate animal care, but are not open to

1848-585: The Appalachians. During the American Civil War , Wheeling was the host of the Wheeling Conventions that led to the separation of West Virginia from Virginia and served as the state capital from 1861 to 1870, and again from 1875 to 1885. It became a manufacturing center in the late nineteenth century due to its location along major transportation routes, including the Ohio River, National Road , and

1914-547: The British would drive the colonial settlers out of their territory. Local men defended the fort, later joined by recruits from Fort Shepherd (in Elm Grove) and Fort Holliday. The native force burned the surrounding cabins and destroyed livestock. During the first attack of the year, Major Samuel McColloch led a small force of men from Fort Vanmetre along Short Creek to assist the besieged Fort Henry. Separated from his men, McColloch

1980-797: The Canine Baseball League also play at Wheeling Island Stadium . Wheeling is also home of the Mountain East Conference basketball championship tournament, an NCAA Division II conference that launched in the 2013–14 school year. Wheeling University and West Liberty are both charter members of the new conference, an offshoot of the now-disbanded West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . Wheeling features several municipal parks, including Oglebay Resort & Conference Center and Wheeling Park . Ohio County has six golf courses, including designs by renowned golfer Arnold Palmer and architect Robert Trent Jones . In October 2007

2046-568: The City of Wheeling opened the state's first concrete skateboard park. The 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m ) facility was designed and built by world-renowned skatepark builder Grindline, of Seattle, Washington . The park consists of 60% bowls and 40% street elements; it is located within the Chambers Ballfield Complex in the Elm Grove section of the city. An addition to the street section of

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2112-497: The Endangered Species Act. In 2017, member institutions reported participating in field conservation projects benefiting over 860 species in 128 countries. AZA zoos and aquariums spent $ 25 million on research and published 170 books, book chapters, journal articles, conference proceeding papers, posters and theses or dissertations. Animal care, health and welfare, followed by species and habitat conservation, describe 68% of

2178-659: The Ohio Valley to flow through Wheeling and on to points east. As the endpoint of the National Road, Wheeling became a gateway to early westward expansion. In 1849 the Wheeling Suspension Bridge crossed the Ohio River and allowed the city to expand onto Wheeling Island . Lessons learned in constructing the bridge were used in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge . Rail transportation reached Wheeling in 1853 when

2244-670: The Plains The Reed Family Elephants of the Zambezi River Valley The Downing Gorilla Forest The Slawson Family Asian Big Cat Trek As of June 2021, the zoo is currently making a new elephant management complex, as well as some new additions to the Amphibians and Reptiles building. On April 16, 2022, they are expected to open a Shark and Stingray exhibit. They also have been expanding and moving

2310-612: The US and eleven other countries: Canada , Mexico , Bermuda , The Bahamas , the Dominican Republic , Colombia , Argentina , Spain , Hong Kong , Singapore , and South Korea . Approximately 800,000 animals representing 6,000 species are in the care of AZA-accredited facilities, including 1,000 threatened or endangered species. The association also facilitates both species survival plans and population management plans, which serve to sustainably manage genetically diverse captive populations of various animal species. AZA holds

2376-578: The Union and created the new state of West Virginia, which the United States quickly admitted. Later in 1861 and continuing to 1863, the building was the site of many heated debates during the First Constitutional Convention of West Virginia , including the name of the new state. The oldest building in the area is Shepherd Hall (Monument Place) , built in 1798. Wheeling is home to Centre Market , formerly Wheeling's market house. Built in 1853,

2442-439: The Wheeling area and established claim to the land via " tomahawk rights ", the practice of girdling a few trees at a prominent site and marking the bark with the initials or name of the person making the claim. He returned the following spring with his wife Elizabeth and his younger brothers, Jonathan and Silas; they established the first permanent European settlement in the Wheeling area, naming it Zanesburg. Other families joined

2508-752: The animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act , the Animal Welfare Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by AZA. The American association has developed a definition for zoological gardens and aquariums as part of its accreditation standards: "A permanent cultural institution which owns and maintains captive wild animals that represent more than

2574-605: The area's anti-secession sentiment as tensions rose over slavery and national issues. The city became part of the movement of western areas to secede from Virginia after the beginning of the Civil War, hosting the Wheeling Convention of 1861. It served as the provisional capital of the Restored Government of Virginia from 1861 to 1863, and became the first capital of West Virginia after the state seceded from Virginia and

2640-445: The city limits: Wheeling lies at the boundary between the humid subtropical and humid continental climate zones ( Köppen : Cfa/Dfa , respectively). The annual precipitation is about 41.88 in (1,064 mm) inches, distributed evenly throughout the year. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 27,052 people and 11,737 households residing in the city. There were 14,407 housing units in Wheeling. The racial makeup of

