Misplaced Pages

#305694

197-597: Second Foundation consists of two previously published novellas originally published in Astounding Magazine (with different titles) between 1948 and 1950, making this the third volume in Asimov's Foundation series. Decades later, Asimov wrote two further sequel novels and two prequels. Later writers have added authorized tales to the series. The Foundation series is often regarded as one of Isaac Asimov's best works, along with his Robot series . The term also describes

394-455: A Changewar . Henry Kuttner and C.L. Moore began to appear regularly in Astounding , often under the pseudonym "Lewis Padgett", and more new writers appeared: Hal Clement , Raymond F. Jones , and George O. Smith , all of whom became regular contributors. The September 1942 issue contained del Rey's "Nerves", which was one of the few stories to be ranked top by every single reader who voted in

591-456: A book review column by anthologist Groff Conklin , which ran until 1955, and a Willy Ley science column. Gold sought to implement high-quality printing techniques, though the quality of the available paper was insufficient for the full benefits to be seen. Within months, the outbreak of the Korean War led to paper shortages that forced Gold to find a new printer, Robert M. Guinn. The new paper

788-767: A book review column, called " Galaxy 's Five Star Shelf", in the first issue; Floyd Gale took it over with the November 1955 issue—Gale was in fact Gold's brother, using a slightly modified surname. The inaugural issue also included a competition for readers to explain UFOs in under 200 words, the first of many contests Gold would run. The first six issues contained stories by well-known authors, including some that became highly regarded such as Fritz Leiber's "Coming Attraction", Damon Knight 's " To Serve Man ", and Ray Bradbury 's "The Fireman", later expanded as Fahrenheit 451 . Gold considered these early issues exploratory, and some of

985-578: A carefully hidden surprise". The Second Foundation was founded by Hari Seldon as a budding colony of psychologists and mentalics , people with telepathic abilities, located "at Star's End", an intentionally obscure term used by Seldon. In Forward the Foundation , the original Second Foundation is revealed to also include Hari's own granddaughter, Wanda Seldon , and his bodyguard Stettin Palver . The establishment, location and development of this Foundation

1182-466: A cent a word, on publication (or sometimes later)—and consequently Astounding attracted some of the better-known pulp writers, such as Murray Leinster , Victor Rousseau , and Jack Williamson . In February 1931, the original name Astounding Stories of Super-Science was shortened to Astounding Stories . The magazine was profitable, but the Great Depression caused Clayton problems. Normally

1379-962: A child because, without covers showing men with ray guns and women with large breasts, "it didn't look like an SF magazine". The period beginning with Campbell's editorship of Astounding is usually referred to as the Golden Age of Science Fiction , because of the immense influence he had on the genre. Within two years of becoming editor, he had published stories by many of the writers who would become central figures in science fiction. The list of names included established authors like L. Ron Hubbard , Clifford Simak , Jack Williamson , L. Sprague de Camp , Henry Kuttner , and C.L. Moore , who became regulars in either Astounding or its sister magazine, Unknown , and new writers who published some of their first stories in Astounding , such as Lester del Rey , Theodore Sturgeon , Isaac Asimov , A. E. van Vogt , and Robert Heinlein . The April 1938 issue included

1576-409: A circulation over 100,000. William Clayton , a successful and well-respected publisher of several pulp magazines, considered starting a competitive title in 1928; according to Harold Hersey , one of his editors at the time, Hersey had "discussed plans with Clayton to launch a pseudo-science fantasy sheet". Clayton was unconvinced, but the following year decided to launch a new magazine, mainly because

1773-439: A clear identity in the market that would distinguish it from both the existing science fiction magazines and the hero pulps, such as The Shadow , that frequently used sf ideas. The "thought variant" policy may have been introduced for publicity, rather than as a real attempt to define the sort of fiction Tremaine was looking for; the early "thought variant" stories were not always very original or well executed. Ashley describes

1970-457: A companion magazine, Beyond Fantasy Fiction , dedicated to fantasy material, which Galaxy 's editorial policy did not favor. It lasted for ten bimonthly issues, with the final one appearing in January 1955. After it failed, Gold opened Galaxy to more fantasy, publishing writers such as Cordwainer Smith . The ABC radio series Tales of Tomorrow , which began in 1952 as an offshoot of

2167-636: A disastrous move. Clayton did not have the money to complete the transaction, and in October 1932, Clayton decided to cease publication of Astounding , with the expectation that the January 1933 issue would be the last one. As it turned out, enough stories were in inventory, and enough paper was available, to publish one further issue, so the last Clayton Astounding was dated March 1933. In April, Clayton went bankrupt, and sold his magazine titles to T.R. Foley for $ 100; Foley resold them in August to Street & Smith ,

SECTION 10

#1732858726306

2364-608: A feature that Campbell had run in the early 1940s that published tall tales—humorous stories with ludicrous or impossible scientific premises. Also in 1979 Schmidt began a series of columns titled "The Alternate View", an opinion column that was written in alternate issues by G. Harry Stine and Jerry Pournelle, and which is still a feature of the magazine as of 2016, though now with different contributors. The stable of fiction contributors remained largely unchanged from Bova's day, and included many names, such as Poul Anderson, Gordon R. Dickson, and George O. Smith, familiar to readers from

2561-400: A girl who stows away on a spaceship, generated much reader debate, and has been described as capturing the ethos of Campbell's Astounding . The spaceship is carrying urgently needed medical supplies to a planet in distress, and has a single pilot; the ship does not have enough fuel to reach the planet if the girl stays on the ship, so the "cold equations" of physics force the pilot to jettison

2758-467: A gradual decline over the Bova years, from just over 92,000 in 1981 to almost 110,000 two years later. Starting with the first 1981 issue, Davis switched Analog to a four-weekly schedule, rather than monthly, to align the production schedule with a weekly calendar. Instead of being dated "January 1981", the first issue under the new regime was dated "January 5, 1981", but this approach led to newsstands removing

2955-403: A heavy loss on Fascination , its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles. Gold knew about The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , a digest launched in the fall of 1949, but felt that there was still room in the market for another serious science fiction magazine. He sent a prospectus to World Editions that included

3152-594: A high-volume producer of competent but unremarkable science fiction, began writing more ambitious work as a result, much of which was published in Galaxy throughout the 1960s. In February 1965, Pohl brought in Algis Budrys as book reviewer, after a year in which no review column had appeared. Budrys's insightful reviews drew much praise, and editor David Hartwell has ranked him as one of the best sf critics of his generation. The difference between Pohl's approach and Gold's

3349-442: A large format; it was edited by Floyd Kemske. A subsequent issue, to be dated October 1980, was assembled, but never distributed. The last few years of Galaxy 's life were marked by stories of unpaid contributors. John Varley , for example, reported that he was still owed money for his stories five years after they appeared. Submissions from well-known writers fell away, and the lack of financial support from UPD meant that

3546-451: A net over the galaxy to detect and recruit staff and agents. These are then specially trained over many years. Some become statistical technicians, but the best of the trainees are invited to commence an apprenticeship for Speakerhood. Astounding Magazine Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American science fiction magazine published under various titles since 1930. Originally titled Astounding Stories of Super-Science ,

3743-464: A new series of challenges to moral orthodoxy." SF historian David Kyle ascribes Galaxy 's influence specifically to Gold, saying that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold" and that the new direction he set led, "inevitably", to the New Wave , the celebrated science fiction literary movement of the 1960s. Kyle's assessment of Gold

3940-588: A poor relationship with Campbell, sold several covers to Bova. Bova won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor for five consecutive years, 1973 through 1977. Stanley Schmidt was an assistant professor of physics when he became editor of Analog , and his scientific background was well-suited to the magazine's readership. He avoided making drastic changes, and continued the long-standing tradition of writing provocative editorials, though he rarely discussed science fiction. In 1979 he resurrected "Probability Zero",

4137-428: A proposal for a series of paperback sf novels as well as a periodical, and proposed paying three cents a word, an impressively high rate, given that most competing magazines were paying only one cent a word. World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950. The novel series subsequently appeared as Galaxy Science Fiction Novels . Gold initially suggested two titles for

SECTION 20

#1732858726306

4334-427: A pseudonym, so he could claim that the contest had found a new talent. They refused, but shortly afterwards Pohl and Lester del Rey agreed to let Gold take their recently completed novel Preferred Risk and publish it as the winner under the pseudonym Edson McCann. Pohl and del Rey constructed a fake identity for McCann, but the news leaked out and Gold never ran another fiction competition. In July 1953, he launched

4531-554: A publisher would pay a printer three months in arrears, but when a credit squeeze began in May 1931, it led to pressure to reduce this delay. The financial difficulties led Clayton to start alternating the publication of his magazines, and he switched Astounding to a bimonthly schedule with the June 1932 issue. Some printers bought the magazines which were indebted to them: Clayton decided to buy his printer to prevent this from happening. This proved

4728-460: A regular bimonthly schedule, starting with the January–February 1994 issue, and ending with March–April 1995. In August 2024, Starship Sloane Publishing relaunched Galaxy Science Fiction as a professional magazine with Justin T. O'Conor Sloane serving as the editor-in-chief, Jean-Paul L. Garnier as the deputy editor-in-chief, Daniel Pomarède as the science editor and Robert Silverberg as