2706-524: The city was $ 17,923. About 13.1% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.3% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those at least 65 years old. The city of Wheeling has a rich and varied history. West Virginia Independence Hall was the site of the Wheeling Convention , two meetings held in 1861 that ultimately reversed Virginia's Ordinance of Secession . 26 counties in Virginia's north and west voted against secession from

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2772-573: The city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female. As of the census of 2000, 31,419 people, 13,719 households, and 7,806 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,258.4 people per square mile (872.1/km ). 15,706 housing units were present, at an average density of 1,128.9 per square mile (436.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.72% White , 4.99% African American , 0.10% Native American , 0.91% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.16% from other races , and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.58% of

2838-428: The city was 86.5% White , 5.5% African American , 1.1% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 0.7% from other races , and 6% from two or more races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.7% of the population. Of the 11,737 households, 34.5% were married couples living together, 37.4% had a female householder with no spouse present, 23% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average household and family size

2904-428: The city was 91.2% White , 5.1% African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.9% Asian , 0.2% from other races , and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.9% of the population. There were 12,816 households, of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had

2970-590: The dangerous task. During her departing run, she was heckled by both native and British soldiers. After reaching the Zane homestead, she gathered a tablecloth and filled it with gunpowder. During her return, she was fired upon but was uninjured. As a result of her heroism, Fort Henry remained in American control. The National Road arrived in Wheeling in 1818, linking the Ohio River to the Potomac River, and allowing goods from

3036-491: The head" or "place of the skull." This name supposedly referred to a white settler who was scalped and decapitated. His severed head was displayed at the confluence of Wheeling Creek and the Ohio River . Earlier sources say that the head was that of a Native American prisoner, not a settler. Native Americans had inhabited the area for thousands of years. In the 17th century, the Iroquois from present-day New York state conquered

3102-411: The majority of exhibits, and planning on adding a lodge, water park, and savannah exhibit. A new entrance for the zoo opened on May 27, 2021. Association of Zoos and Aquariums In October 1924 the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums was formed as an affiliate of the American Institute of Park Executives. In 1966, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums became

3168-471: The market house and the surrounding area have been adapted for use as retail shops and restaurants. The first official memorial monument in the state of West Virginia dedicated specifically to men killed in the Vietnam War , was dedicated in Wheeling, with full military honors, in a Memorial Day 1986 ceremony. The monument was erected in front of the flagpole near the main shelter of Bethlehem Community Park in

3234-406: The most populous in the Northern Panhandle. The Wheeling metropolitan area had a population of 139,513 in 2020. Wheeling is located about 60 miles (97 km) west of Pittsburgh and 120 miles (190 km) east of Columbus via Interstate 70 . Wheeling was settled in 1769 in land contested between colonial Pennsylvania and Virginia , and later grew to become Virginia's largest city west of

3300-613: The original WWVA Jamboree (which changed its name in the 1960s to Jamboree U.S.A. ). The original WWVA Jamboree ran from 1933 to 2007, making it the second-longest-running country radio program and variety show in the country, after the " Grand Ole Opry " in Nashville, Tennessee . Live music emanates from the amphitheatre at the Wheeling Heritage Port several nights per week from mid-spring through late fall. The waterfront park area hosts festivals, concerts, movie nights, celebrations,

3366-418: The population. There were 13,719 households, of which 23.4% included children under the age of 18, 41.8% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 38.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was at least 65 years of age. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size

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3432-460: The program as of 2019. The association has a computerized database called the Annual Report on Conservation and Science . This helps track AZA research projects worldwide. AZA member zoos and aquariums contribute $ 220 million to conservation projects each year. They participate in 115 reintroduction programs, including more than 40 programs for species listed as threatened or endangered under

3498-557: The public on a predictable basis. Wheeling, West Virginia Wheeling is a city in Ohio and Marshall counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia . The county seat of Ohio County, it lies along the Ohio River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains within the state's Northern Panhandle . As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 27,062, making it the fifth-most populous city in West Virginia and

3564-696: The settlement, including the Shepherds (see Monument Place ), the Wetzels, and the McCollochs (see McColloch's Leap ). In 1787, the United States gave Virginia this portion of lands west of the Appalachians, and some to Pennsylvania at its western edge, to settle their claims. By the Northwest Ordinance that year, it established the Northwest Territory to cover other lands north of the Ohio River and west to