4925-525: A second-hand book store in Boston; UPD retained a ten percent interest in order to receive income from future sales to pay off their debts. Stine had compiled two more issues, but neither ever appeared; McCaffrey, who had also launched a separate magazine, Galileo , had cash-flow problems that prevented him from distributing the magazine as he had planned. One more issue did finally appear from McCaffrey, in July 1980, in

5122-550: A series of essays by authors discussing their own work. Apart from Gateway , Baen published only one award-winning story: Ursula K. Le Guin 's "The Day Before the Revolution", which appeared in August 1974 and won the Nebula. Baen's successors, Pierce, Stine, and Kemske, were unable to maintain his standard. Pohl remained loyal to the magazine, but the serialization of his novel Jem exemplified Galaxy 's growing problems. Due to

5319-670: A short description of stories in the next issue, titled "In Times To Come"; and in March, he began "The Analytical Laboratory", which compiled votes from readers and ranked the stories in order. The payment rate at the time was one cent a word, and Street & Smith agreed to let Campbell pay a bonus of an extra quarter-cent a word to the writer whose story was voted top of the list. Unlike other editors Campbell paid authors when he accepted—not published—their work; publication usually occurred several months after acceptance. Campbell wanted his writers to provide action and excitement, but he also wanted

5516-522: A story by William Tenn satirizing both the Russian and American sides in the Korean War. Tenn quotes Gold, an ex-radical, as saying the idea made him "sweat green", though the year before he had published Isaac Asimov's "The Martian Way", a thinly veiled anti- McCarthy story. L. Sprague de Camp commented that Gold "sets an extremely high standard of literary excellence for his writers", and observed that he often demanded multiple revisions and rewrites. Gold

5713-514: A university. A complex of buildings on Trantor, the remnants of those saved from The Great Sack and those not demolished to provide metal for export, house a staff of technicians and analysts. Into these buildings flow reports from agents located in many parts of the Galaxy; these reports form the basis of any action that may be taken in furthering the aim of the Seldon Plan. The Second Foundation spreads

5910-524: A well-established publisher. Science fiction was not entirely a departure for Street & Smith. They already had two pulp titles that occasionally ventured into the field: The Shadow , which had begun in 1931 and was tremendously successful, with a circulation over 300,000; and Doc Savage , which had been launched in March 1933. They gave the post of editor of Astounding to F. Orlin Tremaine , an experienced editor who had been working for Clayton as

6107-490: Is "Gulf" , by Heinlein. Other stories and articles were written by some of the most famous authors of the time: Asimov, Sturgeon, del Rey, van Vogt, de Camp, and the astronomer R. S. Richardson . By 1950, Campbell's strong personality had led him into conflict with some of his leading writers, some of whom abandoned Astounding as a result. The launch of both The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and Galaxy Science Fiction in 1949 and 1950, respectively, marked

Second Foundation - Misplaced Pages Continue

6304-466: Is Three", both widely acclaimed, also appeared in 1952. Readers had expressed support for science articles, and in March 1952, Willy Ley, who had contributed occasional essays since the first issue, began a column, "For Your Information", in which he replied to readers' scientific questions. Running uninterrupted until Ley's death in 1969, Frederik Pohl describes it as "the most popular single feature Galaxy ever had". The Hugo Awards were inaugurated

6501-406: Is echoed by writer Barry N. Malzberg , who calls Gold "perhaps the greatest editor in the history of all fields for the first half of his tenure". SF authors and historians Brian Aldiss and David Wingrove summarize Galaxy 's history by saying that it lasted for "thirty mainly glorious years": it "brought into the sunlight a number of excellent satirists, comedians and ironists" and, through

6698-582: Is found through mental analysis of the former society's key figures. They send one of their own, Homir Munn, to Kalgan to search for clues to the Second Foundation's location. Munn is followed to Kalgan by Arcadia, Dr Darell's daughter. Since the death of the Mule, the Second Foundation has worked to restore the Seldon Plan into its proper course. In the organization's secret location, the First Speaker discusses

6895-408: Is often referred to as the Golden Age of Science Fiction . By 1950, new competition had appeared from Galaxy Science Fiction and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction . Campbell's interest in some pseudo-science topics, such as Dianetics (an early non-religious version of Scientology ), alienated some of his regular writers, and Astounding was no longer regarded as the leader of

7092-561: Is probably Jack Williamson's "The Legion of Space", which began serialization in April, but other notable stories include Murray Leinster's "Sidewise in Time", which was the first genre science fiction story to use the idea of alternate history ; "The Bright Illusion", by C.L. Moore , and " Twilight ", by John W. Campbell, writing as Don A. Stuart. "Twilight", which was written in a more literary and poetic style than Campbell's earlier space opera stories,

7289-488: Is remembered for featuring some very successful serials. A contemporary anthology of science fiction stories, E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty 's The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1951 , commented in an editorial that Gold's work "will succeed in placing science-fiction on an equal basis with any other field of modern literature". With a circulation of over 100,000 in its second year, Galaxy surpassed Astounding . Gold maintained Galaxy 's high standards for most of

7486-580: The Mule . Their eventual goal is to become the ruling class of the Second Empire in an effort to introduce mental sciences to humanity (whose benefits are, according to one Second Foundationer, less apparent, but longer lasting than physical sciences), while the First Foundation they manipulate forms the necessary political union. The Second Foundation are governed by a council of the strongest mentalics, called

7683-481: The organization by that name which is the focus of the book. The organization's existence (and nothing more) had been revealed in Foundation ; it is searched for in Foundation and Empire , and it makes brief appearances in this novel. It would not be described in detail until Foundation's Edge . "Part I: Search by the Mule" was originally published in the January 1948 issue of Astounding Science Fiction under

7880-495: The 1950s. Alfred Bester 's The Demolished Man —according to critic Peter Nicholls , "among the few genuine classics of genre sf"—was serialized in early 1952. Pohl and Kornbluth's The Space Merchants followed a few months later, serialized as Gravy Planet ; Brian Aldiss , in his critical genre study Trillion Year Spree , calls it "one of the most famous books in SF". James Blish's " Surface Tension " and Theodore Sturgeon's "Baby

8077-489: The 1950s; his Galaxy published both Sheckley's "Mindswap" and Herbert's " Do I Wake or Dream? " when Gold would not have purchased the latter, Pohl said. Ejler Jakobsson's tenure began with a large backlog of stories that Pohl had acquired, but within a year or two substantial changes were apparent. In the early 1970s, Jakobsson attempted to update Galaxy 's image, adding a comic strip, "Sunpot", by Vaughn Bodé , for example. Theodore Sturgeon took over from Budrys as

Second Foundation - Misplaced Pages Continue

8274-511: The April 1946 Astounding , and another British writer, Christopher Youd , began his career with "Christmas Tree" in February 1949. Youd would become much better known under his pseudonym "John Christopher". William Tenn 's first sale, "Alexander the Bait", appeared in May 1946, and H. Beam Piper's "Time and Time Again" in the April 1947 issue was his first story. Along with these newer writers, Campbell

8471-497: The April 1965 issue Analog reverted to digest size once again. Circulation, which had been increasing before the change, was not harmed, and continued to increase while Analog was in slick format. From the April 1965 issue the title switched the "fiction" and "fact" elements, so that it became Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact . Campbell died suddenly in July 1971, but there was enough material in Analog ' s inventory to allow

8668-604: The Campbell era. This continuity led to criticisms within the field, Bruce Sterling writing in 1984 that the magazine "has become old, dull, and drivelling... It is a situation screaming for reform. Analog no longer permits itself to be read." The magazine thrived nevertheless, and though part of the increase in circulation during the early 1980s may have been due to Davis Publications' energetic efforts to increase subscriptions, Schmidt knew what his readership wanted and made sure they got it, commenting in 1985: "I reserve Analog for

8865-406: The Foundation into believing they had eliminated the Second Foundation, thereby shrouding the Second Foundation in secrecy once more and restoring the Seldon Plan to its proper course. Arcadia was unknowingly working for the Second Foundation, having been mentally adjusted shortly after her birth in order to prevent detection. The Second Foundation is actually located at the planet Trantor, the seat of

9062-467: The Foundation worlds to undo the Conversions of the Mule, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker is able to seize control of and change his mind; he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his short life as a peaceful despot. Part II takes place 60 years after the first part, 55 years after the Mule's death by natural causes. With

9259-620: The July 1941 issue, was the first story in his "Weapon Shop" series, described by critic John Clute as the most compelling of all van Vogt's work. The September 1941 issue included Asimov's short story " Nightfall " and in November, Second Stage Lensman , the next novel in Smith's Lensman series, began serialization. The following year brought the first installment of Asimov's " Foundation " stories; "Foundation" appeared in May and "Bridle and Saddle" in June. The March 1942 issue included Van Vogt's novella "Recruiting Station", an early version of

9456-507: The Lens . In the November 1948 issue, Campbell published a letter to the editor by a reader named Richard A. Hoen that contained a detailed ranking of the contents of an issue "one year in the future". Campbell went along with the joke and contracted stories from most of the authors mentioned in the letter that would follow the Hoen's imaginary story titles. One of the best-known stories from that issue

9653-671: The March 1972 issue with " The Gold at the Starbow's End ", which was nominated for both the Hugo and Nebula Awards, and that summer Joe Haldeman 's "Hero" appeared. This was the first story in Haldeman's " Forever War " sequence; Campbell had rejected it, listing multiple reasons including the frequent use of profanity and the implausibility of men and women serving in combat together. Bova asked to see it again and ran it without asking for changes. Other new writers included Spider Robinson , whose first sale

9850-455: The Mule gone his former empire falls apart and the Foundation resumes its independence. Because of their enslavement at the hands of the Mule and their wariness of the Second Foundation (who possess similar abilities to the Mule) the Foundation began studying the mental sciences. A secret cabal is formed within the Foundation to root out the Second Foundation after evidence of the latter's manipulation

10047-432: The Mule to join him) who has quickly risen through the ranks and impressed the Mule. Channis reveals his suspicions about the Second Foundation being located on the planet Tazenda, and takes the ship there. They first land on Rossem, a barren planet controlled by Tazenda, and meet with its governor, who appears ordinary. Once they return to the ship, Pritcher confronts Channis and believes him to have been too successful with

SECTION 50

#1732858726306

10244-455: The Mule's former title as First Citizen. He believes that the Mule's actions have made the Seldon Plan irrelevant and declares war upon the Foundation, intending to usurp their role in the formation of the Second Empire. He's unconcerned with the possible intervention of the Second Foundation. Arcadia escapes from Kalgan to Trantor with the help of a Trantorian trader named Preem Palver. With his help, she passes information to her father regarding

10441-424: The Nebula in 1971. Sturgeon's short story " Slow Sculpture " won both the Hugo and the Nebula in 1970. A letter column was added at the end of 1971; this was the first time Galaxy had published reader's letters. Galaxy 's long-time science columnist, Willy Ley, died in 1969, and was replaced by Donald Menzel . He was replaced in turn by Jerry Pournelle in April 1974. Jakobsson's successor, James Baen,

10638-455: The Second Foundation gone, the Foundation are the sole inheritors of the Seldon Plan and the Second Empire. It is then revealed to the reader that the Second Foundation are not only intact but have planned and orchestrated the recent major events. The Foundation's conflict with Kalgan and their subsequent victory was meant to restore the former's self-esteem after the Mule enslaved them. Anthor and his comrades were in fact martyrs meant to mislead

10835-552: The Second Foundation is aware of The Mule's intent and, in the words of the First Speaker , allows him to find it—"in a sense". The Mule sends two of his people on a search for the Second Foundation: Han Pritcher, who had once been a captain and a member of the underground opposition prior to being Converted to the Mule's service, and Bail Channis , an "Unconverted" man (one who hasn't been emotionally manipulated by

11032-465: The Second Foundation is in Terminus itself based on information supplied by Arcadia. He also reveals he has created a device capable of emitting mind static, which is harmful to individuals with mental abilities similar to that of the Mule and the Second Foundation. Activating the device in the presence of the cabal reveals Anthor to be a Second Foundationer, and further interrogation leads to the discovery of

11229-458: The September 1956 issue, which widened the left hand strip of white to allow room to print story titles and author names. The December 1961 issue was the first to eliminate the strip on the left, and until July 1969 the magazine varied between this layout, the inverted "L", and a version with no white at all, first used on the August 1965 issue. Another change visible in that issue is the reversal of

11426-508: The Speakers. However, the name "Speaker" is a misnomer, because, being telepaths, the use of actual speech is quite unnecessary. The leader of the group is the First Speaker. The only formal power of the First Speaker was to speak first at meetings of the Speaker's Table, but in practice it conferred significantly more power. The structure of the Foundation is akin to both an intelligence network and

11623-444: The Starbow's End ", which was nominated for both a Hugo and Nebula Award, and Joe Haldeman 's "Hero", the first story in the Hugo and Nebula Award–winning " Forever War " sequence; Pohl had been unable to sell to Campbell, and "Hero" had been rejected by Campbell as unsuitable for the magazine. Bova won five consecutive Hugo Awards for his editing of Analog . Bova was followed by Stanley Schmidt , who continued to publish many of

11820-664: The Stars ; Harlan Ellison 's "'Repent, Harlequin,' Said the Ticktockman" and "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World"; and Silverberg's "Nightwings". Pohl never succeeded in winning a Hugo Award as editor of Galaxy , although he won the award three consecutive times from 1966 to 1968 as editor of If , Galaxy 's sister magazine, and in theory the junior of the two publications. The quality of fiction in Galaxy had dipped towards

12017-471: The Sun as seen from Mercury for the February 1938 issue. He also introduced Charles Schneeman as a cover artist, starting with the May 1938 issue, and Hubert Rogers in February 1939; Rogers quickly became a regular, painting all but four of the covers between September 1939 and August 1942. They differentiated the magazine from rivals. Algis Budrys recalled that " Astounding was the last magazine I picked up" as

SECTION 60

#1732858726306

12214-470: The TV series of the same name, used stories from Galaxy ; the connection was announced at the start of each of its fifteen episodes. On April 24, 1955, another radio series, NBC 's X Minus One , started a much longer run of 125 episodes, lasting until January 1958. From February 1956 onwards the scripts were adapted exclusively from stories in Galaxy , and from the April 1956 issue Galaxy ran advertisements for

12411-527: The UPD acquisition coincided with a precipitous drop—from 75,300 for the year ended October 1968, circulation fell to 51,479 just one year later. Difficulties with distribution also cut into income, and Arnold Abramson, UPD's owner, decided to cut costs and maximize profits. Galaxy went bimonthly in August 1970, ending a two-year spell of monthly scheduling (though a couple of months had been missed). The page count, which had been cut from 196 to 160 when UPD bought it,

12608-409: The annual Hugo Award for his stewardship of Galaxy , winning three Hugos instead for its sister magazine, If . In 1969 Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by Ejler Jakobsson . Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality. It recovered under James Baen , who took over in mid-1974, but when he left at the end of 1977

12805-401: The blame for Galaxy 's demise on Arnie Abramson, who, Pohl contends, "simply did not perform [the] basic functions of a publisher": paying the authors, ensuring subscribers received copies, and meeting other obligations. In 1994, the magazine reappeared briefly as a semi-professional publication under the editorship of E. J. Gold , son of H. L. Gold. E. J. Gold produced eight issues on

13002-578: The case of The Demolished Man , his involvement extended almost to the point of collaboration. Gold was agoraphobic and rarely left his apartment, but writers often visited him, and he held regular parties and weekly poker games; in addition to the members of the science fiction community, the avant-garde composer John Cage often attended. In March 1953 Gold announced a novel-writing contest, but it failed to attract any usable submissions. He asked Pohl and Kornbluth if they would allow him to print Gladiator-at-Law , which they had just completed, under

13199-410: The closure of If at the end of 1974, and the title was merged with Galaxy . The magazine had returned to a monthly schedule in September 1973, but it was only patchily adhered to, with at least a couple of issues missed every year except 1974. Baen was successful at increasing circulation again, bringing it from 47,789 when he took over to 81,035 when he left. The magazine was profitable for UPD, but

13396-527: The competing magazines, including the two main extant titles, Wonder Stories and Amazing Stories , were publishing space opera, stories of interplanetary adventure, or other well-worn ideas from the early days of the genre. Campbell's attempts to make science fiction more mature led to a natural division of the writers: those who were unable to write to his standards continued to sell to other magazines; and those who could sell to Campbell quickly focused their attention on Astounding and sold relatively little to

13593-425: The contributing editor. With Bruce Pennington as the cover artist, the newest issue is numbered 263, reflecting all previous runs of the magazine and is available in both digital and print formats. Gold intended Galaxy to publish stories of sufficient literary quality to attract readers of the slick magazines, as well as those who came to Galaxy already familiar with genre science fiction. His editorial policy

13790-609: The cover, but numbered vol. 39 no. 7) the original typeface for "Galaxy" was abandoned for the last few issues. The final issue, edited by Kemske, returned to the previous layout and typeface, although with a magazine twice the size of the original digest. When E. J. Gold revived Galaxy in 1994, he restored the inverted "L" and employed a predominantly black-and-white look for the eight issues he published. Notable artists who contributed regularly to Galaxy included Ed Emshwiller, who won several Hugo Awards for his work, Hugo nominee Wallace Wood, and Jack Gaughan, who won three Hugos in

13987-439: The decade he championed psionics and antigravity devices. Although these enthusiasms diminished Campbell's reputation, Astounding continued to publish some popular and influential science fiction. In 1953, Campbell serialized Hal Clement's Mission of Gravity , described by John Clute and David Langford as "one of the best-loved novels in sf", and in 1954 Tom Godwin 's " The Cold Equations " appeared. The story, about

14184-419: The demise of several magazines. In the late 1940s, the market began to recover. From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later. Galaxy 's appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. According to sf historian and critic Mike Ashley , its success was the main reason for a subsequent flood of new releases: 22 more science fiction magazines appeared by 1954, when

14381-502: The deterioration resumed, and there were financial problems—writers were not paid on time and the schedule became erratic. By the end of the 1970s, the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to Galileo publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a semi-professional magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Gold's son, E. J. Gold ; this lasted for eight bimonthly issues. At its peak, Galaxy greatly influenced