3630-598: The speakers at a national labor convention in Wheeling to discuss a nationwide coal strike. With industry, Wheeling reached its peak of population in 1930. As the city grew, prosperous Wheeling residents built fine houses, especially on Wheeling Island , but slums also expanded. As a result of that growth, an ordinance was passed regulating personal cesspools, including a ban on pipe communications with other homes and businesses unless offensive smells were properly trapped. The Great Depression , and later changes and restructuring in heavy industry following World War II, led to

3696-550: The state's Workmen's Compensation Act), and later steel concerns after development of the Bessemer process . Wheeling Steel Corporation was created in 1920 and grew after a 1927 strike caused J.P. Morgan and other investors to sell National Tube Company, which had been created in 1899, six years after local owners had consolidated five plants in the area as Wheeling Steel & Iron Company. In 1866, Lincoln School opened in Wheeling to serve African American students. Lincoln High School

3762-485: The upper Ohio Valley , pushing out other tribes and maintaining the area as their hunting ground. Originally explored by the French, Wheeling still has a lead plate remnant that the explorer Céloron de Blainville buried in 1749 at the mouth of Wheeling Creek to mark his claim. Later, Christopher Gist and George Washington surveyed the land, in 1751 and 1770, respectively. During the fall of 1769, Ebenezer Zane explored

3828-656: The village of Bethlehem, just southeast of Wheeling. The roughly 6-foot-high granite memorial consists of a large bronze dedication plaque with the names of KIAs from the Wheeling/Ohio County region. Below the dedication plaque is a bronze map of South Vietnam, complete with names of 28 major cities. Fans of theater have several options in Wheeling. The Capitol Theatre hosts numerous touring musical performances. The Oglebay Institute 's Towngate Theatre in Center Wheeling has produced plays for over 35 years. Wheeling has

3894-471: The zoo has slowly increased its visitors and now ranks as the number one outdoor tourist attraction in the state. Opening in 2004, the Downing Gorilla Forest starts out in a recreation of a small Congo village with exhibits for colobus monkeys and white pelicans . Across a bridge is an exhibit for saddle-billed storks , as well as one for black crowned cranes and okapis . The main attraction

3960-487: Was "Nail City", reflecting the iron manufacture in several mills, which dated from the 1840s. Mills transformed pig iron into sheets that could be cut, and some mills also produced boiler plates, stoves, barrel rings, and/or ornamental ironwork. Noted businesses of the era included the Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company (owned by state senator Jesse A. Bloch , who would in 1913 introduce legislation that became

4026-471: Was 2.89. The median age was 42 years. 20.6% of residents were under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% at least 65 years old. For every 100 females 84.1 males were present, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males. The median household income was $ 27,388, and the median family income was $ 38,708. Males had a median income of $ 30,750 versus $ 22,099 for females. The per capita income for

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4092-498: Was 3.16. The median age in the city was 43.6 years with 20.2% of the city's population under 18. The median income for a household in the city was $ 43,483 and the poverty rate was 16.5% As of the census of 2010, there were 28,486 people, 12,816 households, and 6,949 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,065.7 inhabitants per square mile (797.6/km ). There were 14,661 housing units, at an average density of 1,063.2 per square mile (410.5/km ). The racial makeup of

4158-428: Was admitted to the Union in its own right in 1863. From the acceptance of the new state of West Virginia into the union until the Restored Government of Virginia's move to Alexandria in August of the same year, Wheeling was the state capital of both West Virginia and Virginia. The growing German population, which included immigrants after the 1848 Revolutions , was firmly anti-slavery. The Germans of Wheeling organized

4224-443: Was chased by attacking natives. Upon his horse, McColloch charged up Wheeling Hill and made what is known as McColloch's Leap 300 feet (91 m) down its eastern side. In 1782, a native army along with British soldiers attempted to take Fort Henry. During this siege, Fort Henry's supply of ammunition was exhausted. The defenders decided to dispatch a man to secure more ammunition from the Zane homestead. Betty Zane volunteered for

4290-426: Was named the county seat of Ohio County . Originally dubbed Fort Fincastle in 1774, the fort was later renamed Fort Henry in honor of Virginia's American governor, Patrick Henry . In 1777, Native Americans of the Shawnee , Wyandot , and Mingo tribes joined to attack pioneer settlements along the upper Ohio River , which were illegal according to the Crown's Proclamation of 1763 . They hoped an alliance with

4356-517: Was taught by Laura Grayson-Morison. A new building for Lincoln High School opened in the early 1940s; the school closed with desegregation in 1954. Wheeling had considerable associations with the American labor movement. In 1904 it became the first city in the country to refuse a proposed Andrew Carnegie gift of a free library, because of the industrialist's labor record, especially the notorious Homestead Strike of 1892. By contrast, cigar tycoon Augustus Pollack (despite once rousing controversy by

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