14578-428: The direction of the magazine lessened his chances with Condé Nast. The Condé Nast vice president in charge of selecting the new editor decided to read both fiction and nonfiction writing samples from the applicants, since Analog ' s title included both "science fiction" and "science fact". He chose Ben Bova , afterwards telling Bova that his stories and articles "were the only ones I could understand". January 1972

14775-438: The early 1930s as a writer, publishing space opera under his own name, and more thoughtful stories under the pseudonym "Don A. Stuart". He started working for Street & Smith in October 1937, so his initial editorial influence appeared in the issue dated December 1937. The March 1938 issue was the first that was fully his responsibility. In early 1938, Street & Smith abandoned its policy of having editors-in-chief, with

14972-409: The early 1970s, and when Judy-Lynn del Rey (formerly Judy-Lynn Benjamin) left in May 1973 to work at Ballantine Books, Jakobsson's workload increased greatly. He resigned less than a year later, citing overwork and other issues, and was replaced by James Baen , who took over with the June 1974 issue after Pohl declined the post. Baen also took over the editorship of If , but rising paper costs forced

15169-414: The ebook numbers not reflected in the published annual circulation numbers, which by 2011 were down to under 27,000. In 2004 the January and February issues were combined, so that only ten issues a year appeared. Having just surpassed John W. Campbell's tenure of 34 years, Schmidt retired in August 2012. His place was taken by Trevor Quachri , who continues to edit Analog as of 2023. From January 2017,

15366-415: The editor of Clues , and who had come to Street & Smith as part of the transfer of titles after Clayton's bankruptcy. Desmond Hall, who had also come from Clayton, was made assistant editor; because Tremaine was editor of Clues and Top-Notch , as well as Astounding , Hall did much of the editorial work, though Tremaine retained final control over the contents. The first Street & Smith issue

15563-529: The editorial page his work was unremarkable. He managed to attract some of the new writers who were becoming well known in the sf scene, including George R.R. Martin , Joe Haldeman , and Joanna Russ . Three novels published in Jakobsson's Galaxy won awards: Isaac Asimov's The Gods Themselves and Arthur C. Clarke 's Rendezvous with Rama each won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, in 1972 and 1973 respectively, and Robert Silverberg's A Time of Changes won

15760-530: The editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold". Kyle suggested that the new direction Gold set "inevitably" led to the experimental New Wave , the defining science fiction literary movement of the 1960s. The first science fiction (sf) magazine, Amazing Stories , appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, but World War II and its resulting paper shortages led to

15957-405: The end of Astounding ' s dominance of science fiction, with many now regarding Galaxy as the leading magazine. Campbell's growing interest in pseudoscience also damaged his reputation in the field. Campbell was deeply involved with the launch of Dianetics , publishing Hubbard's first article on it in Astounding in May 1950, and promoting it heavily in the months beforehand; later in

16154-442: The end of 1937, Campbell took over editorial duties under Tremaine's supervision, and the following year Tremaine was let go, giving Campbell more independence. Over the next few years Campbell published many stories that became classics in the field, including Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series , A. E. van Vogt 's Slan , and several novels and stories by Robert A. Heinlein . The period beginning with Campbell's editorship

16351-538: The end of Gold's editorship, and Pohl worked hard to restore the magazine's high standards. Gold's difficult editorial personality had driven away some of his contributors, but Pohl, who had worked as an agent in the 1950s, was a central figure in the sf community and was able to attract submissions from the star writers of his day. In the case of one of these stars, he offered an unusual arrangement: Robert Silverberg could write whatever he wished and Pohl promised that he would almost invariably buy it. Silverberg, who had been

16548-616: The eyes of Mike Ashley , a science fiction historian, Bates was "destroying the ideals of science fiction". One historically important story that almost appeared in Astounding was E.E. Smith 's Triplanetary , which Bates would have published had Astounding not folded in early 1933. The cover Wesso had painted for the story appeared on the March 1933 issue, the last to be published by Clayton. When Street & Smith acquired Astounding , they also planned to relaunch another Clayton pulp, Strange Tales , and acquired material for it before deciding not to proceed. These stories appeared in

16745-560: The field overnight". Under Gold Galaxy provided a market for social science fiction stories that might not have been accepted by Astounding and Fantasy & Science Fiction , the other leading magazines. Pohl stated in 1965 that almost every major science fiction writer whose career began after 1950 primarily wrote for Galaxy , and that others closely imitated Gold's magazine. He described Galaxy as where "the stunning new kinds of science fiction ... flowered, and changed everything in science fiction". In his opinion, Gold's innovation

16942-419: The field, though it did continue to publish popular and influential stories: Hal Clement 's novel Mission of Gravity appeared in 1953, and Tom Godwin 's " The Cold Equations " appeared the following year. In 1960, Campbell changed the title of the magazine to Analog Science Fact & Fiction ; he had long wanted to get rid of the word "Astounding" in the title, which he felt was too sensational. At about

17139-436: The financial pressure on the parent company took its toll and Baen left in late 1977 to work for Ace Books —the October issue was his last. Baen was replaced by John J. Pierce, but the situation only worsened. Pierce resigned within a year: the company was in increasing debt, and his office assistant recalls that the office appeared inefficiently run, though he commented that Pierce "clearly loved what he did and knew what he

17336-514: The first Street & Smith Astounding , dated October 1933. This issue and the next were unremarkable in quality, but with the December issue, Tremaine published a statement of editorial policy, calling for "thought variant" stories containing original ideas and not simply reproducing adventure themes in a science fiction context. The policy was probably worked out between Tremaine and Desmond Hall, his assistant editor, in an attempt to give Astounding

17533-437: The first issue was dated January 1930, published by William Clayton , and edited by Harry Bates . Clayton went bankrupt in 1933 and the magazine was sold to Street & Smith . The new editor was F. Orlin Tremaine , who soon made Astounding the leading magazine in the nascent pulp science fiction field, publishing well-regarded stories such as Jack Williamson 's Legion of Space and John W. Campbell 's "Twilight" . At

17730-548: The first of the genre sf magazines to be published in digest format, beginning with the November 1943 issue. The format remained unchanged until Condé Nast produced 25 bedsheet issues of Analog between March 1963 and March 1965, after which it returned to digest format. In May 1998, and again in December 2008, the format was changed to be slightly larger than the usual digest size: first to 8.25 x 5.25 in (210 x 135 mm), and then to 8.5 x 5.75 in (217 x 148 mm). Galaxy Science Fiction Galaxy Science Fiction

17927-567: The first story by del Rey, "The Faithful", and de Camp's second sale, " Hyperpilosity ". Jack Williamson's " Legion of Time ", described by author and editor Lin Carter as "possibly the greatest single adventure story in science fiction history", began serialization in the following issue. De Camp contributed a nonfiction article, "Language for Time Travelers", in the July issue, which also contained Hubbard's first science fiction sale, "The Dangerous Dimension". Hubbard had been selling genre fiction to

18124-576: The first, Nat Schachner 's "Ancestral Voices", as "not amongst Schachner's best"; the second, "Colossus", by Donald Wandrei , was not a new idea, but was energetically written. Over the succeeding issues, it became apparent that Tremaine was genuinely willing to publish material that would have fallen foul of editorial taboos elsewhere. He serialized Charles Fort 's Lo! , a nonfiction work about strange and inexplicable phenomena, in eight parts between April and November 1934, in an attempt to stimulate new ideas for stories. The best-remembered story of 1934

18321-528: The following year: The Demolished Man won the first Hugo for Best Novel and Galaxy shared the first Hugo for Best Magazine with Astounding . Gold published a wide range of material, and Galaxy became known for irony and satire; the work of authors able to adopt the wry style he favored, such as Knight and Robert Sheckley , appeared regularly in the magazine and were obvious commentaries on contemporary society. In 1953, with McCarthyism at its height, Gold refused to publish " The Liberation of Earth ",

18518-471: The girl, killing her. Later in the 1950s and early 1960s writers like Gordon R. Dickson , Poul Anderson, and Harry Harrison appeared regularly in the magazine. Frank Herbert 's Dune was serialized in Analog in two separate sequences, in 1963 and 1965, and soon became "one of the most famous of all sf novels", according to Malcolm Edwards and John Clute. 1965 marked the year Campbell received his eighth Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine ; this

18715-529: The goal of stimulating story ideas. The main contributors of these were R.S. Richardson , L. Sprague de Camp, and Willy Ley . Campbell changed the approach to the magazine's cover art, hoping that more mature artwork would attract more adult readers and enable them to carry the magazine without embarrassment. Howard V. Brown had done almost every cover for the Street & Smith version of Astounding , and Campbell asked him to do an astronomically accurate picture of

18912-495: The great majority of readers were subscribers, as newsstand sales declined to only 15,000. In 1992 Analog was sold to Dell Magazines , and Dell was in turn acquired by Crosstown Publications in 1996. That year the Mid-December issues stopped appearing, and the following year the July and August issues were combined into a single bimonthly issue. An ebook edition became available in 2000 and has become increasingly popular, with

19109-406: The high rates, Galaxy was an attractive market for writers because Gold bought only first magazine rights, unlike the other leading magazines. Galaxy was quickly established as one of the three leading science fiction magazines, along with Campbell's Astounding and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (usually abbreviated to F&SF ). Campbell had been enormously influential over

19306-574: The honor: Fritz Leiber's novel The Big Time and Avram Davidson 's short story " Or All the Seas with Oysters ". When Pohl took over as editor in 1961, he broadened the magazine's scope, including more fantasy material. Regular contributors in the 1960s included Jack Vance , Larry Niven , Frank Herbert , Robert Silverberg , and Cordwainer Smith. Galaxy stories from this era that won awards include Vance's The Dragon Masters and "The Last Castle"; Clifford Simak's Way Station , serialized as Here Gather

19503-402: The influence of its reduced focus on technology, played an important role in attracting women to write science fiction. The list below, and the charts above, follow the mastheads in the magazines. Because of Gold's poor health, Pohl was acting as editor for some time before he officially took over the role at the end of 1961. Galaxy had multiple foreign editions. This was in part because

19700-599: The interior artwork as "entrancing, giving hints of higher technology without ignoring the human element", and singles out the work of Elliot Dold as particularly impressive. Tremaine's policy of printing material that he liked without staying too strictly within the bounds of the genre led him to serialize H.P. Lovecraft 's novel At the Mountains of Madness in early 1936. He followed this with Lovecraft's " The Shadow Out of Time " in June 1936, though protests from science fiction purists occurred. Generally, however, Tremaine

19897-479: The issue as the start of the Golden Age. Other first sales that year included Heinlein's "Lifeline" in August and Sturgeon's "Ether Breather" the following month. One of the most popular authors of space opera, E.E. Smith, reappeared in October, with the first installment of Gray Lensman . This was a sequel to Galactic Patrol , which had appeared in Astounding two years before. Heinlein rapidly became one of

20094-497: The job; Poul Anderson did not want to leave California, and neither did Jerry Pournelle , who also felt the salary was too small. Before he died, Campbell had talked to Harry Harrison about taking over as editor, but Harrison did not want to live in New York. Lester del Rey and Clifford D. Simak were also rumored to have been offered the job, though Simak denied it; Frederik Pohl was interested, but suspected his desire to change

20291-543: The key figures were van Vogt, Simak, Kuttner, Moore, and Fritz Leiber , all of whom were less oriented towards technology in their fiction than writers like Asimov or Heinlein. This led to the appearance of more psychologically oriented fiction, such as van Vogt's World of Null-A , which was serialized in 1945. Kuttner and Moore contributed a humorous series about an inventor, Galloway Gallegher, who could only invent while drunk, but they were also capable of serious fiction. Campbell had asked them to write science fiction with

20488-547: The kind of science fiction I've described here: good stories about people with problems in which some piece of plausible (or at least not demonstrably implausible) speculative science plays an indispensable role". Over the decades of Schmidt's editorship, many writers became regular contributors, including Arlan Andrews , Catherine Asaro , Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff , Michael Flynn , Geoffrey A. Landis , Paul Levinson , Robert J. Sawyer , Charles Sheffield and Harry Turtledove . Schmidt never won an editing Hugo while in charge of

20685-452: The late 1940s, both Thrilling Wonder and Startling Stories began to publish much more mature fiction than they had during the war, and although Astounding was still the leading magazine in the field, it was no longer the only market for the writers who had been regularly selling to Campbell. Many of the best new writers still broke into print in Astounding rather than elsewhere. Arthur C. Clarke 's first story, " Loophole ", appeared in

20882-480: The late 1950s, the science fiction magazine boom was over, and the relatively low circulation of the magazines did not endear them to distributors, the middlemen who transported magazines from the publishers to the newsstands and other outlets. Gold changed the title from Galaxy Science Fiction to Galaxy Magazine with the September 1958 issue, commenting that the term science fiction "scares many people away from buying". Galaxy 's circulation, at about 90,000,

21079-411: The late 1960s, partly for his work in Galaxy . Gaughan was commissioned by Pohl to provide the cover and interior art for Jack Vance's The Dragon Masters in 1962; the resulting illustrations made Gaughan immediately famous in the science fiction field. In the 1950s and 1960s, Galaxy retained the original artwork sent in by its artists, though Emshwiller, much of whose best color work appeared there,

21276-628: The location of the Second Foundation. Kalgan eventually loses the war against the Foundation as the specter of the Seldon Plan adversely affects the performance of the Kalganians every bit as much as it bolsters the morale of the Foundationers. The Foundation cabal reconvenes to discuss what they've learned about the Second Foundation. Munn believes that the Second Foundation never existed while Pelleas Anthor believes they're in Kalgan. Dr Darell states that

21473-422: The magazine became the field's leader almost immediately. In critic John Clute's assessment, Galaxy indeed swiftly supplanted Astounding and remained the leading magazine in the field until Pohl resigned as editor in 1969. Science fiction historian and critic Mike Ashley regarded Galaxy 's success as the main reason for the subsequent boom in science fiction magazines, commenting that it "revolutionized

21670-436: The magazine much more quickly, since the date gave the impression that it was a weekly magazine. The cover date was changed back to the current month starting with the April 1982 issue, but the new schedule remained in place, with a "Mid-September" issue in 1982 and 1983, and "Mid-December" issues for more than a decade thereafter. Circulation trended slowly down over the 1980s, to 83,000 for the year ending in 1990; by this time

21867-401: The magazine simultaneously switched to the larger bedsheet format, but this did not last. Astounding returned to pulp-size in mid-1943 for six issues, and then became the first science fiction magazine to switch to digest size in November 1943, increasing the number of pages to maintain the same total word count. The price remained at 25 cents through these changes in format. The hyphen

22064-403: The magazine switched from untrimmed to trimmed edges; Brian Stableford comments that this was "an important symbolic" step, as the other sf pulps were still untrimmed, making Astounding smarter-looking than its competitors. Tremaine was promoted to assistant editorial director in 1937. His replacement as editor of Astounding was 27-year-old John W. Campbell, Jr. Campbell had made his name in

22261-511: The magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazine's production. When Gold's health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time. Under Pohl Galaxy had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by writers such as Cordwainer Smith , Jack Vance , Harlan Ellison , and Robert Silverberg . Pohl never won

22458-470: The magazine's increasingly erratic schedule, the serialization stretched from the last issue of 1978 into 1980, well after it had appeared in book form. In November 1977, Paul Walker took over the book column from Spider Robinson, and Jerry Pournelle left the science column at the end of 1978. The artwork quality dropped to an amateurish level, and despite the appearance of a few successful stories and novels, such as C. J. Cherryh 's The Faded Sun: Kesrith ,

22655-598: The magazine, If and Galaxy . Gold's art director, Washington Irving van der Poel, mocked up multiple layouts and Gold invited hundreds of writers, editors, artists, and fans to view them and vote for their favorite; the vote was strongly for Galaxy as the title. For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several well-known authors, including Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Theodore Sturgeon , as well as part one of Time Quarry by Clifford D. Simak (later published in book form as Time and Again ). Along with an essay by Gold, Galaxy 's premiere issue introduced

22852-510: The magazine, but after he resigned he won the 2013 Hugo for Editor Short Form . Schmidt retired in August 2012, and his place was taken by Trevor Quachri , who mostly continued the editorial policies of Schmidt. Starting in January 2017, the publication became bimonthly. Editorial history at Astounding and Analog : Astounding was published in pulp format until the January 1942 issue, when it switched to bedsheet. It reverted to pulp for six issues, starting in May 1943, and then became

23049-415: The magazine—letters, editorials, book reviews, or other features. The response was against a letter column, but the readers wanted editorials, and short book reviews with recommendations that would help them identify what books to buy, as opposed to in-depth criticism. Gold was also concerned that harsh critical reviews would scare away new authors who might otherwise submit their work. Groff Conklin began

23246-457: The market dipped again as a side effect of US Senate hearings into the putative connection between comic books and juvenile delinquency. H. L. Gold , Galaxy 's first editor, had worked at Standard Magazines in the early 1940s as an assistant editor, reading for Standard's three science fiction pulps: Startling Stories , Thrilling Wonder , and Captain Future . With the advent of

23443-539: The material by major names was clearly lesser work. With its second volume, beginning in April 1951, Galaxy achieved consistently high quality, with virtually every issue featuring a story that would have a lasting reputation, including C. M. Kornbluth 's " The Marching Morons ", Wyman Guin 's "Beyond Bedlam", and Robert Heinlein 's The Puppet Masters , whose serialization overlapped volumes 2 and 3. Early feedback from readers had been opposed to serialized novels, but here Gold did not follow their opinion, and Galaxy

23640-408: The monthly Analytical Laboratory poll; it dealt with the aftermath of an explosion at a nuclear plant. Campbell emphasized scientific accuracy over literary style. Asimov, Heinlein, and de Camp were trained scientists and engineers. After 1942, several of the regular contributors such as Heinlein, Asimov, and Hubbard, who had joined the war effort, appeared less frequently. Among those who remained,

23837-400: The most prolific contributors to Astounding , publishing three novels in the next two years: If This Goes On— , Sixth Column , and Methuselah's Children ; and half a dozen short stories. In September 1940, van Vogt's first novel, Slan , began serialization; the book was partly inspired by a challenge Campbell laid down to van Vogt that it was impossible to tell a superman story from

24034-575: The ones that did get distributed went to areas of the United States, such as the South, where there was little or no audience for the magazine. The head of the French office of World Editions came to the United States to find out what the problem was, and recommended that the magazine be sold to the two Americans, for $ 3,000—a very low price. They tried to recruit Gold, but he contacted the Italian office, which rejected

24231-438: The other magazines. The expansion of the market also benefited Campbell because writers knew that if he rejected their submissions, they could resubmit those stories elsewhere; this freed them to try to write to his standards. In July 1939, the lead story was " Black Destroyer ", the first sale by van Vogt; the issue also included " Trends ", Asimov's first sale to Campbell and his second story to see print. Later fans identified

24428-511: The other pulps for a few years, but this was his first story in Astounding . In October, de Camp began a popular series about an intelligent bear named Johnny Black with " The Command ." The market for science fiction expanded dramatically the following year; several new magazines were launched, including Startling Stories in January 1939, Unknown in March (a fantasy companion to Astounding , also edited by Campbell), Fantastic Adventures in May, and Planet Stories in December. All of

24625-405: The other sf magazines, and went back to his writing career. His place was taken by Ejler Jakobsson , who was working in UPD's book department. Lester del Rey stayed on as features editor, and Judy-Lynn Benjamin took his place as managing editor. Jack Gaughan was made art editor. Galaxy 's circulation had held relatively steady in the mid-1960s, ranging between 73,000 and 78,000, but

24822-406: The others were slicks, such as Vogue . All the advertisers in these magazines had plates made up to take advantage of this size, and Condé Nast changed Analog to the larger size from the March 1963 issue to conform. The front and back signatures were changed to glossy paper, to carry both advertisements and scientific features. The change did not attract advertising support, however, and from

25019-482: The overall quality was dramatically worse than it had been under Baen. Galaxy 's deterioration was largely due to the financial troubles of the publisher, Arnold Abramson, who reduced the pay rate (at a time of high inflation) to a penny a word. Even that low rate did not guarantee timely disbursement, and many writers stopped submitting because of Galaxy 's reputation for paying slowly, if at all. Costs were increasing for paper, postage, and production, and

25216-530: The owner of Davis Publications, contacted Condé Nast with a view to acquiring Analog. Analog had always been something of a misfit in Condé Nast's line up, which included Mademoiselle and Vogue , and by February 1980 the deal was agreed. The first issue published by Davis was dated September 1980. Davis was willing to put some effort into marketing Analog , so Schmidt regarded the change as likely to be beneficial, and in fact circulation quickly grew, reversing

25413-682: The paperback anthology market was booming, adding to the competition that Galaxy faced. Floyd Kemske's only issue never received newsstand distribution, doomed by the financial troubles of the magazine's publisher, Vincent McCaffrey. Galaxy had a characteristic cover style in the 1950s with an inverted white "L" shape (Greek gamma) framing the cover art; this style was copied by several magazines, including Authentic Science Fiction and Startling Stories . When Astounding followed suit in late 1951, Gold commented sarcastically in an editorial that Galaxy "would like to know when we may have it [the format] back again". The first variation came with

25610-437: The pay rate was an unattractive one cent per word. Higher postal rates, higher paper costs, and continuing competition from the paperback science fiction market all added to the pressure on Galaxy . These problems were not resolved by the sale to McCaffrey, who did not even have enough money to pay for circulation postage, with the result that not every Galaxy subscriber received a copy of the final issue. Frederik Pohl places

25807-456: The planet, and yet senses that Channis's dismay is only pretense. He forces Channis to reveal that Rossem is actually the Second Foundation, and that Tazenda is only a figurehead. The First Speaker for the Second Foundation appears and reveals to the Mule that his rule is over; neither Tazenda nor Rossem is the Second Foundation, and Channis's knowledge had been falsely implanted to mislead the Mule. Second Foundation agents are headed to Kalgan and

26004-468: The point of view of the superman. It proved to be one of the most popular stories Campbell published, and is an example of the way Campbell worked with his writers to feed them ideas and generate the material he wanted to buy. Isaac Asimov's "Robot" series began to take shape in 1941, with "Reason" and "Liar!" appearing in the April and May issues; as with "Slan", these stories were partly inspired by conversations with Campbell. Van Vogt's "The Seesaw", in

26201-468: The previous Galactic Empire. The story closes with the revelation that the First Speaker of the Second Foundation is Preem Palver, who is satisfied that the galaxy is now forever secure. On its initial publication, Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin described Second Foundation as "a thoroughly satisfying and adult play of the scientific imagination". P. Schuyler Miller reported Second Foundation to be "good, sound, middle-of-the-road science fiction with

26398-462: The previous decade, but the appearance of Galaxy and F&SF , launched just a year before, marked the end of his dominance of the genre. The cover for the first issue was by David Stone, depicting a scene from Simak's Time Quarry . The image was muted, in contrast to the sensational art typically found on the covers of the sf pulps; the intention was that Galaxy should look like an sf magazine, but one "that you were not embarrassed to hold", in

26595-440: The publication frequency became bimonthly (six issues per year). The first incarnation of Astounding was an adventure-oriented magazine: unlike Gernsback, Bates had no interest in educating his readership through science. The covers were all painted by Wesso and similarly action-filled; the first issue showed a giant beetle attacking a man. Bates would not accept any experimental stories, relying mostly on formulaic plots. In

26792-421: The pulps for several years by that time. The same issue contained Clifford Simak's "Rule 18"; Simak had more-or-less abandoned science fiction within a year after breaking into the field in 1931, but he was drawn back by Campbell's editorial approach. The next issue featured one of Campbell's best-known stories, " Who Goes There? ", and included Kuttner's "The Disinherited"; Kuttner had been selling successfully to

26989-404: The rate increase. Pohl also tried hard to persuade Guinn and Sol Cohen , whom Guinn had hired to help with the publishing duties, to switch both Galaxy and If to monthly schedules. In late 1962, they agreed, but soon changed their minds and decided to start a third science fiction magazine instead. This was Worlds of Tomorrow , which was launched in April 1963 and lasted until mid-1967 (it

27186-406: The real-world secret research program. Military Intelligence agents called on Campbell to investigate, and were satisfied when he explained how Cartmill had been able to make so many accurate guesses. In the words of science fiction critic John Clute, "Cartmill's prediction made sf fans enormously proud", as some considered the story proof that science fiction could be predictive of the future. In

27383-408: The rear cover of the first issue, Gold ran a feature called "You'll Never See It In Galaxy !", with two paragraphs side by side—one a parody of the introduction to a space western, the other the same story translated to become a true western, with spaceships replaced by horses. A sample: "He cut out his super-hyper-drive for the landing ... and at that point, a tall, lean spaceman stepped out of

27580-529: The regular book reviewer in January 1972 and held the post until mid-1975. Jakobsson did not manage to give Galaxy a new and distinctive character: "Sunpot" lasted only four issues, Sturgeon's reviews were undistinguished, and many of the new authors he published have been, in the words of Mike Ashley, "mercifully unknown ever since". The paper quality and printing quality also dropped, and early cover designs were very weak. Jakobsson initially printed guest editorials rather than writing his own; when he took over

27777-441: The remaining staff to put together issues for the rest of the year. Condé Nast had given the magazine very little attention, since it was both profitable and cheap to produce, but they were proud that it was the leading science fiction magazine. They asked Kay Tarrant , who had been Campbell's assistant, to help them find a replacement: she contacted regular contributors to ask for suggestions. Several well-known writers turned down

27974-402: The rest of his comrades who are subsequently detained indefinitely. Unsatisfied with the ease by which the Second Foundation has been defeated and suspecting Arcadia's information to be planted through mental tampering, Dr Darell runs tests on his daughter to determine if she has been compromised. Both are relieved when the tests' results are negative. Dr Darell basks in the realization that with

28171-419: The result that Tremaine was made redundant. His departure, on May 1, 1938, gave Campbell a freer rein with the magazine. One of Campbell's first acts was to change the title from Astounding Stories to Astounding Science-Fiction , starting with the March 1938 issue. Campbell's editorial policy was targeted at the more mature readers of science fiction, and he felt that " Astounding Stories " did not convey

28368-423: The right image. He intended to subsequently drop the "Astounding" part of the title, as well, leaving the magazine titled Science Fiction , but in 1939 a new magazine with that title appeared. Although "Astounding" was retained in the title, thereafter it was often printed in a color that made it much less visible than "Science-Fiction". At the start of 1942 the price was increased, for the first time, to 25 cents;

28565-414: The sale and eventually agreed to sell Galaxy to the printer, Robert M. Guinn. It was only after the sale was complete that the sabotaged distribution came to light; World Editions wanted to buy back the magazine, but Guinn quoted a price four times as high as he had paid. In Gold's words, "he, Guinn, knew what he was buying, whereas World Editions hadn't known what they were selling". Guinn's new company

28762-411: The same authors who had been contributing for years; the result was some criticism of the magazine as stagnant and dull, though Schmidt was initially successful in maintaining circulation. The title was sold to Davis Publications in 1980, then to Dell Magazines in 1992. Crosstown Publications acquired Dell in 1996 and remains the publisher. Schmidt continued to edit the magazine until 2012, when he

28959-490: The same freedom from constraints that he had allowed them in the fantasy works they were writing for Unknown , Street & Smith's fantasy title; the result was " Mimsy Were the Borogoves ", which appeared in February 1943 and is now regarded as a classic. Leiber's Gather, Darkness! , serialized in 1943, was set in a world where scientific knowledge is hidden from the masses and presented as magic; as with Kuttner and Moore, he

29156-421: The same time Street & Smith sold the magazine to Condé Nast , and the name changed again to its current form by 1965. Campbell remained as editor until his death in 1971. Ben Bova took over from 1972 to 1978, and the character of the magazine changed noticeably, since Bova was willing to publish fiction that included sexual content and profanity. Bova published stories such as Frederik Pohl 's " The Gold at

29353-400: The science fiction genre. It was regarded as one of the leading science fiction magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohl's departure in 1969. Gold brought a "sophisticated intellectual subtlety" to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, who added that "after Galaxy it was impossible to go on being naive." SF historian David Kyle commented that "of all

29550-428: The search. The Mule, who had placed a hyper-relay on their ship in order to trace them through hyper-space, appears, and reveals that Channis is a Second Foundationer. Pritcher's emotional bonds to the Mule are broken in the ensuing exchange between Channis and the Mule, and he is made to fall into deep sleep. With only the two of them left, the Mule reveals that he has brought his ships to Tazenda and has already destroyed

29747-475: The series, which included work by Pohl, Sturgeon, and Philip K. Dick . Through the 1950s, Galaxy 's contributors routinely dominated the Hugo ballots, but neither the magazine nor the fiction it published won many awards, despite what sf historian Donald Lawler describes as its "deserved reputation for excellence". After several years of being shut out of the Hugos, Galaxy published two works in 1958 that won

29944-587: The sheet on which the color covers of his magazines were printed had a space for one more cover. He suggested to Harry Bates , a newly hired editor, that they start a magazine of historical adventure stories. Bates proposed instead a science fiction pulp, to be titled Astounding Stories of Super Science , and Clayton agreed.       Harry Bates        F. Orlin Tremaine       John W. Campbell       Ben Bova       Stanley Schmidt Astounding

30141-474: The state of the galaxy with a student. The Student is concerned that the Foundation's now tangible knowledge of the Second Foundation's existence would have negative effects upon the former which would then further destabilize the Seldon Plan. The First Speaker reassures the Student that a plan has been put in place by their organization in order to address his very concerns. In Kalgan, a man named Stettin has assumed

30338-494: The stories to appeal to a readership that had matured over the first decade of the science fiction genre. He asked his writers to write stories that felt as though they could have been published as non-science fiction stories in a magazine of the future; a reader of the future would not need long explanations for the gadgets in their lives, so Campbell asked his writers to find ways of naturally introducing technology to their stories. He also instituted regular nonfiction pieces, with

30535-434: The story in question. As the 1970s went on, Bova continued to publish authors such as Anderson, Dickson, and Christopher Anvil , who had appeared regularly during Campbell's tenure, but he also attracted authors who had not been able to sell to Campbell, such as Gene Wolfe , Roger Zelazny , and Harlan Ellison . Frederik Pohl, who later commented in his autobiography about his difficulties in selling to Campbell, appeared in

30732-462: The tail assembly, proton gun-blaster in a space-tanned hand" became "He spurred hard for a low overhang of rimrock ... and at that point a tall, lean wrangler stepped out from behind a high boulder, six-shooter in a sun-tanned hand". The feature drew much attention, though James Blish commented that Galaxy did not always avoid printing the kind of fiction it parodied. In the first issue, Gold asked for reader feedback on what should be included in

30929-412: The title "Now You See It...". "Part II: Search by the Foundation" was originally published in the November and December 1949 and January 1950 issues of Astounding under the title "...And Now You Don't". The Second Foundation would again be revisited in Foundation's Edge . Part I is about the Mule 's search for the elusive Second Foundation, with the intent of destroying it. The executive council of

31126-453: The title coloring to white lettering on a block of red; this was used from August 1963 to December 1965. In August 1969 the title was enlarged to fill the width of the magazine; this issue had the white inverted "L", but it was the last one to do so till 1980. After August 1969 the cover paintings spanned the entire cover, though with some minor variations in layout such as can be seen in the October 1976 issue. Then in September 1978 (undated on

31323-459: The top of the pile and read stories until he had found enough to fill the issue. Now, to be perfectly fair, Tremaine would take the stack of remaining stories and turn it upside down, so next month he would start with the stories that had been on the bottom this month. Gruber pointed out that stories in the middle might go many months before Tremaine read them; the result was erratic response times that sometimes stretched to over 18 months. In 1936

31520-493: The two magazines alternated months of publication. Towards the end of the 1950s Frederik Pohl began to help Gold, occasionally to the extent of performing all the editorial duties, including writing the editorials and blurbs and working with the printer. Gold, who was agoraphobic, was making efforts at this time to leave his apartment, but in 1960 he was seriously injured in a taxi accident, and proved unable to continue as editor. Pohl took over at some point in early 1961, though he

31717-413: The war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, who had once worked for him. Cerutti was now working for a French-Italian publisher, Éditions Mondiales Del Duca founded by Cino Del Duca , that had opened an office in New York as World Editions. She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, which he provided. World Editions took

31914-508: The words of Mike Ashley. The early artwork was generally unremarkable, though Ed Emshwiller 's humorous cover for the June 1951 issue, his first professional sale as an artist, was a positive sign. "Emsh", as he was known to science fiction readers, soon became a regular contributor. The relatively expensive production processes that Gold had insisted on enabled more sophisticated internal artwork, which could be integrated with type in ways not possible with cheaper letterpress printing . On

32111-475: The year: The Skylark of Valeron by E.E. Smith, and The Mightiest Machine , by Campbell. By the end of the year, Astounding was the clear leader of the small field of sf magazines. Astounding ' s readership was more knowledgeable and more mature than the readers of the other magazines, and this was reflected in the cover artwork, almost entirely by Howard V. Brown , which was less garish than at Wonder Stories or Amazing Stories . Ashley describes

32308-510: Was "The Guy With the Eyes" in the February 1973 issue; George R.R. Martin , with "A Song for Lya", in June 1974; and Orson Scott Card , with " Ender's Game ", in the August 1977 issue. Two of the cover artists who had been regular contributors under Campbell, Kelly Freas and John Schoenherr , continued to appear after Bova took over, and Bova also began to regularly feature covers by Rick Sternbach and Vincent Di Fate . Jack Gaughan , who had had

32505-511: Was a secret, "drowned in silence" to increase its effectiveness and security. Whilst the First Foundation was strong in the physical sciences, the Second Foundation was strong in the mental sciences, including the continued development of psychohistory . Their function is to ensure that the Seldon plan comes to pass, both by refining the plan's contingencies to allow for even the most unlikely events, and to guard against unexpected developments, such as

32702-401: Was able to negotiate an exception to this rule, retaining the art for his portfolios. In 1972 much of this artwork—including both interior and cover illustrations—was sold off by Robert Guinn, who had kept it when he sold Galaxy to UPD in 1969. Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, recalled being deeply impressed by the first issue of Galaxy , and that many fans, including himself, believed that

32899-458: Was able to publish some high-quality fiction, including material by Roger Zelazny , John Varley, Larry Niven, and Pohl, whose novel, Gateway , won both the Hugo and Nebula awards. Baen raised the level of the magazine substantially, and Ashley refers to his editorship as Galaxy 's "Indian summer". Under Baen the review columnist was Spider Robinson , who won a Locus Award in 1977, primarily for his work in Galaxy . Baen also published

33096-461: Was also infamous for making sweeping changes to the stories he printed. In meetings and in phone calls he became well known as a difficult editor whose determination to achieve perfection sometimes alienated his writers. He was unapologetic, declaring, "I worked hard with writers, and they didn't always enjoy it". The results were often very positive: some successful stories are said to have begun with an idea he provided to one of his authors. In

33293-735: Was an American digest-size science fiction magazine , published in Boston from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by a French-Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor H. L. Gold , who rapidly made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time, focusing on stories about social issues rather than technology. Gold published many notable stories during his tenure, including Ray Bradbury 's "The Fireman", later expanded as Fahrenheit 451 ; Robert A. Heinlein 's The Puppet Masters ; and Alfred Bester 's The Demolished Man . In 1952,

33490-402: Was apparent in the editorials Pohl wrote, which were informal, entertaining, and rooted in his deep familiarity with the genre. With Pohl at the helm, Galaxy moved back toward the knowledgeable science fiction fan , and away from the mainstream market that Gold had targeted. Pohl said that he tried to "cover the full spectrum of science fiction", however, unlike Gold's "specialist magazine" of

33687-417: Was briefly revived in 1970–71). Another companion magazine, International Science Fiction , was tried in late 1967, but lasted only two issues; it showcased stories translated from other languages, and sales were very weak. Finally, in 1968 Guinn launched Worlds of Fantasy , edited initially by Lester del Rey , Galaxy 's managing editor; only four issues appeared. In the middle of 1968, Galaxy

33884-431: Was broader than that of John W. Campbell , the editor of the leading magazine in the field, Astounding Science Fiction : Gold was interested in sociology, psychology, and other "soft" sciences, and was also willing to publish humorous and satirical stories. Gold managed to persuade the publisher to let him offer three to four cents a word, which exceeded the highest rates paid in the field at that time. In addition to

34081-428: Was complete by October; for several issues both "Analog" and "Astounding" could be seen on the cover, with "Analog" becoming bolder and "Astounding" fading with each issue. Street & Smith was acquired by Samuel Newhouse , the owner of Condé Nast, in August 1959, though Street & Smith was not merged into Condé Nast until the end of 1961. Analog was the only digest-sized magazine in Condé Nast's inventory—all

34278-426: Was dated October 1933; until the third issue, in December 1933, the editorial team was not named on the masthead. Street & Smith had an excellent distribution network, and they were able to get Astounding' s circulation up to an estimated 50,000 by the middle of 1934. The two main rival science fiction magazines of the day, Wonder Stories and Amazing Stories , each had a circulation about half that. Astounding

34475-402: Was dropped from the title with the November 1946 issue. The price increased again, to 35 cents, in August 1951. In the late 1950s, it became apparent to Street & Smith that they were going to have to raise prices again. During 1959, Astounding was priced at 50 cents in some areas to find out what the impact would be on circulation. The results were apparently satisfactory, and the price

34672-454: Was in September 1937 with " The Isolinguals ". Tremaine printed some nonfiction articles during his tenure, with Campbell providing an 18-part series on the solar system between June 1936 and December 1937. Street & Smith hired Campbell in October 1937. Although he did not gain full editorial control of Astounding until the March 1938 issue, Campbell was able to introduce some new features before then. In January 1938, he began to include

34869-419: Was increased again, and the price was raised from 60 cents to 75 cents. A British edition began in May 1972, published by Tandem Books, which was owned by UPD. The net effect of all these changes was a substantial increase in profitability. Circulation in 1972 also rose by about 6,000 issues, though it is possible that this was solely due to the new British edition. UPD began to have financial difficulties in

35066-410: Was initially published by Publisher's Fiscal Corporation, a subsidiary of Clayton Magazines . The first issue appeared in January 1930, with Bates as editor. Bates aimed for straightforward action-adventure stories, with scientific elements only present to provide minimal plausibility. Clayton paid much better rates than Amazing and Wonder Stories —two cents a word on acceptance, rather than half

35263-417: Was named Galaxy Publishing Corporation, and it took over beginning with the October 1951 issue. Gold remained as editor, but lost the assistance of staff at World Editions, relying instead on help from Jerome Bixby , Algis Budrys , Theodore Sturgeon , and Gold's wife, Evelyn Paige. Science fiction author Frederik Pohl , then working as a literary agent, was also helpful in connecting writers with Gold. By

35460-457: Was not interested, and refused to assist Analog with marketing or promotions. Bova resigned in June 1978, having stayed for a little longer than he had planned, and recommended Stanley Schmidt to succeed him. Schmidt's first issue was December 1978, though material purchased by Bova continued to appear for several months. In 1977, Davis Publications launched Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine , and after Bova's departure, Joel Davis,

35657-434: Was not listed on the masthead as editor until the December 1961 issue. Pohl attempted to persuade Guinn to double the pay rate of one and a half cents a word back to the former level of three. Guinn refused, but Pohl was able to find enough material that he could purchase at a low rate to allow him to offer some authors three cents per word. The strategy was successful in improving circulation, and Guinn eventually acceded to

35854-496: Was of even lower quality, a disappointment to Gold. According to Gold, the magazine was profitable within five issues: an "incredible" achievement, in his words. In the summer of 1951, disagreements within World Editions led to attempts to disrupt Galaxy 's distribution. According to Gold, the circulation director and the head of the American office stockpiled many issues instead of distributing them, and made sure that

36051-421: Was particularly influential, and Tremaine encouraged other writers to produce similar stories. One such was Raymond Z. Gallun 's "Old Faithful", which appeared in the December 1934 issue and was sufficiently popular that Gallun wrote a sequel, "Son of Old Faithful", published the following July. Space opera continued to be popular, though, and two overlapping space opera novels were running in Astounding late in

36248-425: Was raised with the November 1959 issue. The following year, Campbell finally achieved his goal of getting rid of the word "Astounding" in the magazine's title, changing it to Analog Science Fact/Science Fiction . The "/" in the title was often replaced by a symbol of Campbell's devising, resembling an inverted U pierced by a horizontal arrow and meaning "analogous to". The change began with the February 1960 issue, and

36445-425: Was replaced by Trevor Quachri . In 1926, Hugo Gernsback launched Amazing Stories , the first science fiction (sf) magazine. Gernsback had been printing scientific fiction stories for some time in his hobbyist magazines, such as Modern Electrics and Electrical Experimenter , but decided that interest in the genre was sufficient to justify a monthly magazine. Amazing was very successful, quickly reaching

36642-432: Was replaced by R.V. Happel. Tremaine remained in control of story selection. Writer Frank Gruber described Tremaine's editorial selection process in his book, The Pulp Jungle : As the stories came in Tremaine piled them up on a stack. All the stories intended for Clues in this pile, all those for Astounding in that stack. Two days before press time of each magazine, Tremaine would start reading. He would start at

36839-480: Was restored to a monthly schedule. In 1969, Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD). Pohl was in Rio de Janeiro at a World Science Fiction Symposium when the sale went through; he heard the news when he returned to the Galaxy office afterwards and within a few days decided to resign. He remained on the masthead as "editor emeritus", a post invented to keep Pohl from moving to one of

37036-544: Was simultaneously publishing fantasies in Unknown . Campbell continued to publish technological sf alongside the soft science fiction . One example was Cleve Cartmill 's " Deadline ", a story about the development of the atomic bomb. It appeared in 1944, when the Manhattan Project was still not known to the public; Cartmill used his background in atomic physics to assemble a plausible story that had strong similarities to

37233-399: Was still publishing strong material by authors who had become established during the war. Among the better-known stories of this era are " Vintage Season ", by C.L. Moore (under the pseudonym Lawrence O'Donnell); Jack Williamson's story " With Folded Hands "; The Players of Null-A , van Vogt's sequel to The World of Null-A ; and the final book in E.E. Smith's Lensman series, Children of

37430-413: Was sustainable because of the savings from the fiction budget. Guinn acquired If , another science fiction magazine, in 1959, and gave it to Gold to edit as well. The July 1959 issue of If was the first under Gold's editorship. Galaxy 's shift to a bimonthly schedule had been intended to help reduce the workload on Gold, who was not in good health; he was able to take on If as well because

37627-464: Was talking about". Pierce's replacement was Hank Stine , who took over in late 1978, though because of Galaxy 's irregular schedule Pierce's last issue was March–April 1979. Stine managed to produce only two more issues, June–July 1979 and September–October 1979, before UPD's financial problems spelled the end. Rights to the title were transferred to a new company, Galaxy Magazine, Inc., owned by Vincent McCaffrey, proprietor of Avenue Victor Hugo,

37824-432: Was the first issue to credit Bova on the masthead. Bova planned to stay for five years, to ensure a smooth transition after Campbell's sudden death; the salary was too low for him to consider remaining indefinitely. In 1975, he proposed a new magazine to Condé Nast management, to be titled Tomorrow Magazine ; he wanted to publish articles about science and technology, leavened with some science fiction stories. Condé Nast

38021-453: Was the highest of the science fiction magazines, but Guinn decided to cut costs, and in 1959 raised the cover price and changed the magazine to a bimonthly schedule, while increasing the page count. Guinn also cut the rates paid to authors from three (and occasionally four) cents a word to one and a half cents a word. These changes saved Galaxy over $ 12,000 a year. The result was a fall in circulation to about 80,000 within two years, but this

38218-626: Was the last one he would win. Bova, like Campbell, was a technophile with a scientific background, and he declared early in his tenure that he wanted Analog to continue to focus on stories with a scientific foundation, though he also made it clear that change was inevitable. Over his first few months some long-time readers sent in letters of complaint when they judged that Bova was not living up to Campbell's standards, particularly when sex scenes began to appear. On one occasion— Jack Wodhams ' story "Foundling Fathers", and its accompanying illustration by Kelly Freas —it turned out that Campbell had bought

38415-530: Was the leading science fiction magazine by the end of 1934, and it was also the largest, at 160 pages, and the cheapest, at 20 cents. Street & Smith's rates of one cent per word (sometimes more) on acceptance were not as high as the rates paid by Bates for the Clayton Astounding , but they were still better than those of the other magazines. Hall left Astounding in 1934 to become editor of Street & Smith's new slick magazine, Mademoiselle , and

38612-476: Was to ask writers to consider not just new technology, but the subsequent impact of that technology on society. He adds, "What Galaxy brought to magazine science fiction was a kind of sophisticated intellectual subtlety. ... After Galaxy it was impossible to go on being naive." Science fiction author Brian Stableford argues that Galaxy quickly usurped Astounding ' s position as "pioneer of hardcore sf's progress" because it "embraced and gleefully pursued

38809-493: Was unable to maintain the high standard he had set in the first few years, perhaps because his workload was high. Tremaine's slow responses to submissions discouraged new authors, although he could rely on regular contributors such as Jack Williamson, Murray Leinster, Raymond Gallun, Nat Schachner, and Frank Belknap Long . New writers who did appear during the latter half of Tremaine's tenure included Ross Rocklynne , Nelson S. Bond , and L. Sprague de Camp , whose first appearance

#305694